Animal Science Exam 1
Rumminant animals primary food
Abundant energy source, fiber/forage
Biosecurity signs:
Access to most commercial operation is restricted due to biosecurity reasons.
What are the production factors of importance in the broiler industry? Which of these are the same or similar to production factors of importance in other livestock species?
Feed conversion (also important in swine), weight gain (called average daily gain in swine), disease resistance, carcass composition (high % of breast meat), chick viability (ability for chicks to survive).
For the production factors that are common to more than one species covered, how do they differ among species? For example, how does feed efficiency for broilers compare to feed efficiency for market hogs? (You should have an idea of actual numbers for this.)
Feed efficiency- Broilers are about 1.85 pounds of feed per pound of gain. Hogs are about 2.5 pounds of feed per pound of gain.
The feed conversion rates for livestock feed for maximum growth are:
Chicken: <2:1 Swine: 2.5:1 Beef (feedlot phase): 5 or 6:1
What country has very large amounts of meat production in most species, but especially pork?
China
delmarva
Delaware, Maryland and Virginia
artificial insemination
Depositing semen into the female reproductive tract without sexual contact
Cornish Cross Hybrid:
Most broilers are not purebreds, but rather hybrids developed from the base of Cornish game chickens. They have been developed for fast growth, feed efficiency, and high meat yield.
Chick waterers/drinkers:
Known by either name, the function of these is self-explanatory.
How has the feed efficiency of broilers changed over the past 50 years? a. It now takes approximately 1/2 as much feed to add a pound of gain as it did in 1950 b. It now takes more feed to add a pound of gain c. It has not changed.
a. It now takes approximately 1/2 as much feed to add a pound of gain as it did in 1950
A goal for egg production is approximately how many eggs per hen per year? a. 160 b. 260 c. 360
b. 260
Market barrows and gilts are typically what age when sold for slaughter? a. 2-3 months b. 5-6 months c. 15-18 months d. 36-42 months
b. 5-6 months
Pork production in China is approximately ___ times more than the pork production in the United States (measured in tons of pork produced.) a. 2 times b. 6 times c. 10 times d. Production is about the same
b. 6 times
developed country
is a country having many industries and relatively few poor people who are unable to buy the things they need
spent hen
layers at the end of their production cycles, processed for meat or rendered
pullets
layers that have not yet started laying eggs, 7-18 weeks of age
young hens
females grew separately from males, usually marketed whole
non-ruminant
monogastric animals, or those with a single compartment stomach, includes pigs, poultry and people
palatable
pleasant to taste, desirable to eat
contract grower
someone who has a contract to grow animals for a vertically integrated company
parent breeders
turkeys are used to produce eggs which are hatched to produce poults grown for meat production
broiler
young meat-type chicken of either sex, less than 12 weeks of age (usually 6-8 weeks of age) that is tender enough to broil or fry
coccidiostat
medication specifically designed to inhibit the growth of parasites that cause coccidiosis
biosecurity protocols
These are measures that are implemented in order to prevent disease transmission from outside and within a farm. Foot baths, showering on site before visiting the animals, maintaining time away from outside animals before visiting, and controlling the flow of animals and people throughout the barns are all examples of steps that may be implemented to keep animals healthy.
Traditionally, the swine industry in the United States has been concentrated in what geographic area? a. "Corn Belt" - midwest and north-central states b. New England states c. Southeast d. Southwest
"Corn Belt" - midwest and north-central states
What factors should be considered when asking the question of whether livestock compete with humans for resources?
-Ruminants can digest cellose. -Land usage - we have a lot of lands that can't be used for crop production, but can produce grass and forages -Digestibility of animals products, high protein, and higher energy than plants
Developed Secondary Roles
1. Fertilizer 2. Clothing 3. Work
Developed Primary Roles
1. Food 2. Companionship 3. Research
Un- and Under-developed Primary Roles:
1. Work 2. Food 3. Clothing 4. Capital
What is vertical integration? In which species is it most predominant? The least predominant?
