AnP 2 second exam

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B)

Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

B

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T cells.

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

B cells

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C)

B cells

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. (Module 21.13C)

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

What are blood islands, and from which cells do they form? (Module 19.14A)

Blood islands are aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that form blood vessels and blood cells

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)

Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.

In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is false?

Both hearts weigh about the same.

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell.

CD4 T

How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B)

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE.

Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)

Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

Which of the following statements is true regarding partial pressure and the diffusion of gases in the body?

In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45.

Which statement is correct?

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells.

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T cells.

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?

The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum.

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? (Module 21.9C)

The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

Which is true regarding the compliance of the lungs?

The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages

Describe the respiratory pump. (Module 19.12A)

The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.

Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. (Module 20.3A)

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C)

The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. (Module 19.4C)

The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%).

Where are chemoreceptors located? (Module 19.11A)

They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?

Thymus

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume.

Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A)

Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? (Module 21.1A)

alveoli

Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except

an increase in cardiac output

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed

anaphylactic shock.

Where is the thymus located? (Module 20.6A)

anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum

All the vessels of the systemic arterial system originate from the:

aorta.

Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)

arterial pressure

Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine? (Module 20.14B)

artificially acquired active immunity

The opening or closing of the glottis involves rotational movement of the

arytenoid cartilages.

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

atelectasis.

The blood vessel that is formed by the joining of the vertebral arteries and supplies blood to the circle of Willis from the posterior side is the

basilar artery.

Which cells are involved in inflammation? (Module 20.19C)

basophils and mast cells

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A)

blood CO2 levels

All of the following occur during exercise except

blood flow to skin decreases.

The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.

body organs; right atrium

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?

bone marrow and thymus

A mucosa consists of

both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide.

What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation? (Module 20.15D)

cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

All of the veins listed are deep veins except

cephalic.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?

channeling blood away from the heart

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis.

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins. (Module 20.16B)

cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

either 37.2°C or 99°F.

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume. (Module 19.10A)

epinephrine and norepinephrine

At the knee, the small saphenous and popliteal veins unite to form the ________ vein.

femoral.

The external iliac artery becomes the ________ artery as it enters the lower limbs.

femoral.

Materials can move across capillary walls by

filtration. reabsorption. diffusion. All of the answers are correct.

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle?

functional residual capacity (FRC)

The blood vessel that supplies venous blood to the liver is the

hepatic portal vein

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.

hilum.

Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction? (Module 20.20B)

histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n)

immune complex.

All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except

increase in blood pressure.

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except

increased hematocrit.

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the

internal elastic membrane.

The umbilical arteries branch from the

internal illiac arteries.

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration.

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration.

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the

intertribal septum.

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution.

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the

median cubital vein.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing

Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system.

more than 30.

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

mucus escalator

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization.

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

neutrophils.

Emphysema:

occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization.

Which lymph node structure(s) contain(s) B cells within germinal centers that resemble those of lymphoid nodules?

outer cortex.

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased

parasympathetic innervation.

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.

plasma

In a capillary bed, the bands of smooth muscle at the entrance to each capillary is called a(n) __________.

precapillary sphincter

The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

pulmonary arteries.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse.

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

reduces; increases

Which result of action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?

release of histamine

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except

release of renin.

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right breast.

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary.

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

right ventricle

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called

sensitization.

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium.

The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the

sinusoids.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity.

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen.

The ________ collects blood from the entire small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine.

superior mesenteric vein.

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, the duodenum, and most of the large intestine is the

superior mesenteric vein.

The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the

superior vena cava.

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Veins of the brain empty into

the dural sinuses.

Vasculogenesis refers to

the formation of the first vessels.

Angiogenesis refers to

the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.

The two common iliac veins form the

the inferior vena cava.

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx.

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except

the osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Branches off the aortic arch include all of the following except

the right subclavian artery.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery?

thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.

three lobes; two lobes

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus.

A test to measure the antibody level of a blood sample is called a(n)

titer.

Beginning at the trabecular arteries, trace the path of blood through the spleen. (Module 20.7C)

trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins

What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2C)

valves

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins.

The vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae is the

vertebral vein.

A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection? (Module 20.13C)

viral.

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

The vocal ligaments are found in the

vocal folds.

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?

white pulp of the spleen

Describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta. (Module 19.24A)

Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein.

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C)

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B)

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A)

Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?

It causes RBCs to swell.

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)

It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages?

Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells?

NK cells.

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.

What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? (Module 20.2B)

Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?

Peyer's patches

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C)

Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

List the components of the lymphatic system. (Module 20.1B)

The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.

Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. (Module 21.1B)

The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

What is the function of lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2A)

The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage. (Module 19.13B)

The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume.

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary? (Module 19.8A)

When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure.

In opsonization,

a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

What is perforin?

a protein produced by NK cells

Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to

a single pulmonary lobule.

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels? (Module 19.11C)

decreases CO2 levels

Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?

deep in the cortex.

The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult

descending aorta.

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis.

The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the

dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of the fetal

ductus arteriosus.