Animal Physiology
From the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, hemoglobin is __________ when the partial pressure of oxygen is 40 mm Hg. Would this be in the lungs, inactive tissues, or active tissues? A. 75% saturated; in the inactive tissues B. 75% saturated; in the active tissues C. 98% saturated; in the active tissues D. 35% saturated; in the active tissues
A. 75% saturated; in the inactive tissues
What would a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve indicate? A. A decrease in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen B. An increase in blood pH C. An increase in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen D. A decrease in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
A. A decrease in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
After 5-10 minutes of moderate-strenuous aerobic exercise, one would expect to see. Select all that apply. A. An increase in blood flow to the capillaries in cardiac muscle B. Activation of adrenergic receptors in arterioles of active skeletal muscle contributing to vasodilation C. A decrease in parasympathetic input to the SA node D. A decrease in O2 and an increase in CO2 in the tissue surrounding arterioles in active skeletal muscle, leading to vasodilation E. Activation of adrenergic receptors in arterioles in the gastrointestinal tract leading to increased blood flow to the GI tract F. An increase in the blood flow through the right atrium due to increased venous return
A. An increase in blood flow to the capillaries in cardiac muscle B. Activation of adrenergic receptors in arterioles of active skeletal muscle contributing to vasodilation C. A decrease in parasympathetic input to the SA node D. A decrease in O2 and an increase in CO2 in the tissue surrounding arterioles in active skeletal muscle, leading to vasodilation F. An increase in the blood flow through the right atrium due to increased venous return
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? A. An increase in heart rate and contractility B. A decrease in cardiac output C. A decrease in blood pressure D. Vasodilation of arteries
A. An increase in heart rate and contractility
Highly oxygenated blood reaches or passes through which of the following structures in the mammalian heart? (Choose all that apply.) A. Aorta B. Vena cava C. Capillaries in leg muscle D. Pulmonary vein E. Right atrioventricular valve F. Pulmonary artery G. Right atrium H. Aortic (semilunar) valve
A. Aorta C. Capillaries in leg muscle D. Pulmonary vein H. Aortic (semilunar) valve
Choose the FALSE statement. A. Because sodium and potassium ions cross the membrane during an action potential, their concentrations inside the cell change significantly. B. A hyperpolarized cell has a negative membrane potential compared to one at rest. C. Within a single neuron, different types of voltage-gated ion channels may have different threshold voltages. D. If a second graded potential begins before the first one ends, the voltage changes add together.
A. Because sodium and potassium ions cross the membrane during an action potential, their concentrations inside the cell change significantly.
Beta blockers are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Which receptors do you think are being blocked? A. Beta-adrenergic B. Alpha-adrenergic C. Muscarinic D. Nicotinic
A. Beta-adrenergic
As blood flows away from the heart, how does overall blood pressure in vessels change? Why? A. Blood pressure decreases, because of the effects of friction between the vessel walls and the moving blood. B. Blood pressure increases. Otherwise the blood would not flow up toward the heart. C. Blood pressure increases, because vessel diameter narrows with distance from the heart, which increases the force on the blood. D. Blood pressure decreases, because blood vessels are passive and cannot exert any force on the moving blood.
A. Blood pressure decreases, because of the effects of friction between the vessel walls and the moving blood.
Most oxygen in the blood is _________. A. Bound to hemoglobin B. Present as micro bubbles of gas C. Combined with water to form an acid D.Dissolved in plasma
A. Bound to hemoglobin
Arteries are most accurately defined as blood vessels that ________. A. Carry blood away from the heart B. Carry blood toward the heart C. Carry highly oxygenated blood D. Carry deoxygenated blood
A. Carry blood away from the heart
Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane A. Chemically gated; postsynaptic B. Voltage-gated; postsynaptic C. Voltage-gated; presynaptic D. Chemically gated; presynaptic
A. Chemically gated; postsynaptic
You have landed a job in a vet clinic that specialized in cardiovascular problems in cats and dogs. You and the vet are looking at an abnormal electrocardiogram, and you suggest it is due to the absence of ion channels in cells that produce the atrioventricular (AV) node delay. If you are right that depolarization spreads rapidly through the conducting system with no AV node delay, what symptoms would you expect to see? A. Decreased end-diastolic volume leading to decreased cardiac output B. An increase in heart rate C. No depolarization of the atria D. Left and right ventricles won't contract at the same time
A. Decreased end-diastolic volume leading to decreased cardiac output
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output? A. Decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output B. No change in stroke volume and decreased cardiac output C. Increased stroke volume and increased cardiac output D. Decreased stroke volume and decreased cardiac output
A. Decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output
Recently a number of fossils were found in 375 million year old rock from a creature called Tiktaalik. Tiktaalik had anatomical characteristics of fish (like scales) and reptiles (like a flat head and wrist bones in the pectoral fin) and it is considered one of the transitional species in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. If you had access to a fabulous Tiktaalik fossil with well-preserved soft tissues (structures other than bones), what physiological adaptations would you look for to help determine if Tiktaalik spent time on land? Select all that apply. I'd look for rudiments of ____________: A. Dual circulatory circuits for separating pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation B. An open circulatory system in which blood isn't foced to stay in vessels to better distribute oxygenated blood C. Internal lungs for extracting O2 from air while resisting water loss from moist respiratory surfaces
A. Dual circulatory circuits for separating pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation C. Internal lungs for extracting O2 from air while resisting water loss from moist respiratory surfaces
Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________. A. Either depolarize or hyperpolarize B. Depolarize C. Hyperpolarize
A. Either depolarize or hyperpolarize
In a(n) ________ synapse, there is a direct physical connection between cells. A. Electrical B. Mechanical C. Chemical D. Electrical and in a chemical
A. Electrical
What does the ECG wave tracing represent? A. Electrical activity in the heart B. Contraction of the heart
A. Electrical activity in the heart
What is the significance of the shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? A. Only significant changes in the partial pressure of oxygen will result in significant changes to hemoglobin saturation. B. It doesn't matter how much the partial pressure of oxygen changes, hemoglobin will always be saturated at 98%. C. The percent saturation of hemoglobin only decreases at the tissues and will never decrease at the lungs. D. Hemoglobin saturation is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen.
A. Only significant changes in the partial pressure of oxygen will result in significant changes to hemoglobin saturation.