2 or more aspects of production are controlled by the same owner. It is most predominant in the poultry species. It is least dominant in the beef cow species
In a developed country, approximately what percent of the population is directly involved in agricultural production? < 5% 15-25% 45 - 55% > 55%
< 5%
Incubator:
A device used to artificially hatch fertile eggs in large quantities by mimicking the temperature and humidity conditions of the sitting hen.
Regarding the "World Food Crisis", what is the most difficult problem to overcome? A. Distribution of various commodities to those who need them. B. Increasing population of the world. C. Ability to produce adequate food supplies.
A. Distribution of various commodities to those who need them.
Which of the following statements represents current trends in the U.S. swine industry since 1970? A. Although the number of pork farms has decreased, total pork production has increased. B. Because the number of pork farms has decreased, total pork production has decreased. C. Because the number of pork farms has increased, total pork production has increased.
A. Although the number of pork farms has decreased, total pork production has increased.
In general, what is the difference between developed countries (i.e. the U.S.) and developing countries in terms of animal products consumption? A. Developed countries have a higher per capita consumption of animal products. B. Developing countries have a higher per capita consumption of animal products. C. Animal products make up a higher percentage of the diet in developing countries since their overall food consumption is lower. D. People in developed countries consume more milk and eggs, but less meat than people in developing countries.
A. Developed countries have a higher per capita consumption of animal products.
Ventilation:
Adequate ventilation, through large fans, is very important for bird welfare and disease control.
Nipple waterers:
Also common in large operations are nipple waterers, where birds access water by pecking at the waterer.
What are major challenges that may impact all livestock, but have had a pronounced effect on the swine industry in the past 10 years?
Animal welfare- Gestation stalls vs gestation pens, euthanasia, environmental concerns about manure, dependence on market exports esp pork, concerns about vertical integration
Which of the following is NOT true regarding finishing pigs? A. Barrows eat more than gilts B. Barrows grow faster than gilts C. Barrows are more efficient than gilts D. Barrows are fatter than gilts
C. Barrows are more efficient than gilts
How has the efficiency and speed of growing broilers to market weight changed over the past 50 years? a. Broiler weights and days on feed have increased b. Broiler weights and days on feed have decreased c. Broiler weights have increased while days on feed have decreased d. Broiler weights have decreased while days on feed have increased.
C. Broiler Weights have increased while days on feed have decreased
Which of the following production factors is of major importance in large-scale broiler production? a. Feed Conversion b. Disease resistance c. Weight gain d. All of the above
D. All of the Above
Farrowing stalls or crates: A. Help protect baby pigs from being crushed by the sow B. Help provide for dual heat -- warmer air for piglets, cooler for sow C. Restrict the sows' movement D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
What are the ways that animals contribute to human needs? How does it differ between developed and under-developed nations?
Developed- Primary- Food, companionship, research, recreation, Secondary- fertilizer, clothing, work; Underdeveloped- Work, food, clothing, capital (shows wealth).
Production factors of importance include:
Egg production Egg weight Feed conversion Shell Strength Egg Quality Disease resistance
Basic Human needs include:
Food Shelter Clothing Fuel Emaotional Well-being
What are the five freedoms on which the united egg producers certufucstuin program is based?
Freedom from: -hunger & thirst -pain, injury, & disease -express normal behaviors -fear & distress -discomfort due to enviroment
Pan feeding system:
Includes an auger, feed line and pans; allows for the automation of feed delivery, as well as access to multiple feed pans.
What is the general trend of how market weight, feed efficiency and days to market has changed in the broiler industry? What is a reasonable number for each of these?
Increase market weight (6-8 lbs at butchering), improved feed efficiency (less than 2 pounds of feed to one pound of gain), days to market decreased (takes 6-8 weeks to get market weight)
How will the demand for food of animal original change in the next 20 years? In which type of countries will it change the most? Why?
