Anatomy Lab Practical - Thorax

Which veins drains into the azygos vein?

Esophogeal vein, bronchiol veins, pericardial veins

Which tube in the pharynx carries food and water to the stomach?

Esophogus

What tube passes posteriorly to the trachea?

Esophogus - Thoracic part

Lumbar vertebrae region: Angle projection

Lateral/medial

What cavity does the pharynx connect to superiorly?

Soft palate

What waste does blood being delivered to the capillary bodies pick up?

Carbon dioxide

How would you describe the placement of the pectinate muscles?

Lateral of the right atrium

The anterior intercostal arteries serve the anterior rib spaces and the .... serves the diaphragm?

Musculophrenic artery

What is the common name for the laryngeal prominence?

Adam's apple

Why is the cartilage of the trachea not a complete circle? (C shaped)

Allows trachea to collapse slightly so food can pass through the esophogus

What structure in the lungs is the site for gas exchange? What is the structure of them?

Alveoli, Hexagonal

Cervical vertebrae angle projection

Angle projected: Inferior - anteroinferior superior: posteroinferior

The internal thoracic arteries branch into ?

Anterior intercostal arteries

What part of the heart does the Anterior ventricular artery serve?

Anterior surface of left and right ventricles, most of interventricular septum, and circumflex artery

Thoracic vertebrae region: Angle projection

Anteromedial Posterolateral

What artery do the coronary arteries branch from?

Aorta

What are the semilunar valves located between?

Aorta and left ventricle

What do semilunar valves prevent backflow into?

Arteries from the ventricle

What is the action of the dens?

Articulates on it its anterior arch with dens of the axis

What vertebrae articulate with the skull?

Atlas - C1

When the vertebral column is fully articulated, which structures articulate and bear the weight of the skull?

Atlas - C1 - Articulates with the occipityl condyles

What do AV valves prevent backflow into?

Atria

What is the role of each type of chamber?

Atria: Receives blood from systematic chamber Ventricles: Pump blood out of heart

What tube connects the pharynx to the middle ear?

Auditory tube

Do arteries carry blood away or to the heart?

Away from the heart

What type of blood vessel surrounds the site for gas exchange?

Blood capillaries

Carbon dioxide passes from the....... to the......

Blood in capillary to the alveolus

List the order of structures that carbon dioxide will pass into during disposal (exhalation)

Bloodstream - Alveoli - Lungs - out through trachea and mouth (oral cavity)

The lumbar vertebrae bear most of the weight of what?

Body

What are the components of the conducting pathway through the lungs?

Bronchii --- Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchioles, end of bronchiol tree ---> alveolar ducts, alveoli sacs, alveoli

What are the smallest tubules called ?

Bronchioles

Cervical vertebrae region - Number, size of body, transverse foramina present

C1-C7 Small body Present transverse foramina

Which artery and vein lie together on the anterior left ventricle?

Circumflex artery, Great cardiac vein

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Closes over laryngeal inlet during swallowing

What vertebra does S1 - superior sacrum - articulate with inferiorly?

Coccyx

What does the head of the rib articulate with on the vertebrae?

Costal facets on the thoracic vertebrae

What does the tubercle articulate with ?

Costal facets on the transverse process

What are the roles of the sinuses (frontal and sphenoid)

Decrease skull weight and communicate with nasal cavity

What waste is the blood delivering TO the capillary beds in the lung? What does it pick up?

Delivers Oxygen Picks up: CO2

why is the arrangement for gas exchange ideal?

Dense arrangement of capillaries in alveolar walls are in direct contact on both sides and have minimal tissue barrier which makes gas exchange here favorable

Which muscles are involved in changing the volume of the thoracic chamber to increase the vertical dimension?

Diaphragm - contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten, increasing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

Which muscles are suprahyoid in the thorax?

Digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylohyoid

Which system does the esophogus belong to?

Digestive system

What muscles are involved in changing the volume of the thoracic chamber to widen or increase lateral dimension/

External intercostal muscles - moves ribs up and out, causing rib cage to expand, increasing volume for thoracic cavity

What feature gives the vertebrae a special action that other vertebrae cannot perform?

Facet for dens

What kind of tissue are the intervertebral disks?

Fibrocartilage

A herniated disk occurs when a disk bulges out of place. WHy would a herniated lumbar disk cause pain down the entire lower limb?

Gelatinous nucleus pulposes protrude into/through the anulus fibrosus. The bulging/pinching of the disk posterolaterally into the vertebral canal and pinches spinal cord and/or nerves of spinal cord

Why is diaphragm movement important?

Helps return venous blood to the heart from inferior part of the body

What arteries serve the diaphragm?

Inferior phrenic arteries, musculophrenic arteries (7-9)

How would you describe the placement of the trabeculae carnae?

Inferior to pulmonary semilunar valve; middle of heart

Lumbar vertebrae region: Number, size of body, transverse foramina present?