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave
A. P wave
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps? A. Two pumps B. One pump C. Three pumps
A. Two pumps
Which of the following statements best defines the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? A. A graphical representation of the amount of oxygen found in the atmosphere B. A graphical representation of the relationship between hemoglobin's percent saturation at a particular partial pressure of oxygen C. A graphical representation of the amount of hemoglobin found in the blood D. A graphical representation of the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin and how that affects the partial pressure of O2 in the blood
B. A graphical representation of the relationship between hemoglobin's percent saturation at a particular partial pressure of oxygen
The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned? A. Glutamate B. Acetylcholine
B. Acetylcholine
Which of the following decreases the rate of depolarization in the heart? A. Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine E. Norepinephrine
B. Acetylcholine
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? A. Vasodilation of arteries B. An increase in heart rate and contractility C. A decrease in cardiac output D. A decrease in blood pressure
B. An increase in heart rate and contractility
Which of these blood values are in the normal range? A. Venous PO2 = 100 mmHg B. Arterial PCO2 = 38 mmHg C. Venous PCO2 = 40 mmHg D. Arterial PO2 = 46 mmHg
B. Arterial PCO2 = 38 mmHg
An adrenergic drug that worked in opposition to epinephrine would _______. A. Decrease heart rate B. Be an antagonist and decrease heart rate C. Increase heart rate D. Be an agonist and increase heart rate
B. Be an antagonist and decrease heart rate
At the same pressure, about 25 times more CO2 will dissolve in plasma as O2. Why does this occur? A. CO2 will pass through the RBC membrane better than O2. B. CO2 has a higher solubility than O2. C. CO2 molecules move faster than O2. D. O2 will bind to hemoglobin (Hb) more effectively than CO2, and so there is no need to dissolve in plasma.
B. CO2 has a higher solubility than O2.
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? A. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems B. Carotid sinus and aortic arch C. Cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata
B. Carotid sinus and aortic arch
When threshold is reached at the SA node (an autorhythmic cell), what channels open causing further depolarization of the membrane? A. Fast sodium B. Fast calcium C. Potassium D. Slow calcium
B. Fast calcium
When the radius of the flow tube is decreased, the _______. A. Fluid flow rate and the pressure gradient decrease B. Fluid flow rate decreases C. Pressure gradient decreases D. Friction decreases E. Fluid flow rate increases
B. Fluid flow rate decreases
Why does the pressure in the arteries and arterioles fall as the blood moves away from the heart? A. Heat is lost to the environment. B. Friction causes a loss of energy. C. There is less blood in each vessel. D. The arterial vessels get smaller as they get farther from the heart.
B. Friction causes a loss of energy
The net pressure gradient in the cardiovascular system is created by _____. A. Blood viscosity B. Heart contraction C. Vasoconstriction D. Vasodilation
B. Heart contraction
If there were a sudden increase in blood volume, what would the baroreceptors do and what would be the effect of that reflex? A. Increase firing rate; increase myocardial contractility B. Increase firing rate; decrease contractility C. Decreased firing rate; decrease heart rate D. Decreased firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility
B. Increase firing rate; decrease contractility
A stronger stimulus to a neuron results in ________. A. Larger voltage changes in the graded potentials, but no changes in action potentials B. Larger voltage changes in graded potentials and greater frequency of action potentials produced in response C. Larger voltage changes in both graded and action potentials D. Greater frequency of graded potentials and larger voltage changes in the action potentials produced in response
B. Larger voltage changes in graded potentials and greater frequency of action potentials produced in response
Muscarine is a poison found in poisonous mushrooms. Muscarine binds to acetylcholine receptors and mimics its action. Which of the following describes the effect of muscarine? A. Like atropine, it decreases the heart rate. B. Like pilocarpine, it decreases the heart rate. C. Like pilocarpine, it increases the heart rate. D. Like atropine, it increases the heart rate.
B. Like pilocarpine, it decreases the heart rate
Which area of the brain controls such basic functions as breathing, swallowing, and vomiting? A. Diencephalon B. Medulla oblongata C. Pons D. Midbrain
B. Medulla oblongata
Spatial summation refers to... A. Repeated graded potentials reaching the trigger zone one after the other. B. Multiple graded potentials arriving at one location simultaneously. C. Electrical signals reaching neurons from outer space. D. Suprathreshold potentials triggering action potentials that are extra large. E. All of the answers are correct.
B. Multiple graded potentials arriving at one location simultaneously.
Net oxygen loading onto hemoglobin results when _________. A. Temperature is high B. PO2 is high C. 2,3-DPG is high D. PCO2 is high
B. PO2 is high
Which of the following would NOT cause the membrane potential to change from -70 mV to +30 mV? A. Sodium ions entering the cell. B. Potassium ions leaving the cell. C. Calcium ions entering the cell. D. Chloride ions leaving the cell.
B. Potassium ions leaving the cell.
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk? A. Left atrium B. Right ventricle C. Left ventricle D. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? A. Purkinje fibers B. SA node C. AV bundle (bundle of His) D. AV node
B. SA node
Lori was working on her cardiovascular conditioning in the pool. As she increased her lap speed up to a moderate-strenuous aerobic pace, her cardiac output increased 5-fold. What else is going on physiologically? Select all that apply. A. Homeostatic reflexes assure that her total peripheral resistance remains the same B. She has an increase in end-diastolic volume; this produces an increase in her stroke volume (Frank-Starling law of the heart) C. Resistance to blood flow to her skeletal muscles decreases almost 5-fold D. Resistance to blood flow to her brain decreases almost 5-fold; this makes her a very good student E. Her respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps increase her venous return and end-diastolic volume F. Her MAP increases 5-fold because (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR)
B. She has an increase in end-diastolic volume; this produces an increase in her stroke volume (Frank-Starling law of the heart) C. Resistance to blood flow to her skeletal muscles decreases almost 5-fold E. Her respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps increase her venous return and end-diastolic volume
The cells that we are capable of controlling consciously are the _____ neurons. A. Somatic sensory (somatic afferent) B. Somatic motor (somatic efferent) C. Sympathetic D. Parasympathetic
B. Somatic motor (somatic efferent)
Net oxygen unloading into tissues results when _________. A. pH is high B. Temperature is high C. Surfactant is low D. PCO2 is low
B. Temperature is high
The primary force behind blood flow is __________. A. Elasticity of large arteries B. The blood pressure gradient C. Simple diffusion D. Resistance to blood flow
B. The blood pressure gradient
What directly controls blood flow through the cardiovascular system? A. Cells need blood to survive B. The heart establishes a pressure gradient C. Oxygen and nutrients must be delivered to the body D. Without blood flow, a person could not survive
B. The heart establishes a pressure gradient
What directly controls blood flow through the cardiovascular system? A. Cells need blood to survive B. The heart establishes a pressure gradient C. Without blood flow, a person could not survive D. Oxygen and nutrients must be delivered to the body
B. The heart establishes a pressure gradient
If you were to compare the hematocrit between a person that lives at sea level and one that lives at high altitude, how would they compare? A. The hematocrit in the person from high altitude would be the same than that of the person from sea level. B. The hematocrit in the person from high altitude would be higher than that of the person from sea level. C. The hematocrit in the person from high altitude would be lower than that of the person from sea level.