It will increase the most in underdeveloped countries as the population and availabliity increase
When reproductive efficiency is a production factor, why is management also so important? What aspects of management are important?
Lowly heritable, so management is very important, including nutrition and disease control.
What is molting and what is the purpose of it from a production standpoint?
Molting is loss of feathers. From a production standpoint, it eliminates production of eggs for a short time, then they should increase quantity and quality.
What is a reasonable egg production goal for a laying facility? What are two different ways of looking at this?
One is eggs produced per hen per year, which would be 260-280. Another way is looking at the house, you should be having 80 out of a 100 hens per day laying eggs.
What is cellulose? Why is it important in livestock production?
Part of the cell wall or fibers that only ruminants can digest. It accounts for a large part if feed given to ruminant livestock. This important because livestock is using something humans cant digest to make something humans can digest.
hatchability
Percent of eggs that hatch
What are the products of a commercial feeder pig producer? What are the production factors of importance?
Produce feeder pigs: SEW (Segregated Early Weaned) pigs (3 weeks of age, about 13 lbs), and traditional feeder pig (2 months and 50 lbs). Reproductive efficiency (must be able to produce pigs), litter size, pigs per sow per year (21 day litter weight), weaning weight, number of litters/year.
What are the characteristics of seedstock production in the swine industry? (Who is producing seedstock, where are they, what type of animals are produced?)
Seedstock is genetic production. Done by large companies (often international). PIC. Often hybrid breed.
Broiler production is mostly concentrated in which geographic portion of the US? a. Northeast b. Southeast c. Midwest d. West Coast
Southeast
Rhode Island Red:
This is the most popular of the brown egg layers, and is used in organic and specialty egg production. They have a larger body size and are less efficient than white leghorns.
Single Comb White Leghorn:
This breed dominates the commercial egg industry. It is known for a high rate of lay, early maturity, good feed efficiency, and adaptability. It has a relatively small body size and lays white-shelled eggs.
Beak trimmer, electric:
This is an automated tool, used by larger operations to trim beaks.
Beak trimmer, hand-held
This tool is used by smaller operations to trim beaks. (from: Chicken Beak Trimmer)
What are the major business advantages of vertical integration?
Value added (fancy) products, greater chance of getting money (contract growers don't rely on stock market), new product development done "in house" (smart people available), "evening out" of profits (if the prod. Side is losing money, packing side is making it), cost per unit of production is less
What is the general trend in number of hog farms as compared to pork produced in the United States? On what size of farms/operations is most pork produced? In what part of the country?
We've decreased the number of operations, but increased the size of them. The most pork is produced on the very large operations, more than 5000 head. They are mostly in the "Corn Belt": Midwest and north central states and North Carolina
Production factors that are economically important to broiler production include:
Weight gain Feed conversion Breast meat yield Chick viability Disease resistance
Which of the following constitutes the largest portion of the poultry industry in the United States? a. Broilers b. Eggs c. Turkeys d. Other
a. Broilers
What is the primary energy source of a swine diet? a. Corn b. Silage c. Soybean meal d. None of the above
a. Corn
On a global basis, corn represents about what percent of the total feed consumed per unit of beef produced? a. Less than 15% b. 25% c. 50% d. Greater than 85%
a. Less than 15%
Vertical integration has or is becoming more common in some livestock industries because: a. Vertically integrated companies have more opportunity to develop value-added products and thus increase profit potential b. Cost per unit of production is normally more in large scale operations c. Vertically integrated companies have fewer rules and regulations to follow than private producers d. All of the above
a. Vertically integrated companies have more opportunity to develop value-added products and thus increase profit potential
Which of the following most accurately represents the distribution of operations and hogs marketed? a. Very large producers (>5,000 head) account for less than 5% of operations but over 50% of hogs marketed b. Very large producers (>5,000 head) account for nearly half of all operations and over 50% of hogs marketed c. Very small producers (<100 head) account for over half of all operations and approximately 50% of hogs marketed. d. Very small producers (<100 head) account for less than 5% of operations and approximately 5% of hogs marketed.
