Animal Science Exam 1

Rumminant animals primary food

Abundant energy source, fiber/forage

Biosecurity signs:

Access to most commercial operation is restricted due to biosecurity reasons.

What are the production factors of importance in the broiler industry? Which of these are the same or similar to production factors of importance in other livestock species?

Feed conversion (also important in swine), weight gain (called average daily gain in swine), disease resistance, carcass composition (high % of breast meat), chick viability (ability for chicks to survive).

For the production factors that are common to more than one species covered, how do they differ among species? For example, how does feed efficiency for broilers compare to feed efficiency for market hogs? (You should have an idea of actual numbers for this.)

Feed efficiency- Broilers are about 1.85 pounds of feed per pound of gain. Hogs are about 2.5 pounds of feed per pound of gain.

The feed conversion rates for livestock feed for maximum growth are:

Chicken: <2:1 Swine: 2.5:1 Beef (feedlot phase): 5 or 6:1

What country has very large amounts of meat production in most species, but especially pork?

China

delmarva

Delaware, Maryland and Virginia

artificial insemination

Depositing semen into the female reproductive tract without sexual contact

Cornish Cross Hybrid:

Most broilers are not purebreds, but rather hybrids developed from the base of Cornish game chickens. They have been developed for fast growth, feed efficiency, and high meat yield.

Chick waterers/drinkers:

Known by either name, the function of these is self-explanatory.

How has the feed efficiency of broilers changed over the past 50 years? a. It now takes approximately 1/2 as much feed to add a pound of gain as it did in 1950 b. It now takes more feed to add a pound of gain c. It has not changed.

a. It now takes approximately 1/2 as much feed to add a pound of gain as it did in 1950

A goal for egg production is approximately how many eggs per hen per year? a. 160 b. 260 c. 360

b. 260

Market barrows and gilts are typically what age when sold for slaughter? a. 2-3 months b. 5-6 months c. 15-18 months d. 36-42 months

b. 5-6 months

Pork production in China is approximately ___ times more than the pork production in the United States (measured in tons of pork produced.) a. 2 times b. 6 times c. 10 times d. Production is about the same

b. 6 times

developed country

is a country having many industries and relatively few poor people who are unable to buy the things they need

spent hen

layers at the end of their production cycles, processed for meat or rendered

pullets

layers that have not yet started laying eggs, 7-18 weeks of age

young hens

females grew separately from males, usually marketed whole

non-ruminant

monogastric animals, or those with a single compartment stomach, includes pigs, poultry and people

palatable

pleasant to taste, desirable to eat

contract grower

someone who has a contract to grow animals for a vertically integrated company

parent breeders

turkeys are used to produce eggs which are hatched to produce poults grown for meat production

broiler

young meat-type chicken of either sex, less than 12 weeks of age (usually 6-8 weeks of age) that is tender enough to broil or fry

coccidiostat

medication specifically designed to inhibit the growth of parasites that cause coccidiosis

biosecurity protocols

These are measures that are implemented in order to prevent disease transmission from outside and within a farm. Foot baths, showering on site before visiting the animals, maintaining time away from outside animals before visiting, and controlling the flow of animals and people throughout the barns are all examples of steps that may be implemented to keep animals healthy.

Traditionally, the swine industry in the United States has been concentrated in what geographic area? a. "Corn Belt" - midwest and north-central states b. New England states c. Southeast d. Southwest

"Corn Belt" - midwest and north-central states

What factors should be considered when asking the question of whether livestock compete with humans for resources?

-Ruminants can digest cellose. -Land usage - we have a lot of lands that can't be used for crop production, but can produce grass and forages -Digestibility of animals products, high protein, and higher energy than plants

Developed Secondary Roles

1. Fertilizer 2. Clothing 3. Work

Developed Primary Roles

1. Food 2. Companionship 3. Research

Un- and Under-developed Primary Roles:

1. Work 2. Food 3. Clothing 4. Capital

What is vertical integration? In which species is it most predominant? The least predominant?