B. The hematocrit in the person from high altitude would be higher than that of the person from sea level.
One big difference between contraction of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle (see diagram below for reminder) is the duration of the refractory period. Which of the follow statements are true? A. The refractory period is much longer in skeletal muscle than in cardiac muscle B. The stimulus for depolarization in skeletal muscle cells comes from opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels C.The refractory period in cardiac muscle cells is the duration of diastole D. Summation and tetanus are necessary to generate a lot of skeletal muscle tension E. Prolonged summation and tetanus in cardiac cells would be fatal F. An action potential in the muscle cell membrane is necessary to produce contraction of skeletal muscle but not cardiac muscle G. The stimulus for depolarization in cardiac muscle cells comes from norepinephrine H. The refractory period is a property of autorhythmic cells; skeletal muscles don't contain autorhythmic cells so they don't have a refractory period
B. The stimulus for depolarization in skeletal muscle cells comes from opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels D. Summation and tetanus are necessary to generate a lot of skeletal muscle tension E. Prolonged summation and tetanus in cardiac cells would be fatal
Using the numbers below, calculate the total pressure of the atmosphere: Partial pressure of O2- 148 mmHg Partial pressure of CO2 - 0.26 mmHg Partial pressure of water vapor - 28 mmHg Partial pressure of N2 - 453 mmHg A. 760.26 mmHg B. 629.26 mmHg C. 601.26 mmHg D. 176.26 mmHg
B. 629.26 mmHg
A large decrease in resistance is seen in the blood vessels supplying working skeletal muscle during exercise. What is the implication of this exercise effect? A. Decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) during exercise B. Increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) during exercise C. Decreased systolic pressure (SBP) during exercise D. Increased blood flow to working muscles
D. Increased blood flow to working muscles
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume? A. Increased end systolic volume B. Decreased end diastolic volume C. Increased contractility D. Increased end diastolic volume
D. Increased end diastolic volume
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins? A. Left ventricle B. Right ventricle C. Right atrium D. Left atrium
D. Left atrium
Choose the combination of factors that would lead to the greatest oxygen unloading from hemoglobin. A. Low pH, high temperature, low PCO2, high 2,3-DPG B. High pH, high temperature, high PCO2, low 2,3-DPG C. High pH, low temperature, low PCO2, low 2,3-DPG D. Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-DPG
D. Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-DPG
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? A. AV bundle (bundle of His) B. Purkinje fibers C. Bundle branches D. SA node E. AV node
E. AV node
The sinoatrial node has receptors for _______. A. Epinephrine B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Acetylcholine E. Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
E. Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
You have landed a job in a vet clinic that specializes in cardiovascular problems in cats and dogs. You and the vet are looking at a dog's abnormal electrocardiogram, and you suggest that the problem is due to defective ion channels in atrioventricular (AV) node cells, where the AV node delay occurs. If the depolarization spreads rapidly through the AV node and rest of the conducting system but with no AV node delay, what symptoms would you expect to see? A. An increase in heart rate B. Left and right ventricles won't contract at the same time C. No depolarization of the atria D. The ventricles won't contract from the apex (bottom) of heart E. Decreased end-diastolic volume leading to decreased cardiac output
E. Decreased end-diastolic volume leading to decreased cardiac output
Learning and memory are thought to be due to a synaptic phenomenon known as... A. Facilitation. B. Excitation. C. Modulation. D. Inhibition. E. Long-term potentiation.
E. Long-term potentiation.
Excitatory neurotransmitters of the CNS usually act by opening ________ channels. A. K+ B. Cl- C. Ca2+ D. H+ E. Na+
E. Na+
If a red blood cell is 100% saturated, how many molecules of O2 are bound to it? A. 250 million molecules of O2 B. 4 molecules of O2 C. 1 billion molecules of O2
C. 1 billion molecules of O2
As one moves up in altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases. In Vail, CO (altitude 8022 ft or 2445 m), the atmospheric pressure is approximately 570 mmHg. What would the partial pressure of oxygen be in Vail? A. 21% B. The PO2 cannot be calculated from the available information. C. 120 mm Hg D. 160 mm Hg
C. 120 mm Hg
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? A. A decrease in cardiac output B. A decrease in heart rate C. An increase in heart contractility D. Vasodilation of arterioles
C. An increase in heart contractility
Changes in the radius of _____ has the most impact on resistance to blood flow, because radius can be changed quickly and precisely. A. Capillaries B. Arteries C. Arterioles D. Venules
C. Arterioles
Why is hyperventilation a usual response when someone is exposed to a high altitude hypoxic situation? A. Because it increases alveolar ventilation, which decreases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus. B. Because it decreases alveolar ventilation, which increases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus. C. Because it increases alveolar ventilation, which increases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus. D. Because it decreases alveolar ventilation, which decreases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus.
C. Because it increases alveolar ventilation, which increases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus
Which of the following affect heart rate through the use of a cAMP (second messenger) system? A. Acetylcholine B. Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine D. Epinephrine E. Norepinephrine
C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
If the radius of a tube decreases by half, what would happen to the resistance to fluid flow? A. Resistance would decrease 16 times. B. Resistance would decrease by half. C. Resistance would increase 16 times. D. Resistance would double.
C. Resistance would increase 16 times.
If the radius of a tube decreases by half, what would happen to the resistance to fluid flow? A. Resistance would decrease 16 times. B. Resistance would double. C. Resistance would increase 16 times. D. Resistance would decrease by half.
C. Resistance would increase 16 times.
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava? A. Left ventricle B. Right ventricle C. Right atrium D. Left atrium
C. Right atrium
Why would natural selection favor closed circulatory systems in vertebrates? Blood can be directed to specific tissues in closed system-T or F?
True
Why would natural selection favor closed circulatory systems in vertebrates? Blood volumes can be reduced -T or F?
True
Why would natural selection favor closed circulatory systems in vertebrates? Makes ultrafiltration (= cleaning) of blood by kidneys possible -T or F?
