Anatomy Lab Practical - Thorax
Which veins drains into the azygos vein?
Esophogeal vein, bronchiol veins, pericardial veins
Which tube in the pharynx carries food and water to the stomach?
Esophogus
What tube passes posteriorly to the trachea?
Esophogus - Thoracic part
Lumbar vertebrae region: Angle projection
Lateral/medial
What cavity does the pharynx connect to superiorly?
Soft palate
What waste does blood being delivered to the capillary bodies pick up?
Carbon dioxide
How would you describe the placement of the pectinate muscles?
Lateral of the right atrium
The anterior intercostal arteries serve the anterior rib spaces and the .... serves the diaphragm?
Musculophrenic artery
What is the common name for the laryngeal prominence?
Adam's apple
Why is the cartilage of the trachea not a complete circle? (C shaped)
Allows trachea to collapse slightly so food can pass through the esophogus
What structure in the lungs is the site for gas exchange? What is the structure of them?
Alveoli, Hexagonal
Cervical vertebrae angle projection
Angle projected: Inferior - anteroinferior superior: posteroinferior
The internal thoracic arteries branch into ?
Anterior intercostal arteries
What part of the heart does the Anterior ventricular artery serve?
Anterior surface of left and right ventricles, most of interventricular septum, and circumflex artery
Thoracic vertebrae region: Angle projection
Anteromedial Posterolateral
What artery do the coronary arteries branch from?
Aorta
What are the semilunar valves located between?
Aorta and left ventricle
What do semilunar valves prevent backflow into?
Arteries from the ventricle
What is the action of the dens?
Articulates on it its anterior arch with dens of the axis
What vertebrae articulate with the skull?
Atlas - C1
When the vertebral column is fully articulated, which structures articulate and bear the weight of the skull?
Atlas - C1 - Articulates with the occipityl condyles
What do AV valves prevent backflow into?
Atria
What is the role of each type of chamber?
Atria: Receives blood from systematic chamber Ventricles: Pump blood out of heart
What tube connects the pharynx to the middle ear?
Auditory tube
Do arteries carry blood away or to the heart?
Away from the heart
What type of blood vessel surrounds the site for gas exchange?
Blood capillaries
Carbon dioxide passes from the....... to the......
Blood in capillary to the alveolus
List the order of structures that carbon dioxide will pass into during disposal (exhalation)
Bloodstream - Alveoli - Lungs - out through trachea and mouth (oral cavity)
The lumbar vertebrae bear most of the weight of what?
Body
What are the components of the conducting pathway through the lungs?
Bronchii --- Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchioles, end of bronchiol tree ---> alveolar ducts, alveoli sacs, alveoli
What are the smallest tubules called ?
Bronchioles
Cervical vertebrae region - Number, size of body, transverse foramina present
C1-C7 Small body Present transverse foramina
Which artery and vein lie together on the anterior left ventricle?
Circumflex artery, Great cardiac vein
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Closes over laryngeal inlet during swallowing
What vertebra does S1 - superior sacrum - articulate with inferiorly?
Coccyx
What does the head of the rib articulate with on the vertebrae?
Costal facets on the thoracic vertebrae
What does the tubercle articulate with ?
Costal facets on the transverse process
What are the roles of the sinuses (frontal and sphenoid)
Decrease skull weight and communicate with nasal cavity
What waste is the blood delivering TO the capillary beds in the lung? What does it pick up?
Delivers Oxygen Picks up: CO2
why is the arrangement for gas exchange ideal?
Dense arrangement of capillaries in alveolar walls are in direct contact on both sides and have minimal tissue barrier which makes gas exchange here favorable
Which muscles are involved in changing the volume of the thoracic chamber to increase the vertical dimension?
Diaphragm - contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten, increasing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity
Which muscles are suprahyoid in the thorax?
Digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
Which system does the esophogus belong to?
Digestive system
What muscles are involved in changing the volume of the thoracic chamber to widen or increase lateral dimension/
External intercostal muscles - moves ribs up and out, causing rib cage to expand, increasing volume for thoracic cavity
What feature gives the vertebrae a special action that other vertebrae cannot perform?
Facet for dens
What kind of tissue are the intervertebral disks?
Fibrocartilage
A herniated disk occurs when a disk bulges out of place. WHy would a herniated lumbar disk cause pain down the entire lower limb?
Gelatinous nucleus pulposes protrude into/through the anulus fibrosus. The bulging/pinching of the disk posterolaterally into the vertebral canal and pinches spinal cord and/or nerves of spinal cord
Why is diaphragm movement important?
Helps return venous blood to the heart from inferior part of the body
What arteries serve the diaphragm?
Inferior phrenic arteries, musculophrenic arteries (7-9)
How would you describe the placement of the trabeculae carnae?
Inferior to pulmonary semilunar valve; middle of heart
Lumbar vertebrae region: Number, size of body, transverse foramina present?