2 or more aspects of production are controlled by the same owner. It is most predominant in the poultry species. It is least dominant in the beef cow species

In a developed country, approximately what percent of the population is directly involved in agricultural production? < 5% 15-25% 45 - 55% > 55%

< 5%

Incubator:

A device used to artificially hatch fertile eggs in large quantities by mimicking the temperature and humidity conditions of the sitting hen.

Regarding the "World Food Crisis", what is the most difficult problem to overcome? A. Distribution of various commodities to those who need them. B. Increasing population of the world. C. Ability to produce adequate food supplies.

A. Distribution of various commodities to those who need them.

Which of the following statements represents current trends in the U.S. swine industry since 1970? A. Although the number of pork farms has decreased, total pork production has increased. B. Because the number of pork farms has decreased, total pork production has decreased. C. Because the number of pork farms has increased, total pork production has increased.

A. Although the number of pork farms has decreased, total pork production has increased.

In general, what is the difference between developed countries (i.e. the U.S.) and developing countries in terms of animal products consumption? A. Developed countries have a higher per capita consumption of animal products. B. Developing countries have a higher per capita consumption of animal products. C. Animal products make up a higher percentage of the diet in developing countries since their overall food consumption is lower. D. People in developed countries consume more milk and eggs, but less meat than people in developing countries.

A. Developed countries have a higher per capita consumption of animal products.

Ventilation:

Adequate ventilation, through large fans, is very important for bird welfare and disease control.

Nipple waterers:

Also common in large operations are nipple waterers, where birds access water by pecking at the waterer.

What are major challenges that may impact all livestock, but have had a pronounced effect on the swine industry in the past 10 years?

Animal welfare- Gestation stalls vs gestation pens, euthanasia, environmental concerns about manure, dependence on market exports esp pork, concerns about vertical integration

Which of the following is NOT true regarding finishing pigs? A. Barrows eat more than gilts B. Barrows grow faster than gilts C. Barrows are more efficient than gilts D. Barrows are fatter than gilts

C. Barrows are more efficient than gilts

How has the efficiency and speed of growing broilers to market weight changed over the past 50 years? a. Broiler weights and days on feed have increased b. Broiler weights and days on feed have decreased c. Broiler weights have increased while days on feed have decreased d. Broiler weights have decreased while days on feed have increased.

C. Broiler Weights have increased while days on feed have decreased

Which of the following production factors is of major importance in large-scale broiler production? a. Feed Conversion b. Disease resistance c. Weight gain d. All of the above

D. All of the Above

Farrowing stalls or crates: A. Help protect baby pigs from being crushed by the sow B. Help provide for dual heat -- warmer air for piglets, cooler for sow C. Restrict the sows' movement D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

What are the ways that animals contribute to human needs? How does it differ between developed and under-developed nations?

Developed- Primary- Food, companionship, research, recreation, Secondary- fertilizer, clothing, work; Underdeveloped- Work, food, clothing, capital (shows wealth).

Production factors of importance include:

Egg production Egg weight Feed conversion Shell Strength Egg Quality Disease resistance

Basic Human needs include:

Food Shelter Clothing Fuel Emaotional Well-being

What are the five freedoms on which the united egg producers certufucstuin program is based?

Freedom from: -hunger & thirst -pain, injury, & disease -express normal behaviors -fear & distress -discomfort due to enviroment

Pan feeding system:

Includes an auger, feed line and pans; allows for the automation of feed delivery, as well as access to multiple feed pans.

What is the general trend of how market weight, feed efficiency and days to market has changed in the broiler industry? What is a reasonable number for each of these?

Increase market weight (6-8 lbs at butchering), improved feed efficiency (less than 2 pounds of feed to one pound of gain), days to market decreased (takes 6-8 weeks to get market weight)

How will the demand for food of animal original change in the next 20 years? In which type of countries will it change the most? Why?