L1-L5 Large body No transverse foramina

What vertebra does the superior sacrum (S1) articulate with?

L5 superiorly via pair of superior articular processes

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

Larynx Trachea Bronchii Lungs

What cavities does the pharynx connect to or open to inferiorly?

Larynx and esophogus (tongue)

What are the AV valves located between?

Left and right atrium

Which chambers are the auricles a part of?

Left and right atriums

What part of the heart does the posterior interventricular artery serve?

Left and right ventricles

Which lung has the cardiac notch and impression

Left lung

Oxygen passes from the ...... to the ....

Lumen of the alveolus, across respiratory membrane, to pulmonary capillary

What position is the heart in the thoracic cavity?

Medially between the lungs in the mediastinum

What is the myocardium

Middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle - thickest layer

What are the ridges in the nasal cavity?

Middle nasal conchae, Inferior nasal conchae

What 2 veins drain into the internal thoracic vein?

Muscolophrenic vein and pericardiacophrenic vein

What cavities does the pharynx connect to or open to anteriorly?

Oral cavity by the oropharyngeal

What is blood delivering to the capillary beds in the body?

Oxygen, nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases

Which layer is innermost?

Parietal pleura

Arterial blood in the pulmonary circuit is ....... in oxygen

Poor

Venous blood in the systemic circuit is....... in oxygen

Poor

The uvulua is an extension of the soft palate. What is its function?

Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity. Thin saliva is produced by the uvula to keep throat lubricated.

What arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

Pulmonary arteries

What is the gas content (high or low O2, high or low CO2

Pulmonary artery and arteriole - High CO2 Pulmonary veins - High O2

Why is there a need for the cartilage in the trachea?

Reinforce and provide rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure the trachea remains open at all times

What are the last bronchiole branches called?

Respiratory bronchioles

Which vertebra do the ribs articulate with?

Rib 1 articulate with T1. Ribs 2-9 articulate with t2-t9 ribs 10-12 articulate with t10-t12

What do thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

Ribs

What is the difference between the way the ribs articulate with the sternum?

Ribs 1-7 articulate with the sternum by separate cartilage (costal cartilage) Ribs 8-12 do not attach directly to the sternum, therefore they indirectly articulate with the sternum

Arterial blood in the systemic circuit is ....... in oxygen?

Rich

Venous blood in the pulmonary circuit is..... in oxygen

Rich

How many lobes does each lung have?

Right - 3 Left - 2

the left and right internal thoracic arteries branch off the ?

Right and left subclavian arteries

Where does venous drainage from the heart go?

Right atrium

Why are the 3 secondary bronchii in the right lung but 2 in the left lung?

Secondary bronchii deliver oxygen to 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

What fills the pleural cavity?

Serous fluid

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Pharynx

What structure is not present on C1 and C2

Spinous process and vertebral foramen

Cervical vertebrae region - spinous process position, number of ends on tip

Spinous process- Slender C2-C6 are bifurated C1- no spinous process 4 Ends

Thoracic vertebrae region: spinous process position, number of ends on tip

Spinous process: Long/projects posteriorly 1 end

Lumbar vertebrae region: Spinous process position and number of ends on tip?

Spinous process: Short (thick and blunt)/projects posteriorly 7 Ends

Which muscles are infrahyoid in the thorax?

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thryohyoid, omohyoid

What is the name of the structure on the skull that articulates with the most superior vertebra?

Superior articular facets - articulate with occiptyl condyles of skull

Blood in the internal thoracic vein drains into the... and then into the.....

Superior epigastric vein; Brachiocephalic vein

The azygos vein drains into which large vein?

Superior vena cava

Which arteries carry oxygenated blood

Systemic arteries

Thoracic vertebrae region: Number, size of body, transverse foramina present

T1-T12 Medium body No trans.foramina

Where does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

T12

How is the position of the heart in the mediastinum related to the cardiac notch and impression?

The lungs are enclosed by plura, attached to the mediastinum. The cardiac notch is an indentation on the surface of the left lung and allows for space of the heart

Which tube in the pharynx region carries air to the trachea?

Trachea

What are the structures that the oxygen shipment had to pass to arrive at your pickup point in the capillaries of the lungs during inhalation?

Trachea - Bronchii - Alveoli - Blood vessels

Which chambers contract first?

Upper chambers (atria) and right atrium

Which process of the vertebra are you feeling down the center back of your neck?

Vertebra prominens - C7 Spinous process

What passes through the transverse foramina?

Vertebral arteries and veins that supply the brain

Through which structure does the spinal cord pass?

Vertebral foramen; Vertebral canal - bony protection and passageway for spinal cord

Which layer is outermost?

Visceral

Which layer covers the lung tissue

Visceral pleura

Where is the interatrial septum?

between left and right atrium

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial node (SA node) - rhythmic center that establishes pace for cardiac activity

What passes through the intervertebral foramen?

spinal nerves roots