L1-L5 Large body No transverse foramina
What vertebra does the superior sacrum (S1) articulate with?
L5 superiorly via pair of superior articular processes
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?
Larynx Trachea Bronchii Lungs
What cavities does the pharynx connect to or open to inferiorly?
Larynx and esophogus (tongue)
What are the AV valves located between?
Left and right atrium
Which chambers are the auricles a part of?
Left and right atriums
What part of the heart does the posterior interventricular artery serve?
Left and right ventricles
Which lung has the cardiac notch and impression
Left lung
Oxygen passes from the ...... to the ....
Lumen of the alveolus, across respiratory membrane, to pulmonary capillary
What position is the heart in the thoracic cavity?
Medially between the lungs in the mediastinum
What is the myocardium
Middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle - thickest layer
What are the ridges in the nasal cavity?
Middle nasal conchae, Inferior nasal conchae
What 2 veins drain into the internal thoracic vein?
Muscolophrenic vein and pericardiacophrenic vein
What cavities does the pharynx connect to or open to anteriorly?
Oral cavity by the oropharyngeal
What is blood delivering to the capillary beds in the body?
Oxygen, nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases
Which layer is innermost?
Parietal pleura
Arterial blood in the pulmonary circuit is ....... in oxygen
Poor
Venous blood in the systemic circuit is....... in oxygen
Poor
The uvulua is an extension of the soft palate. What is its function?
Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity. Thin saliva is produced by the uvula to keep throat lubricated.
What arteries carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries
What is the gas content (high or low O2, high or low CO2
Pulmonary artery and arteriole - High CO2 Pulmonary veins - High O2
Why is there a need for the cartilage in the trachea?
Reinforce and provide rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure the trachea remains open at all times
What are the last bronchiole branches called?
Respiratory bronchioles
Which vertebra do the ribs articulate with?
Rib 1 articulate with T1. Ribs 2-9 articulate with t2-t9 ribs 10-12 articulate with t10-t12
What do thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
Ribs
What is the difference between the way the ribs articulate with the sternum?
Ribs 1-7 articulate with the sternum by separate cartilage (costal cartilage) Ribs 8-12 do not attach directly to the sternum, therefore they indirectly articulate with the sternum
Arterial blood in the systemic circuit is ....... in oxygen?
Rich
Venous blood in the pulmonary circuit is..... in oxygen
Rich
How many lobes does each lung have?
Right - 3 Left - 2
the left and right internal thoracic arteries branch off the ?
Right and left subclavian arteries
Where does venous drainage from the heart go?
Right atrium
Why are the 3 secondary bronchii in the right lung but 2 in the left lung?
Secondary bronchii deliver oxygen to 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
What fills the pleural cavity?
Serous fluid
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?
Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Pharynx
What structure is not present on C1 and C2
Spinous process and vertebral foramen
Cervical vertebrae region - spinous process position, number of ends on tip
Spinous process- Slender C2-C6 are bifurated C1- no spinous process 4 Ends
Thoracic vertebrae region: spinous process position, number of ends on tip
Spinous process: Long/projects posteriorly 1 end
Lumbar vertebrae region: Spinous process position and number of ends on tip?
Spinous process: Short (thick and blunt)/projects posteriorly 7 Ends
Which muscles are infrahyoid in the thorax?
Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thryohyoid, omohyoid
What is the name of the structure on the skull that articulates with the most superior vertebra?
Superior articular facets - articulate with occiptyl condyles of skull
Blood in the internal thoracic vein drains into the... and then into the.....
Superior epigastric vein; Brachiocephalic vein
The azygos vein drains into which large vein?
Superior vena cava
Which arteries carry oxygenated blood
Systemic arteries
Thoracic vertebrae region: Number, size of body, transverse foramina present
T1-T12 Medium body No trans.foramina
Where does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
T12
How is the position of the heart in the mediastinum related to the cardiac notch and impression?
The lungs are enclosed by plura, attached to the mediastinum. The cardiac notch is an indentation on the surface of the left lung and allows for space of the heart
Which tube in the pharynx region carries air to the trachea?
Trachea
What are the structures that the oxygen shipment had to pass to arrive at your pickup point in the capillaries of the lungs during inhalation?
Trachea - Bronchii - Alveoli - Blood vessels
Which chambers contract first?
Upper chambers (atria) and right atrium
Which process of the vertebra are you feeling down the center back of your neck?
Vertebra prominens - C7 Spinous process
What passes through the transverse foramina?
Vertebral arteries and veins that supply the brain
Through which structure does the spinal cord pass?
Vertebral foramen; Vertebral canal - bony protection and passageway for spinal cord
Which layer is outermost?
Visceral
Which layer covers the lung tissue
Visceral pleura
Where is the interatrial septum?
between left and right atrium
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
sinoatrial node (SA node) - rhythmic center that establishes pace for cardiac activity
What passes through the intervertebral foramen?
spinal nerves roots