It will increase the most in underdeveloped countries as the population and availabliity increase

When reproductive efficiency is a production factor, why is management also so important? What aspects of management are important?

Lowly heritable, so management is very important, including nutrition and disease control.

What is molting and what is the purpose of it from a production standpoint?

Molting is loss of feathers. From a production standpoint, it eliminates production of eggs for a short time, then they should increase quantity and quality.

What is a reasonable egg production goal for a laying facility? What are two different ways of looking at this?

One is eggs produced per hen per year, which would be 260-280. Another way is looking at the house, you should be having 80 out of a 100 hens per day laying eggs.

What is cellulose? Why is it important in livestock production?

Part of the cell wall or fibers that only ruminants can digest. It accounts for a large part if feed given to ruminant livestock. This important because livestock is using something humans cant digest to make something humans can digest.

hatchability

Percent of eggs that hatch

What are the products of a commercial feeder pig producer? What are the production factors of importance?

Produce feeder pigs: SEW (Segregated Early Weaned) pigs (3 weeks of age, about 13 lbs), and traditional feeder pig (2 months and 50 lbs). Reproductive efficiency (must be able to produce pigs), litter size, pigs per sow per year (21 day litter weight), weaning weight, number of litters/year.

What are the characteristics of seedstock production in the swine industry? (Who is producing seedstock, where are they, what type of animals are produced?)

Seedstock is genetic production. Done by large companies (often international). PIC. Often hybrid breed.

Broiler production is mostly concentrated in which geographic portion of the US? a. Northeast b. Southeast c. Midwest d. West Coast

Southeast

Rhode Island Red:

This is the most popular of the brown egg layers, and is used in organic and specialty egg production. They have a larger body size and are less efficient than white leghorns.

Single Comb White Leghorn:

This breed dominates the commercial egg industry. It is known for a high rate of lay, early maturity, good feed efficiency, and adaptability. It has a relatively small body size and lays white-shelled eggs.

Beak trimmer, electric:

This is an automated tool, used by larger operations to trim beaks.

Beak trimmer, hand-held

This tool is used by smaller operations to trim beaks. (from: Chicken Beak Trimmer)

What are the major business advantages of vertical integration?

Value added (fancy) products, greater chance of getting money (contract growers don't rely on stock market), new product development done "in house" (smart people available), "evening out" of profits (if the prod. Side is losing money, packing side is making it), cost per unit of production is less

What is the general trend in number of hog farms as compared to pork produced in the United States? On what size of farms/operations is most pork produced? In what part of the country?

We've decreased the number of operations, but increased the size of them. The most pork is produced on the very large operations, more than 5000 head. They are mostly in the "Corn Belt": Midwest and north central states and North Carolina

Production factors that are economically important to broiler production include:

Weight gain Feed conversion Breast meat yield Chick viability Disease resistance

Which of the following constitutes the largest portion of the poultry industry in the United States? a. Broilers b. Eggs c. Turkeys d. Other

a. Broilers

What is the primary energy source of a swine diet? a. Corn b. Silage c. Soybean meal d. None of the above

a. Corn

On a global basis, corn represents about what percent of the total feed consumed per unit of beef produced? a. Less than 15% b. 25% c. 50% d. Greater than 85%

a. Less than 15%

Vertical integration has or is becoming more common in some livestock industries because: a. Vertically integrated companies have more opportunity to develop value-added products and thus increase profit potential b. Cost per unit of production is normally more in large scale operations c. Vertically integrated companies have fewer rules and regulations to follow than private producers d. All of the above

a. Vertically integrated companies have more opportunity to develop value-added products and thus increase profit potential