True
Is cardiac output greater on L or R side of heart? In other words, which ventricle pumps more blood per heart beat? a. Left b. Right c. Same
c. Same
Which of the following trend is NOT seen in and during evolution of vertebrate circulatory systems? a.increasing use of closed circulatory systems b. trend towards fewer hearts c.ability to pump blood at higher pressure to pulmonary circuit than systemic circuit d.evolution of hearts with more chambers e.separation of pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation
c. ability to pump blood at higher pressure to pulmonary circuit than systemic circuit
Predict where autonomic neurons act to regulate heart rate? a. ventricular contractile cells b. atrial contractile cells c. autorhythmic SA node cells d. Purkinje fibers
c. autorhythmic SA node cells
Depolarization of dendritic membrane produces a graded synaptic potential, not an action potential, because... a. the depolarization isn't sufficiently strong b. there aren't enough ligand‐gated ion channels c. there are no voltage-gated ion channels in dendrites, so depolarization can only spread by local current flow
c. there are no voltage-gated ion channels in dendrites, so depolarization can only spread by local current flow
How many chambers in amphibian and reptilian hearts (except crocodilians)? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five
c. three
In order to increase contractility, NE released form sympathetic fibers would act at synapses with _______ a. SA node cells b. AV node cells c. ventricular contractile cells d. atrial contractile cell
c. ventricular contractile cells
Traditionally, it is taught that the neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. What do some neuroscientists suggest is a more accurate functional unit? Why? a.The brain, because without a brain, behavior cannot be coordinated b.Glia, because neurons can neither survive nor function normally without them c.Neural networks, because even the most basic functions require circuits of neurons rather than just a single neuron d.The axon trigger zone, because this is ultimately where all nerve signals begin
c.Neural networks, because even the most basic functions require circuits of neurons rather than just a single neuron
What causes the heart valves to open and close? a. action potentials in vagus nerve b. electrical connection with vagus nerve c.differences in blood pressure across the valve
c.differences in blood pressure across the valve
Which factor can directly increase cardiac output? a. increased heart rate b. increased stroke volume c.increased mean arterial blood pressure d. a and b e. all of the above
d. a and b
How can one induce LTP at synapses between Schaffer collaterals and CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites? a. strong, high-frequency stimulation of Schaffer collaterals b. depolarize post‐synaptic membrane along with brief stimulation of axons of CA3 pyramidal cells c.apply glutamate to bath, and depolarize CA1 pyramidal cell neuron d. all of above
d. all of above
Which of the following is correct? a.norepinephrine and acetylcholine have opposite effects on the activity of ion channels in pacemaker cells b.norepinephrine increases the slope of pacemaker potentials leading to increased heart rate c.acetylcholine increases the duration of diastole d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following might increase the size of an EPSP? a.increased amount of glutamate released from presynaptic terminal b.increased number of neurotransmitter receptors in postsynaptic membrane c.decreased degradation or reuptake of neurotransmitter d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Frogs have only one ventricle. What's an apparent shortcoming of frog hearts? a. can't generate enough blood pressure with only one ventricle b. O2‐rich and O2‐poor blood from R and L atria will mix in single ventricle c. problem selectively directing O2‐rich blood to body or O2‐ poor blood to lungs d. b and c
d. b and c
What explains movement of blood move from heart to veins? a.random motion of particles in liquid (diffusion) b.flow from region of higher pressure to region of lower pressure c.heart sets up blood pressure gradient d. b and c
d. b and c
Which of the following is likely to produce an IPSP? a. opening Na+ channels b. opening K+ channels c. opening Clˉ channels d. b or c
d. b or c
Speaking of HM..... What did the experiment with the star mirror and pencil indicate? a. recall of long‐term memory b. short‐term memory c. procedural (or reflexive) memory d. declarative memory e. all of the above f. b and d
d. declarative memory
Which of these functions of CV system is most time sensitive? a. deliver CO2 to the lungs b. deliver ATP to cells for fuel c.deliver heat to skin to regulate body temp d. deliver O2 to all cells of body e. deliver H2O to all cells f. deliver hormones to all cells -only target cells respond g.deliver glucose to cells for use or storage h.deliver immune cells to sites of injury
d. deliver O2 to all cells of body
What's the difference between a scientific hypothesis, a prediction and a the theory in BIO 360? a.scientific hypothesis is a testable explanation of an observed phenomenon b.prediction is the likely outcome of an experiment, if the hypothesis being tested is supported c. a theory is an end‐point in experimental science, when a hypothesis has withstood many tests; not a starting point d. a and b e. all of above
e. all of above
What factors determine the rate of simple diffusion of a molecule? The rate of diffusion is proportional to: a. ∝temperature b. ∝concentration gradient c. 1/∝molecular weight and size d. ∝distance2 e. all of the above
e. all of the above
What are Schaffer collaterals? a. axons of CA1 pyramidal neurons b. axons of CA3 pyramidal neurons c.axons that release glutamate when stimulated d.axons that undergo LTP when stimulated e. b and c f. a and d
e. b and c
When is the right atrioventricular valve open? a. during systole b. during diastole c.when blood pressure in R atrium> PR ventricle d.when blood pressure in R ventricle> PR atrium e. b and c f. all of the above = all the time
e. b and c
Which of the following carries O2‐rich blood? a. vena cava b. pulmonary artery c. pulmonary vein d. aorta e. R atrium f. c and d g. b and d
f. c and d
What leads to gradual depolarization of SA node cells to threshold? a.increased membrane permeability to Na+ b.increased membrane permeability to Ca2+ c.increased membrane permeability to K+ d. a or b
a.increased membrane permeability to Na+
What would directly increase end‐ diastolic volume (EDV) during exercise leading to an increase in stroke volume? a.increased return of venous blood to heart b. increased heart rate c. decreased venous return d. decreased heart rate
a.increased return of venous blood to heart
Which is NOT a function of mammalian cardiovascular systems? a. deliver CO2 to the lungs b. deliver ATP to cells for fuel c.deliver heat to skin to regulate body temp d. deliver O2 to all cells of body e. deliver H2O to all cells f. transport hormones to all cells -only target cells respond g.deliver glucose to cells for use or storage h. deliver immune cells to sites of injur
b. deliver ATP to cells for fuel
Penile erection is related to changes in blood flow. How? Select all that apply. A. Engorgement of the penis with arterial blood compresses the veins in the penis B. Erection is produced when venous blood outflow from the penis is increased C. Increased sympathetic input to the penis leads to an erection D. Increased blood flow to the penis causes the skeletal muscle to undergo prolonged contraction E. Increased parasympathetic input leads to the release of nitric oxide and vasodilation
A. Engorgement of the penis with arterial blood compresses the veins in the penis E. Increased parasympathetic input leads to the release of nitric oxide and vasodilation
Vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue results from the signal molecule _____ binding to ______ receptors A. Epinephrine; beta 2 B. Epinephrine; alpha C. Acetylcholine; beta 2 D. Acetylcholine; alpha
A. Epinephrine; beta 2
Action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to the contractile cells through what structures in the membrane? A. Gap junctions B. Desmosomes C. Tight junctions D. Intercalated discs
A. Gap junctions
Which of the following cardiovascular control factors contribute to short-term (minute-to-minute) changes in blood pressure? Select all that apply. A. Heart rate B. Viscosity of blood C. Body temperature D. Force of cardiac contraction E. Blood vessel diameter F. Volume of blood
A. Heart rate D. Force of cardiac contraction E. Blood vessel diameter
What physiological factor is responsible for causing HAPE? A. High pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Vasodilation of pulmonary arterioles C. High colloid osmotic pressure in the pulmonary capillary D. None of the listed options causes HAPE.
