ANS 001 term 2

How is it possible that the number of daily cows have decreased but the total amount of milk produced has increase?

-genetic selection -perfected nutrient -increase of AI -improved health-vaccination/antibiotics -welfare -technology

what are some advantages of AI?

-genetic selection of bull -international/ national (move genetics around for best traits) -safety of cows and humans -disease prevention -cost effective

what are some disadvantages of AI?

-inbreeding- bull has been exposed to many cows which results in common ancestry - can cause less fertility

Why is semen evaluated?

-number fo morphology -diluent

what makes the belgian blue cattle special?

-they have twice as much myosin -hyperplasia growth of muscle of cells

what are the five functions of the cervix?

1. To act as a passageway for sperm cells. 2. To act as a storage reservoir for sperm cells. In this way, there can be a more consistent release of sperm into the uterus. This increases the chances that viable sperm will be present at the same time the ova is prepared for fertilization. 3. To act as the primary barrier between the external and internal environments. 4. To provide lubrication. 5. To act as a passageway for the fetus at parturition.

Ultimately meat is composed of:

1. fat 2. muscle 3. connected tissues 4. bones

What are the 5 gaits of horses?

1. walk 2. trot 3. canter 4. gallop 5. pace

how much spermatozoa is needed to inseminate a female cow?

10 million spermatozoa

how many litters of milk does a Holstein lactate a year?

10000L

gestation length in swine

114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)

Beef cattle estrous cycle length? (intervals between heat)

21 days

Swine estrous cycle length

21 days

Ovulation in swine

24-36 hours after onset of estrus

How long is the lactation of a cow?

300-305 days

how many inches is 1 hand equal to?

4 inches

How many gallons of blood are able to make 1 gallon of milk?

500 gallons

(Cattle) spermatazoa per ml ejaculate

5ml = 1.2B spermatozoa

what is the percentage of carcass length of swine?

60%

how many litters of milk does a Jersey lactate a year?

6000L

what is a normal litter size in swine?

8-10

What percentage of breeding is done by A.I. in swine production?

90-95%

Barrow

A male pig castrated before sexual maturity.

What is a gamete cell?

A sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes and is a haploid.

what does AV stand for?

Artificial vagina

what is a Farrow-to-Wean operation?

Breeds and farrows sows/gilts and raises baby pigs until weaning at approx. 3-4 weeks of age.

what is the process of Flushing?

Feeding extra feed to stimulate estrus and ovulation rates.

Progesterone

Female sex steroid produced by the corpus luteum or the placenta.

What is colostrum and why is it important?

First milk given by the female after birth of the young. Intestines absorbs milk and creates antibodies(healthy clave)

what are light horse breeds used for?

Generally used for riding, racing, or driving

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Gonadotropic hormone primarily responsible for providing the signal to disrupt the mature follicle in females, and the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells of the testes in the male.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Gonadotropic hormone responsible for growth, development, and maintenance of follicles in females, and the production of sperm in males.

What does HGP stand for? And what is the concept of it?

Hormonal Growth Promotants -modifies hormones in circulation -endocrine (a group of tissues that release hormones into circulation for travel to and action on distant targets.)

What happens if the cervical seal is broken? What does the cervix produce in this case?

If the cervical seal is broken during pregnancy, spontaneous abortion generally follows. Under the influence of high estrogen, the cervix produce copious amounts of mucus to lubricate the vagina.

What do the left ear notches mean in swine?

Individual notch (first name)

what is the a cervical seal or cervical plug?

Its function is to prevent the entrance of any contaminants when the embryo or fetus may be present.

stag

Male castrated after reaching sexual maturity

sow

Mature female pig

Muscles are made up of multi-cellular muscle fibers, containing arrangement of what 2 proteins?

Myosin and Actin

Are swine ruminate animals?

No, they are non-ruminants having a single simple stomach they cannot utilize roughage

parity

Number of different times a female has given birth

Corpus Luteum (CL)

Ovarian structure responsible for the production of progesterone for the support of pregnancy.

why is it Important to maintain PH level in rumen?

PH of animal with too much grain will drop and develop a disease called acidosis

Female estrous cyclicality type for beef cattle?

Polyestrous =reproduces all year long

What does PSS stand for?

Porcine Stress Syndrome

What are the 3 main elements in biosecurity?

Segregation, cleaning, and disinfection

atresia

The degeneration of follicles that do not make it to the mature stage

how many days does the embryo stay in the oviduct? where does it go after?

