Anatomy Exam 4

sensory neurons

The functional classifications of neurons include _____, which carry information toward the CNS.

horns

The gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into anterior, posterior, and lateral _______.

sciatic nerve

The largest nerve in the body that is formed from L4-S3 is the _______.

arises from both the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus

The median nerve ____.

arachnoid mater

The middle layer of the meninges, which consists of simple squamous epithelium, is called (the) _______.

endocrine

The nervous system and the _______ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs.

neural

The nervous system includes all of the _______ tissue in the body.

suprarenal medulla

The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine function as hormones, and are secreted by which structure?

lateral gray horns

The nuclei in the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the visceral motor neurons are located in the _____.

visual cortex

The occipital lobe contains (the) ________.

their effects tend to be antagonistic

What happens when both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate a target organ?

N IV

What number nerve is trochlear?

N I, II, VIII

Which cranial nerves have special sensory functions?

N X

Which is the only cranial nerve that innervates visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

facial

Which nerve is N VII?

norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division use primarily to excite target organs?

exteroceptors

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons?

N VII, N IX

Which of the following cranial nerves have mixed sensory and motor functions?

conservation of energy

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

reduction of the rate of urine formation at the kidneys

Which of the following is NOT a major effect produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves?

decrease in sweat production

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parasympathetic division?

increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract

Which of the following is a general function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

ependymal cells

Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid?

a neuron carries information from the stomach area to the brain

Which of the following occurs in the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system?

gastric and intestinal reflexes

Which parasympathetic reflex(es) is/are mediated by the vagus nerve (N X)?

cerebellum

Which structure automatically adjusts motor activities on the basis of sensory information and memories of learned patterns of movement?

in the cervical area, there are eight nerve pairs, with the first exiting above C1

Why are there 30 vertebrae but 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

proprioceptors

________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints.

N VIII

Balance and equilibrium are functions of the ______ nerve.

N VII

Bell's Palsy is an inflammation of what nerve?

prefrontal cortex

Damage to which part of the brain leads to difficulties in estimating the temporal relationship between events?

digestive tract, heart, and lungs

Dual innervation is most prominent in the ______.

muscle and liver cells

During sympathetic stimulation, mobilization of energy reserves occurs through the accelerated breakdown ow glycogen in _______.

roots, trunks, divisions, cords, nerves

From medial to lateral, brachial plexus structures are organized as which of the following?

T1

If Abby goes to the doctor complaining of numbness in her third, fourth, and fifth phalanges on her hand, what spinal nerve will the doctor know has been affected?

central nervous system

If Julie is in a store deciding whether or not to buy a new purse, her decision-making thought process requires activity from which part of the nervous system?

an increase in smooth muscle activity along the GI tract

If Michael experiences a frightening situation that causes the stimulation of his sympathetic nervous system, which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

astrocytes

If Rachel takes medication that is designed to regulate her heart rate but should NOT affect her nervous system, what cells keep the chemical in the medication from penetrating the brain tissue?

an inability to smile

If a person sustains a head injury and receives damage to cranial nerve VII, which of the following might the person experience?

a change in your ability to understand words you read

If a tumor were growing on the hypothalamus, it is possible that you would be able to detect ______.

the medial side of the thigh

If the sciatic nerve were compressed, which area of the leg would NOT be affected?

has ganglia closer to or inside the target organs

In comparison to the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division ________.

frontal lobe

In which area is the speech center (Broca's area) generally located?

small intestine

In which of the following does dual innervation play a major role?

skeletal muscle

In which of the following locations would you find a somatic sensory receptor?

lumbosacral enlargement

Inferior to the _____, the spinal cord tapers to the conus medullaris.

her visual association area

Jan is a librarian with a passion for reading Emerson. After a car accident, she finds that when she looks at books, she see symbols (letters) but can't recognize them or understand what they mean. What part of her brain has been damaged?

proprioceptors

Lynn is taking a yoga class and closes her eyes while transitioning from one pose to another. Which of the following instructs her brain to tell her whether or not she is in the correct position for the new pose?

the parasympathetic division

Autonomic neurons leaving the brainstem belong to ________.

Cranial Nerve IX

glossopharyngeal nerve: both- pharyngeal muscles (swallow), taste

Cranial Nerve XII

hypoglossal nerve: motor- tongue movement (stick tongue out)

Cranial Nerve III

oculomotor nerve: motor- eye movement (blink eyes)

Cranial Nerve I

olfactory nerve: sensory- smell

Cranial Nerve II

optic nerve: sensory- vision

Cranial Nerve VIII

vestibulocochlear nerve: sensory- equilibrium and hearing

Cranial Nerve X

vagus nerve: both- muscles of pharynx and larynx, gag reflex

astrocytes and microalgia

After a head injury, which glial cells would try to repair the damaged area?

nodes

Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called ________.

autonomic nervous system

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the ______.

hypothalamus

Centers in the _____ adjust and coordinate the activities of autonomic centers in other parts of the brain stem concerned with regulating heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions.

dorsal root ganglia

Every spinal cord segment is associated with a pair of ____, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

act as phagocytes

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ______.

a visceral interoceptor

Rick feels a cramping pain deep in his abdomen. What kind of receptor is giving him this sensation?

they are associated with dorsal and ventral roots

Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because _______.

increased smooth muscle contraction in the GI tract

Stimulation of the parasympathetic division could cause which of the following?

pulmonary plexus

Sympathetic innervation of the lungs occurs via (the) _______.

vagus

The _____ nerve provides the greatest amount of outflow from the parasympathetic division.

radial nerve

The ______ arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.

efferent

The _______ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands.

central and peripheral nervous systems

The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ______.

cervical and lumbar

The anterior gray horns are the largest in the _____ regions.

dermatome

The body surface regions monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called (a) ______.

neurons

The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the _____.

brain and spinal cord

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the _____.

spinal cord

The cerebellum receives proprioceptive information from which structure?

N XI

The external branch of the _______ controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the neck and back.

the medulla oblongata

The pons modifies the respiratory movements that are first controlled by which part of the brain?

N III

The pupillary reflex is mediated by ______.

celiac plexus

The solar plexus is also known as the _____.

brachial plexus

The superior, middle, and inferior trunks are found in which plexus?

brachial

The ulnar nerve is found in the _______ plexus.

contains visceral and somatic motor nerve axons

The ventral root of a spinal nerve ________.

axons of motor neurons

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains _______.

cerebrospinal fluid

The ventricles of the brain are filled with ______.

N III, IV, VI

Vestibulo-ocular reflexes involve efferents of which cranial nerves?

absorb shock transmitted up the body when walking, running, or other vigorous motions occur; isolate the spinal cord from surrounding tissue; protect the cord from injury that would be caused by rubbing against a vertebral foramen

What do spinal meninges do?

the actions of each division are usually antagonistic to the other

What happens when an organ receives neural information from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Cranial Nerve VI

abducens nerve: motor- lateral eye movement

Cranial Nerve XI

accessory nerve: motor- trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles (shoulder shrug)

Cranial Nerve VII

facial nerve: both- muscles of expression (smile), taste

Cranial Nerve V

trigeminal nerve: both- muscles of mastication (chewing), sensation (nose, forehead, temple, scalp, lips, tongue, and lower jaw)

Cranial Nerve IV

trochlear nerve: motor- eye movement (look up/look down)