A. High pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Sai got into a fight with his physiology professor. Since Sai is a mean, short-tempered guy his mean arterial pressure spiked for about 10 minutes. What homeostatic responses provided short-term regulation to return his MAP to normal range? Select all that apply. A. His sympathetic output was decreased while his parasympathetic output was increased B. His kidneys produced more urine leading to a decrease in blood volume and therefore MAP. C. His cardiac output and probably his total peripheral resistance were decreased D. Activation of sympathetic vasomotor fibers led to widespread vasoconstriction and a decrease in total peripheral resistance E. His vagus nerve was activated leading to a decrease in cardiac contractility and total peripheral resistance F. There was a decrease in acetylcholine release at synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and sympathetic postganglionic neurons
A. His sympathetic output was decreased while his parasympathetic output was increased C. His cardiac output and probably his total peripheral resistance were decreased F. There was a decrease in acetylcholine release at synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Identify the FALSE statement. A. IPSPs depolarize the membrane. B. The trigger zone is the integrating center of the neuron. C. EPSPs that reach threshold can initiate an action potential. D. All of the statements are true.
A. IPSPs depolarize the membrane.
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? A. Increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity B. Increased PNS and SNS activity C. Decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity
A. Increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
Which factor promotes vasodilation in exercising skeletal muscle? A. Increased acid production B. Decreased temperature as sweat evaporates C. Increased oxygen as cardiac output increases D. Decreased carbon dioxide production resulting from decreased oxygen availability
A. Increased acid production
Traditionally, it is taught that the neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. What do some neuroscientists suggest is a more accurate functional unit? Why? A. Neural networks, because even the most basic functions require circuits of neurons rather than just a single neuron B. Glia, because neurons can neither survive nor function normally without them C. The brain, because without a brain, behavior cannot be coordinated D. The axon trigger zone, because this is ultimately where all nerve signals begin
A. Neural networks, because even the most basic functions require circuits of neurons rather than just a single neuron
After lying on the sofa for a couple of hours reading research papers, Jeremiah jumped up and he felt like he as going to pass out because his mean arterial pressure (MAP) dropped. How was his MAP quickly restored to normal? Select all that apply. A. Increased activity of sympathetic fibers increases the force of contraction of ventricular muscle cells and decreases the duration of systole B. Cardiovascular centers of the medulla stimulate parasympathetic fibers that innervate arterioles leading to decreased total peripheral resistance to blood flow C. Baroreceptors in his aortic arch and carotid artery detect the sudden decrease in MAP and send input to cardiovascular centers of the medulla D. Release of norepinephrine from sympathetic fibers at the SA node increases the slope of his pacemaker potentials and momentarily increases heart rate E. Cardiovascular centers of the medulla stimulate autonomic output that leads to a momentary increase in total peripheral resistance and MAP F. Increased activity of the vagus nerve will increase the contractility of ventricular contractile cells leading to increased MAP
A. Increased activity of sympathetic fibers increases the force of contraction of ventricular muscle cells and decreases the duration of systole C. Baroreceptors in his aortic arch and carotid artery detect the sudden decrease in MAP and send input to cardiovascular centers of the medulla D. Release of norepinephrine from sympathetic fibers at the SA node increases the slope of his pacemaker potentials and momentarily increases heart rate E. Cardiovascular centers of the medulla stimulate autonomic output that leads to a momentary increase in total peripheral resistance and MAP
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent? A. Increased heart rate and increased stroke volume B. Increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume C. Decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume D. Decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume
A. Increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
What causes active hyperemia? A. Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2. B. Production of NO and O2 by tissues causes vasoconstriction due to enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction. C. Occluded blood flow causes a dramatic drop in tissue O2 and high levels of CO2 and H+ causing endothelial cells to release NO. D. Blood loss causes skeletal muscle hypoxia leading to adenosine release and vasodilation.
A. Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2
Nerve cells in the central nervous system are primarily... A. Interneurons. B. Sensory neurons. C. Glia. D. Motor neurons.
A. Interneurons.
What happens to blood pressure during exercise? A. It increases slightly; some cardiovascular changes promote an increase while others promote a decrease. B. It decreases greatly because vasodilation in skeletal muscles and heart tissue more than offsets factors that increase blood pressure. C. It decreases slightly; some cardiovascular changes promote a decrease while others promote an increase. D. It increases greatly because cardiac output increases and vasoconstriction in inactive organs raises blood pressure directly.
A. It increases slightly; some cardiovascular changes promote an increase while others promote a decrease.
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit? A. Left ventricle B. Left atrium C. Right ventricle D. Right atrium
A. Left ventricle
Norepinephrine (NE) is released from sympathetic fibers in response to a sudden drop in mean arterial pressure (MAP). What does NE do to help return MAP to normal? Select all that apply. A. NE release increases total peripheral resistance leading to an increase in MAP B. NE acts on cells of the SA node to increase contractility C. NE release at ventricular cells increases the force of contraction and decreases the duration of systole D. NE stimulates the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla E. NE released at the SA node increases the slope of the pacemaker potential F. NE causes vasodilation of many arterioles leading to increased MAP
A. NE release increases total peripheral resistance leading to an increase in MAP C. NE release at ventricular cells increases the force of contraction and decreases the duration of systole D. NE stimulates the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla E. NE released at the SA node increases the slope of the pacemaker potential
The resting membrane potential (Vm) for cardiac contractile cells is more negative (~ −90 mV) than the Vm for neurons (typically −60 to −70 mV). Which of the following hypotheses might explain this very negative resting Vm? I'm not sure what the answer is, but which explanation makes sense physiologically? (Assume that concentrations of Na+ and K+ are similar to neurons with [Na+] greater outside and [K+] greater inside the plasma membrane.) The resting plasma membrane of contractile cells differs from neurons because it is ___________. A. Permeable K+ but not Na+ B. Permeable to Na+ but not K+ C. Not permeable to Na+ or K+ D. Equally permeable to K+ and Na+
A. Permeable K+ but not Na+
One of the changes that occurs in the pacemaker potential (unstable resting membrane potential) in the SA node (an autorhythmic cell) is a decreased efflux of what ion? A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Calcium
A. Potassium
Through which valve must blood pass as it moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle? A. Right atrioventricular B. Pulmonary C. Aortic D. Venous
A. Right atrioventricular
Predict which way exercise would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Would this shift in the curve increase or decrease hemoglobin saturation? A. The curve would shift to the right thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation. B. The curve would shift to the right thus increasing the hemoglobin saturation. C. The curve would shift to the left thus increasing the hemoglobin saturation. D. The curve would shift to the left thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation.