Which of the following most accurately represents the distribution of operations and hogs marketed? a. Very large producers (>5,000 head) account for less than 5% of operations but over 50% of hogs marketed b. Very large producers (>5,000 head) account for nearly half of all operations and over 50% of hogs marketed c. Very small producers (<100 head) account for over half of all operations and approximately 50% of hogs marketed. d. Very small producers (<100 head) account for less than 5% of operations and approximately 5% of hogs marketed.

a. Very large producers (>5,000 head) account for less than 5% of operations but over 50% of hogs marketed

ruminant

an animal with a four-compartment stomach including the rumen in which multitudes of bacteria digest cellulose and other fibers to provide energy to the ruminant animal, which includes cattle, sheep, goats buffalo, camels, and others

aggressive pecking

attacking each other with beaks, sometimes referred to as cannabilism

Increasing light on hens will result in: a. Lower production b. Greater production c. No change in production d. Induced molting

b. Greater production

Which species has the best or most efficient feed conversion? a. Beef b. Poultry c. Swine

b. Poultry

Market barrows and gilts typically weigh how much at slaughter? a. 6-8 lbs b. 40-60 lbs c. 260-280 lbs d. 360-380 lbs

c. 260-280 lbs

A production goal of a farrowing operation would be to produce how many pigs/sow/year? a. 2.5 b. 12 c. 27 d. 35

c. 27

What is one of the challenges to developing more vertical integration in the livestock industries? a. Lack of control of resources and inputs b. Lack of expertise available c. Amount of capital and money needed d. All of the above

c. Amount of capital and money needed

The correct ranking on the degree of vertical integration in the livestock industries is: (> means greater than) a. Beef > pork > poultry b. Pork > poultry > beef c. Poultry > pork > beef d. Poultry > beef > pork

c. Poultry > pork > beef

Which of the following is NOT true regarding changes in the swine industry in the past 25 years? a. Vertical integration has become part of the swine industry b. Management for disease control has become more intensive, using procedures such as "all-in, all-out". c. Traditional seedstock/purebred production has increased. d. There is greater use of pen housing during gestation.

c. Traditional seedstock/purebred production has increased.

The biggest change in egg production related to animal welfare concerns is a change in what? a. What the hens are fed. b. How long they are kept in production. c. What size of cage they are housed in. d. Greater climate control of houses.

c. What size of cage they are housed in.

Farrowing stalls or crates: a. Help protect baby pigs from being crushed by the sow b. Help provide dual heat - cooler for the sow, warmer for the piglets c. Restrict the sow's movement d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Molting is: a. A natural loss of feathers b. When egg production ceases for a period of time c. A period of rest that allows for greater production when molting is completed d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Which of the following are reasons (or a reason) that most of the predicted increase in meat consumption will occur in developing countries? a. Consumption of meat per person is currently lower in developing countries. b. Developing countries have increased per capita incomes. c. Population will increase faster in developing countries. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

underdeveloped country

having a relatively low level of industrial production and standard of living.

molt

loss of feathers

beak trimming

nipping off the very sharp, pointed end of the beak

toms

male turkeys are grown separately from hens, usually further processed

sexing

method of determining the sex of the chickens at hatching; methods include feather type or vent sexing

poults

newly hatched turkeys of either sex from hatching to 2 weeks of age

fertility

percent of eggs that develop an embryo

dressing percent

percentage of live weight converted to carcass weight

What are the products of a grower-finisher? What are the production factors of importance?

producing market hogs that go to harvest. Average daily gain and feed conversion.

acute

refers to severe, but typically short duration

byproducts

secondary products made in the manufacture of another primary product

cellulose

the main portion of plant cell walls and vegetable fibers, it is a long chain complex carbohydrate that is not digestible by people and most monogastric species

feed conversion

the pounds of feed needed for an animal to gain one pound of weight, also referred to as feed efficiency or feed to gain ratio

hybrid

the result of combining two or more breeds in carefully planned selection decisions to improve desired traits

drop value

value of hide and offal, including hide, tallow, variety meats, blood and bone

integrator

vertically integrated company