The embryos remain in the oviduct for approximately 3 to 6 days, depending on the species, before moving into the uterus.

what is a Nursery operation?

Weaned pigs are raised in a nursery for app. 8 more after weaning

Exudative Epidermitis

a skin disease that occurs I baby pigs aged 5 to 60 days old.

On average in California each cow confinement has how many cows?

about 2500

What is a Grow-to-Finish operation?

after leaving the nursery pigs are raised in this facility for approx. 11-12 weeks until reaching market weight, going to slaughterhouse at approx. 23-24 weeks of age.

What is lysine in swine?

amino acids

primiparous

bearing a first offspring

Why are microbes important?

breaking down methane different microbes produce different types of VFA (butyrate, acetate, and propionate)

In swine production when will swine be purebreds?

breeding stocks

What is a Farrow-to-Finish operation?

breeds, farrows, and finishes; no longer common in the commercial swine industry.

What does milk yield depend on?

calving

what does freemartinism mean in cattle?

causes infertility in the female cattle born twin to a male. Udder and reproduction will not be developed because of exposer to testosterone in placenta and be masucline

What piglet processing happens in day 1 after birth?

clip needle-teeth ( old practice) dock tail ear notch may give antibiotics

lipidproteins

compounds in their bloodstream that carry lipids (fats) into the bloodstream

what is Segregation measures in biosecurity?

control of animal entry from areas outside of the immediate farm, and maintaining farm-only work clothing

placenta type (beef cattle)

cotyledonary placenta

What does dystocia mean? And what is something that cause this?

difficult birth -position of calf (presentation) -size and age of cow -size of calf -nutrient -genetics

what are heavy horse breeds also known as?

draft horses or cold bloods

what does Eej stand for?

electro ejaculation

swine: puberty of gilts and boars?

gilts: 5-7 months 68-113kg boars: 5-8 months 79-113kg

what is cleaning and disinfection measures in biosecurity?

high- and low-pressure washing of facilities, personnel shower in/shower out, foot baths

oocyte

immature egg (ovum)

Boar

intact male pig

What piglet processing happens in day 3 after birth?

iron dextran injection castrate males

what does the diet of swines consist of?

largely of corn and soybeans

What do the right ear notches mean in swine?

litter number (last name)

In swine production when will swine be crossbreed?

market animals

Hog

mature/ Market pigs over 54kg. Swine, hog and pig are typically interchangeable terms.

what does veal mean?

milk raised calf -muscle has a pale color -more tender

What does fecundity mean?

multiple births

multiparous

multiple pregnancies

what type of estrous cycle do swine have?

non-seasonally polyestrous

what are some symptoms of PPS?

open mouthed breathing fever tremors PSE (pale, soft, exudative)

What are farrowing crates used for?

pens used to house and restrain the sow so that she does crush baby pigs. The sow is brought in about 3-4 days prior to farrowing once baby pigs born will remain in farrowing crate for about 21 days.

parturition

process of giving birth

when pigs are provided ad libitum they are

provided free access to feed and water

what type of animals have cotyledonary placenta?

ruminants

what are some types of rumen modifiers?

selectively modify microbes environments monensin can help ration of microbes

libido

sex drive

What is a purebred and show stock breeder operation?

similar to farrow-to-finish, except that the animals are used primarily as breeding boars and gilts or show pigs.

what is the average number calves born in a single pregnancy?

single but twins can happen

what type of biosecurity swine facility does UC Davis have?

specific pathogen free facility

what are some signs in heat for swine?

standing to be mounted (can apply pressure on sow's back with hands to check) restlessness Frequent urination Enlargement and discharge from the vulva

what causes skin lesions?

staphylocaccus hyicus entering cuts that are caused by fighting between baby pigs (this is why it is important to clip tails and needle teeth)

What is porcine stress syndrome?

stress is induced through routine management procedures (moving, handling)

Where does the udder extracts nutrients from?

the blood stream

what does prolificacy means?

the number of pigs produced over a lifetime

why are amino acids important for swine?

they are considered essential when they cannot be made at all by the animal or be made fast enough to satisfy its requirements.

What is a hog panel?

to move hogs. Particularly when animals are in large groups.

what are ear notches used for?

used to place notches in the ears as a means of permanent identification.

composition of muscle: water...% protein...% fat...% ash...%

water=70% protein=15-20% fat=2-12% ash=1%

what is puberty dependent on in beef cattle?

weight determines puberty about 300kg

gilt

young female pig