A. The curve would shift to the right thus decreasing the hemoglobin saturation.
In order to cause cardiac muscle contraction, the contractile cells must also depolarize. What causes the depolarization of the contractile cells? A. The flow of positive ions from adjacent cells B. An unstable resting membrane potential in the contractile cells C. The flow of negative ions from adjacent cells
A. The flow of positive ions from adjacent cells
In the four-chambered mammalian heart: A. The left ventricle pumps blood against greater resistance than the right ventricle B. The release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction causes the valves to open and ventricles to contract C. Ventricular blood pressure is maintained at a stable set point between systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) D. The left ventricle has greater cardiac output than the right ventricle
A. The left ventricle pumps blood against greater resistance than the right ventricle
Which of the following parameters do you need to know in order to calculate the partial pressure of a gas? Select all that apply. A. The percentage of the gas B. The percentage of the other gases that comprise the atmosphere C. The volume of the container that the gas is in D. The water vapor pressure E. The total pressure in the atmosphere
A. The percentage of the gas D. The water vapor pressure E. The total pressure in the atmosphere
Which cells act as the heart's pacemaker? Why are they the pacemaker cells? A. Cells of the AV node are the usual pacemaker, because they produce a lower rate of pacemaker potentials than other pacemaker cells. B. Cells of the SA node are the usual pacemaker, because they are autorhythmic cells and set the pace of the heart rate. C. Cells of the AV node are the usual pacemaker, because they are autorhythmic cells and set the pace of the heart rate. D. Cells of the SA node are the usual pacemaker, because the other cells of the conduction system are incapable of producing pacemaker potentials.
B. Cells of the SA node are the usual pacemaker, because they are autorhythmic cells and set the pace of the heart rate.
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? A. Decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system B. Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system C. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system D. Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
B. Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
What is the color of the blood in your jugular vein? A. Bright red B. Dull red C. Green D. Blue
B. Dull red
How does the body decrease the blood vessel radius? A. Valve closure B. Vasoconstriction C. Cardiac muscle contraction D. Vasodilation
B. Vasoconstriction
Laminar flow of the blood is achieved through _______. A. Smooth muscle contraction B. Vasodilation C. Vasoconstriction D. Vasoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction
B. Vasodilation
Blood flows through a vessel at a particular flow rate and velocity. What happens to the velocity of the blood flow through that vessel after it constricts, narrowing its diameter? You may assume that the flow rate is unchanged. A. Velocity decreases. B. Velocity increases. C. Velocity will not change. D. There is not enough information to answer the question.
B. Velocity increases.
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? A. Cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata B. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems C. Carotid sinus and aortic arch
C. Carotid sinus and aortic arch
Because this factor normally varies, the most important variable that influences the diffusion of respiratory gases is the ________. A. Surface area B. Diffusion distance C. Concentration gradient D. Membrane thickness
C. Concentration gradient
How does a rightward shift in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve affect hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen? A. Increase B. No change C. Decrease
C. Decrease
Which changes in paracrines cause vasodilation? What is the result? A. Increased O2, decreased CO2, increased H+, increased NO result in decreased blood flow. B. Increased O2, increased CO2, increased H+, decreased NO, result in decreased blood flow. C. Decreased O2, increased CO2, increased H+, increased NO, result in increased blood flow. D. Decreased O2, increased CO2, decreased H+, decreased NO result in increased blood flow.
C. Decreased O2, increased CO2, increased H+, increased NO, result in increased blood flow.
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? A. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system B. Decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system C. Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system D. Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
C. Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
Select the statements about blood pressure regulation that are true? Select all that apply. A. Parasympathetic activity at synapses with arteriolar smooth muscle is a primary means of regulating MAP B. During the gain in adipose (fat) tissue associated with obesity, the overall length of blood vessels in the systemic circuit increases; this would tend to decrease MAP C. Decreased vagal nerve activity at the SA node will tend to increase cardiac output and MAP D. Decreases in CO2 and increases in O2 around arterioles in active muscle will produce vasodilation E. Increases in CO2 and decreases in O2 around arterioles in active muscle will produce vasodilation F. Long-term regulation of MAP is primarily due to changes in blood volume G. Increased activity of the skeletal and respiratory pumps during exercise tends to increase stroke volume H. Most baroreceptors are located in the limbs in order to closely regulate blood pressure to the periphery I. Sympathetic neurons innervate the smooth muscle layer of many arterioles J. In response to a sudden decrease in MAP, parasympathetic activity will be decreased and sympathetic activity increased K. The sympathetic NS is an important regulator of minute-to-minute changes in blood flow to organs and MAP
C. Decreased vagal nerve activity at the SA node will tend to increase cardiac output and MAP E. Increases in CO2 and decreases in O2 around arterioles in active muscle will produce vasodilation F. Long-term regulation of MAP is primarily due to changes in blood volume G. Increased activity of the skeletal and respiratory pumps during exercise tends to increase stroke volume I. Sympathetic neurons innervate the smooth muscle layer of many arterioles J. In response to a sudden decrease in MAP, parasympathetic activity will be decreased and sympathetic activity increased K. The sympathetic NS is an important regulator of minute-to-minute changes in blood flow to organs and MAP
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) A. Depolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential. B. Hyperpolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential. C. Depolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential. D. Hyperpolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.
C. Depolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.
With respect to heart rate, which of the following had the same effect? A. Atropine and epinephrine B. Digitalis and atropine C. Digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine D. Digitalis and pilocarpine
C. Digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine
What two mechanisms influence the force of cardiac contraction? A. End systolic volume and sympathetic nervous system stimulation B. Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation and end systolic volume C. End diastolic volume and sympathetic nervous system stimulation D. End diastolic volume and parasympathetic nervous system stimulation
C. End diastolic volume and sympathetic nervous system stimulation
Why does the pressure in the arteries and arterioles fall as the blood moves away from the heart? A. There is less blood in each vessel. B. The arterial vessels get smaller as they get farther from the heart. C. Friction causes a loss of energy. D. Heat is lost to the environment.
C. Friction causes a loss of energy.
Most neurons contain a large number of mitochondria. Which characteristic of neurons does this reflect? A. High demand for free fatty acids B. High demand for glucose C. High level of aerobic metabolism D. Sensitivity to hypoglycemia
C. High level of aerobic metabolism
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? A. Decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity B. Increased PNS and SNS activity C. Increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
C. Increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume? A. Decreased end diastolic volume B. Increased end diastolic volume C. Increased contractility D. Increased end systolic volume
C. Increased contractility
Which of the following neurotransmitters will play a role in the regulation of blood pressure by creating a change in cardiovascular function? Select all that apply. A. Glutamate B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) C. Norepinephrine D. Epinephrine E. Serotonin D. Acetylcholine
C. Norepinephrine D. Epinephrine D. Acetylcholine
The inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS, GABA and glycine, act by opening ________ channels. A. Only Na+ B. Only Ca2+ C. Only Cl- D. Only K+ E. Na+ and K+
C. Only Cl-
Heart valves open and close in response to __________. A. Electrical activity in the autorhythmic cells B. Activity of papillary muscles C. Pressure changes in heart chambers D. Autonomic innervation
C. Pressure changes in heart chambers
Which is the correct relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance? A. Flow ∝ Resistance × Pressure B. Pressure ∝ Flow ÷ Resistance C. Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance D. Resistance ∝ Flow ÷ Pressure
C. Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________. A. Postsynaptic neuron B. Synaptic cleft C. Presynaptic neuron
C. Presynaptic neuron
Poiseuille determined the relationship between the resistance in a vessel to several variables. Which statement is TRUE about these relationships? A. Resistance is proportional to the radius of the vessel raised to the 4th power, the viscosity of the fluid in the vessel, and the length of the vessel. B. Resistance is proportional to the radius of the vessel raised to the 4th power, the length of the vessel, and is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid in the vessel. C. Resistance is proportional to the length of the vessel, the viscosity of the fluid in the vessel, and is inversely proportional to the radius of the vessel raised to the 4th power. D. Resistance is proportional to the radius of the vessel raised to the 4th power, the viscosity of the fluid in the vessel, and is inversely proportional to the length of the vessel.