a. Very large producers (>5,000 head) account for less than 5% of operations but over 50% of hogs marketed
ruminant
an animal with a four-compartment stomach including the rumen in which multitudes of bacteria digest cellulose and other fibers to provide energy to the ruminant animal, which includes cattle, sheep, goats buffalo, camels, and others
aggressive pecking
attacking each other with beaks, sometimes referred to as cannabilism
Increasing light on hens will result in: a. Lower production b. Greater production c. No change in production d. Induced molting
b. Greater production
Which species has the best or most efficient feed conversion? a. Beef b. Poultry c. Swine
b. Poultry
Market barrows and gilts typically weigh how much at slaughter? a. 6-8 lbs b. 40-60 lbs c. 260-280 lbs d. 360-380 lbs
c. 260-280 lbs
A production goal of a farrowing operation would be to produce how many pigs/sow/year? a. 2.5 b. 12 c. 27 d. 35
c. 27
What is one of the challenges to developing more vertical integration in the livestock industries? a. Lack of control of resources and inputs b. Lack of expertise available c. Amount of capital and money needed d. All of the above
c. Amount of capital and money needed
The correct ranking on the degree of vertical integration in the livestock industries is: (> means greater than) a. Beef > pork > poultry b. Pork > poultry > beef c. Poultry > pork > beef d. Poultry > beef > pork
c. Poultry > pork > beef
Which of the following is NOT true regarding changes in the swine industry in the past 25 years? a. Vertical integration has become part of the swine industry b. Management for disease control has become more intensive, using procedures such as "all-in, all-out". c. Traditional seedstock/purebred production has increased. d. There is greater use of pen housing during gestation.
c. Traditional seedstock/purebred production has increased.
The biggest change in egg production related to animal welfare concerns is a change in what? a. What the hens are fed. b. How long they are kept in production. c. What size of cage they are housed in. d. Greater climate control of houses.
c. What size of cage they are housed in.
Farrowing stalls or crates: a. Help protect baby pigs from being crushed by the sow b. Help provide dual heat - cooler for the sow, warmer for the piglets c. Restrict the sow's movement d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Molting is: a. A natural loss of feathers b. When egg production ceases for a period of time c. A period of rest that allows for greater production when molting is completed d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Which of the following are reasons (or a reason) that most of the predicted increase in meat consumption will occur in developing countries? a. Consumption of meat per person is currently lower in developing countries. b. Developing countries have increased per capita incomes. c. Population will increase faster in developing countries. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
underdeveloped country
having a relatively low level of industrial production and standard of living.
molt
loss of feathers
beak trimming
nipping off the very sharp, pointed end of the beak
toms
male turkeys are grown separately from hens, usually further processed
sexing
method of determining the sex of the chickens at hatching; methods include feather type or vent sexing
poults
newly hatched turkeys of either sex from hatching to 2 weeks of age
fertility
percent of eggs that develop an embryo
dressing percent
percentage of live weight converted to carcass weight
What are the products of a grower-finisher? What are the production factors of importance?
producing market hogs that go to harvest. Average daily gain and feed conversion.
acute
refers to severe, but typically short duration
byproducts
secondary products made in the manufacture of another primary product
cellulose
the main portion of plant cell walls and vegetable fibers, it is a long chain complex carbohydrate that is not digestible by people and most monogastric species
feed conversion
the pounds of feed needed for an animal to gain one pound of weight, also referred to as feed efficiency or feed to gain ratio
hybrid
the result of combining two or more breeds in carefully planned selection decisions to improve desired traits
drop value
value of hide and offal, including hide, tallow, variety meats, blood and bone
integrator
vertically integrated company