C. Resistance is proportional to the length of the vessel, the viscosity of the fluid in the vessel, and is inversely proportional to the radius of the vessel raised to the 4th power.
Parasympathetic stimulation results in vasodilation in _________. A. The kidneys B. Skeletal muscle C. The genitals D. The skin
C. The genitals
If you place a fish in a tank with fast flowing water the fish has to swim "upstream" very hard in order to maintain its position. Many species of fish will die under this challenge. Why do you think they will die? A. The gills will fail because blood pressure to the gills will be so high during strenuous exertion that the gill capillaries will be destroyed B. Multiple organ failures because fish gills are not efficient enough at extracting O2 from water to support sustained activity C. The heart muscle will fail because blood reaching the heart has very little oxygen after O2 is delivered to the tail and fins D. The tail and fin muscles will fail because the circulatory system cannot deliver sufficient glucose to hard-working muscle
C. The heart muscle will fail because blood reaching the heart has very little oxygen after O2 is delivered to the tail and fins
What prevents the dramatic increase in venous return that occurs during exercise from damaging the cardiac myocytes? A. The exercise demand on the heart causes it to stiffen, preventing overstretch. B. The pericardium acts as a limit on the amount of stretch. C. The increased heart rate limits filling time. D. Venous return is not sufficient to stretch the heart very much.
C. The increased heart rate limits filling time.
Which blood vessels have the lowest blood pressure? A. Arteries B. Venules C. Veins D. Capillaries
C. Veins
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? A. Atrial depolarization B. Atrial repolarization C. Ventricular depolarization D. Ventricular repolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization
An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels? A. Voltage-gated Na+ channels B. Voltage-gated K+ channels C. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels D. Chemically gated Ca2+ channels
C. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
Why would natural selection favor closed circulatory systems in vertebrates? Rate of blood flow can't be regulated in open system -T or F?
False
Which of the following would increase heart rate? A. Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system B. Acetylcholine C. Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
The neurotransmitter thought to be involved in learning and memory is... A. Norepinephrine. B. Acetylcholine. C. Glycine. D. Glutamate. E. GABA.
D. Glutamate.
If you were visiting Vail, CO, what would the partial pressure of oxygen be in your inspired air once it had been fully conditioned (warmed and humidified)? (altitude 8022 ft or 2445 m, the atmospheric pressure is approximately 570 mmHg.) A. 100 mm Hg B. 120 mm Hg C. 21% D. 110 mm Hg
D. 110 mm Hg
You have decided to ascend to the summit of Mount Everest where the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere has been estimated to be about 54 mmHg. Once you breathe in this air, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli drops even lower, due to displacement by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The arterial concentration of oxygen at the pulmonary capillaries is measured and found to be 25 mmHg. What is the percent saturation of hemoglobin at this partial pressure? A. 98% B. 83% C. 18 % D. 45%
D. 45%
Arrange the following events in the proper sequence: 1. Efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 2. Afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 3. Effector organ responds by performing output. 4. Integrating center reaches decision about response. 5. Sensory organ detects change in the environment. A. 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 B. 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 C. 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 D. 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 E. 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
D. 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
You have discovered a bizarre new species in the Amazonian jungle. It has bare, moist skin but also resembles a slow-moving rodent (bear with me). While waiting for genomic analysis, you decide to do some cardiovascular physiology experiments to help decide whether it is an amphibian or a hairless mammal. What markers would you look for? A. Blood pressure would be higher in the systemic circuit than in the pulmonary circuit of a mammal but the same in an amphibian B. A mammal would have a four-chambered heart; an amphibian a three-chambered heart C. There would be a huge difference in oxygenation: blood in the aorta of an amphibian would be very poorly oxygenated while blood in the aorta of a mammal would be highly oxygenated D. A and B E. All of the above
D. A and B
Which of the following statements most accurately describes hypoxia? A. An increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma or air B. An increase in the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma or air C. A decrease in the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma or air D. A decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma or air
D. A decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma or air
Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere occurs at the ________. A. Bronchioles B. Trachea C. Bronchi D. Alveoli
D. Alveoli
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? A. Vasodilation of arterioles B. A decrease in cardiac output C. A decrease in heart rate D. An increase in heart contractility
D. An increase in heart contractility
What is the function of the reticular formation? A. Digestion and hunger B. Skilled movement C. Involuntary movement D. Arousal and sleep
D. Arousal and sleep
Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow. Why? A. Arterioles because they are the only type of vessel with an adjustable diameter. B. Arteries because of the large amount of muscle in their walls. C. Veins because they are the lowest pressure vessels, thus they can develop greater pressure increases with regulation. D. Arterioles because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls.
D. Arterioles because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls.
Which of the following likely occurred during evolutionary history? A. In the transition from tropical seas to living on land, sperm developed the capacity to withstand desiccation (drying out) B. As species developed skeletomuscular structures for locomotion the need for glucose decreased C. As organisms with greater complexity and more cells evolved, a greater fraction of total cells ended up in direct contact with the external environment D. As organisms with greater complexity evolved, cells in the gut became specialized for regulating what substances gain access to the cells of the body
D. As organisms with greater complexity evolved, cells in the gut became specialized for regulating what substances gain access to the cells of the body
As blood flows away from the heart, how does overall blood pressure in vessels change? Why? A. Blood pressure decreases, because blood vessels are passive and cannot exert any force on the moving blood. B. Blood pressure increases, because vessel diameter narrows with distance from the heart, which increases the force on the blood. C. Blood pressure increases. Otherwise the blood would not flow up toward the heart. D. Blood pressure decreases, because of the effects of friction between the vessel walls and the moving blood.
D. Blood pressure decreases, because of the effects of friction between the vessel walls and the moving blood.
In a cardiac autorhythmic cell, which ion is responsible for the increase in membrane potential from threshold during an action potential? A. Na+ B Cl- C. K+ D. Ca2+
D. Ca2+
Arteries are most accurately defined as blood vessels that ________. A. Carry highly oxygenated blood B. Carry blood toward the heart C. Carry deoxygenated blood D. Carry blood away from the heart
D. Carry blood away from the heart
Which of the following are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system when blood pressure is too high? A. Induce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle B. Decrease force of contraction of the heart C. Reduce blood volume D. Decrease heart rate
D. Decrease heart rate
With respect to heart rate, which of the following worked in opposition to each other? A. Atropine and epinephrine B. Digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine C. Digitalis and pilocarpine D. Digitalis and atropine
D. Digitalis and atropine
During exercise, we might expect blood vessels in the skeletal muscle to be somewhat _______________ and the blood vessels in the digestive organs to be somewhat ____________. A. Dilated, dilated B. Constricted, dilated C. Constricted, constricted D. Dilated, constricted
D. Dilated, constricted
Oxygen is carried in the blood in two ways. Most of it is bound to hemoglobin while the remainder is carried in what form? A. Bound to plasma proteins and lipids B. Converted to high-energy phosphates and bound to albumin C. Converted to CO2 D. Dissolved in the plasma
D. Dissolved in the plasma
Which of the following does NOT directly influence cardiac stroke volume? A. Sympathetic innervation B. End-diastolic blood volume (EDV) C. Venous constriction D. Rate of pacemaker potentials
D. Rate of pacemaker potentials
What type of memory does the ability to ties one's shoes every day require? A. Declarative B. Short-term C. Working D. Reflexive
D. Reflexive
Which of the following describes the shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? A. Exponential B. Linear C. Parabolic D. Sigmoidal
D. Sigmoidal
Somatic motor neurons control... A. Skeletal and cardiac muscles. B. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. C. Smooth muscles, adipose tissue and glands. D. Skeletal muscles.
D. Skeletal muscles.
What type of tissue, present in the walls of blood vessels, allows for regulation of vessel diameter? A. Neural tissue B. Skeletal muscle C. Cardiac muscle D. Smooth muscle
D. Smooth muscle
The diameter of blood vessels varies under the control of ________ neurons, which cause the diameter to ________. A. Sympathetic and parasympathetic; increase or decrease, respectively B. Autonomic; either increase or decrease, depending upon whether the innervation is sympathetic or parasympathetic C. Sympathetic and parasympathetic; decrease or increase, respectively D. Sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present
D. Sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present
Which of the following best describes affinity in reference to oxygen- and hemoglobin-binding? A. The higher the affinity, the higher the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. B. The affinity that hemoglobin has to oxygen will never change. C. The higher the affinity, the less likely it will be that oxygen binds to hemoglobin. D. The higher the affinity, the more likely it is that oxygen bind to hemoglobin.
D. The higher the affinity, the more likely it is that oxygen bind to hemoglobin.
What are If channels responsible for in cardiac autorhythmic cells? A. Membrane repolarization B. Action potential C. Cardiac diastole D. The pacemaker potential
D. The pacemaker potential
Which of the following statements best describes the definition of Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures? A. In order to calculate the partial pressure of a gas, you must first subtract the water vapor pressure from the total. B. As the volume of a container increases, the pressure of the gases within that container will decrease. C. The percentage that a gas occupies in the atmosphere on Earth will change as altitude changes. D. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.
D. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.
The term that is simply defined as breathing is ________. A. Expiration B. Inspiration C. Respiration D. Ventilation
D. Ventilation
Repolarization of an autorhythmic cell is due to the opening of which channels? A. Voltage-gated sodium channels B. Chemically gated potassium channels C. Chemically gated calcium channels D. Voltage-gated potassium channels
D. Voltage-gated potassium channels
During moderately strenuous exercise there is a huge increase in cardiac output (up to 7-fold in trained athletes!) and a dramatic redistibution of blood flow to individual organs. Which of the following accurately describes changes in blood flow during exercise, compared to blood flow at rest? There's no easy way to express this variable, so please read the answers carefully. Select all that apply. A. Vasodilation of arterioles feeding digestive tract and liver leading to an overall increase in blood flow B. Pronounced decrease in overall blood flow to the brain C. An overall decrease in blood flow to the skin per minute D. Widespread vasodilation of arterioles in exercising skeletal muscles leading to a large drop in total peripheral resistance E. Pronounced increase in overall blood flow to the brain F. As much as 20-fold increase in overall blood flow to skeletal muscle in trained athletes G. An overall increase in blood flow to the skin per minute H. Blood flow to cardiac muscle remains constant I. Vasoconstriction of arterioles feeding liver and digestive tract leading to an overall decrease in blood flow J. Increased fraction of cardiac output going to skeletal muscle with no change in total peripheral resistance K. Decreased % of cardiac output to the brain but little change in the amount of blood reaching the brain
D. Widespread vasodilation of arterioles in exercising skeletal muscles leading to a large drop in total peripheral resistance F. As much as 20-fold increase in overall blood flow to skeletal muscle in trained athletes G. An overall increase in blood flow to the skin per minute I. Vasoconstriction of arterioles feeding liver and digestive tract leading to an overall decrease in blood flow K. Decreased % of cardiac output to the brain but little change in the amount of blood reaching the brain
T or F: Mean arterial pressure is the average of systolic and diastolic pressure.
False
What can cause the depolarization at synapses? a. activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors b. activation of voltage gated Na+ channels c. activation of ligand gated K+ channels d. release of Na+ ions from pre‐synaptic membrane
a. activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors
What is long‐term potentiation (LTP)? a. activity-dependent increase in synaptic strength b.increased potential for neurons to divide in adulthood c. increase in # of voltage‐gated Na+ channels d.increased ability of axon terminal to release glutamate in the absence of ↑Ca2
a. activity-dependent increase in synaptic strength
Which of these variables is most closely regulated by homeostatic reflexes? a. deliver CO2 to the lungs b. deliver ATP to cells for fuel c.deliver heat to skin to regulate body temp d. deliver O2 to all cells of body e. deliver H2O to all cells f. deliver hormones to all cells -only target cells respond g.deliver glucose to cells for use or storage h.deliver immune cells to sites of
a. deliver CO2 to the lungs
You are a physician. A patient comes in complaining about lethargy for the past few weeks. Through an ECG you discover that her SA node shows signs of damage. What do you tell the patient? a.You explain that the SA node is the pacemaker. She needs cardiac surgery ASAP to repair her SA node before it gets worse or she risks having her heart stop b.Her AV node is taking over the job of pacemaker so she has a slower heart rate and therefore less cardiac output and less energy than she should c.She would benefit from an artificial pacemaker that could deliver a higher rate of rhythmic depolarizing current to the SA or AV node d. probably b and c
d. probably b and c
Which of the following statements about synaptic potentials is FALSE? a. they vary with size of stimulus b. they decay with distance c.they may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing d. the # of ligand-gated ion channels at synapse has no effect on their size
d. the # of ligand-gated ion channels at synapse has no effect on their size
What causes systole -the contraction of cardiac ventricular cells? a.action potentials from motor neuronsb.action potentials from sympathetic neurons c.release of neurotransmitter from autorhythmic cardiac cells onto contractile cells d.spontaneous depolarization of autorhythmic cells spreads to contractile cell membranes
d.spontaneous depolarization of autorhythmic cells spreads to contractile cell membranes
