Anth 002 quiz study questions
The oldest Homo erectus fossils from China are (probably) about ____ years old. 300,000 1.52 million 500,000 1.15 million 800,000 to 450,000
1.15 million
In a hypothetical situation, B is the allele that causes brachydactyly. If a man who has normal fingers (bb) and a woman with brachydactyly (Bb) have children, what proportion of these children would you expect to have normal fingers? (Hint: Use a Punnett square). None All 1/4 3/4 1/2
1/2
According to the most recent evidence, the first modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around ____ years ago. 200,000 1,500,000 50,000 500,000 5,000,000
200,000
What is the term for the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders or families? evolution classification parallelism analogy generalization
Classification
As a general rule, what do larger animals require? FEWER calories per unit of weight than smaller animals MORE calories per unit weight than smaller animals the SAME amount of calories per unit weight than smaller animals no calories whatsoever none of these
FEWER calories per unit of weight than smaller animals
In many primate species, ____ have/has a central role in reinforcing social relationships. play coalition formation dominance hierarchies food-sharing grooming
Grooming
____ refers to an increase in the NUMBER of cells. Development Growth Senescence All of the above 1 and 2 only
Growth
Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired by descent from a common ancestor are ____. analogies homologies acquired uncommon uninformative of evolutionary relationships
Homologies
What is the term for the condition of two copies of the same allele being present in the genotype? dominant codominant recessive homozygous segregated
Homozygous
What is the study of the primate fossil record known as?
Primate paleontology
Species producing relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are ____. K-selected r-selected p-selected alloparental sympatric
R-selected
Early modern Homo sapiens remains have been found at ____ in Israel. Kow Swamp Skh l Qafzeh all of these Skh l and Qafzeh only.
Skh l and Qafzeh only.
Forensic anthropologists ____. Study disease and trauma in ancient populations-incorrect Apply anthropological techniques to the law Are primarily concerned with the recovery of material culture remains Examine the relationships between medical treatment and culturally determined views of disease Study nonhuman primates
Study disease and trauma in ancient populations-incorrect
The DNA base adenine always pairs with which other DNA base(s)? Guanine Thymine Cytosine Uracil 2 and 4 only
Thymine
What is the component of red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport? valine hemoglobin proline the cell membrane the ribosomes
hemoglobin
The hypothesis that all modern humans descended from an African lineage ____. has been conclusively proven to be correct is supported by mtDNA evidence is supported by evidence from the Y chromosome has been proven conclusively correct by Y chromosome evidence only. is supported by both mtDNA and Y chromosome evidence.
is supported by both mtDNA and Y chromosome evidence.
IncorrectQuestion 10 0 / 1 pts Trisomy 21 ____. results in mild to severe mental retardation is caused by nondisjunction is caused by having three X chromosomes all of these 1 and 2 only
not results in mild to severe mental retardation not all of these
A phylogenetic tree ____, whereas a cladogram does not. includes the dimension of time indicates ancestral-descendant relationships uses only analogous character traits all of these 1 and 2 only
1 and 2 only
In the United States, old age is ____. associated with physical ailments an ambiguous concept a well-defined concept 1 and 2 only all of these
1 and 2 only
Life history theory ____. seeks to answer why humans have long periods of infancy and childhood does NOT have an evolutionary perspective seeks to understand the impact of natural selection on life cycles all of these 1 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
Two people (BOTH heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their offspring would be expected to be heterozygous? 3/4 1/2 All 1/4 2/3
1/2
Two people (BOTH heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their children would be expected NOT to be able to taste PTC? 3/4 All 1/4 2/3 none of these
1/4
Some of the deliberate nonhuman primate behaviors that serve as communication include ____. spoken language facial expressions vocalizations all of these 2 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
What does Wrangham and Peterson's comparisons of chimpanzee and bonobo societies stress? Chimpanzee society is based on female-female aggression. Bonobo society is based on cooperation and peaceful interactions. Chimpanzee society is based on male-male aggression. 2 and 3 only 1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
At birth, the human brain is approximately what percent of its adult size? 15 percent 25 percent 50 percent 75 percent 100 percent
25 percent
The French Neandertal site of St. Césaire dates to ____ years ago. 75,000 50,000 100,000 35,000 65,000
35,000
The Upper Paleolithic culture period began in Western Europe about ____ years ago. 40,000 10,000 5,000 70,000 100,000
40,000
How many chromosomes occur in a normal human somatic cell? 44 48 46 53 50
46
DNA hybridization of humans and chimpanzees indicate they share about ____ of their DNA base sequences. 10 percent 95 percent 28 percent 99 percent 100 percent
99 percent
What is a scientific theory?
A tested hypothesis that has yet to be falsified
Which of the following is NOT a polygenic trait? stature skin color eye color ABO blood type hair color
ABO blood type
Bifacially flaked tools characterize the ____ stone tool industry. Oldowan Acheulian Shewlian Osteodontokeratic none of these
Acheulian
Which contemporary of Charles Darwin also developed a theory of evolution by means of natural selection? Charles Lyell Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Erasmus Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace Georges Cuvier
Alfred Russel Wallace
Today, cultural anthropologists are involved in numerous avenues of research including which of the following? The study of subcultures The resettlement of refugees The relationship between cultural attributes and health and disease All of these A and C only
All of these
Which branch(es) of anthropology use(s) the anthropological perspective? Archaeology Cultural anthropology Paleoanthropology 1 and 2 only All of these
All of these
Why has primatology become increasingly important since the late 1950s?
All of these- Behavioral studies have implications for other scientific disciplines.
Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to ____ environments. terrestrial rocky arboreal desert ocean
Arboreal
Which of the following sites, dated to approximately 300,000 years ago, has yielded a sample representing about twenty-eight premodern Homo sapiens individuals? Ehringsdorf Atapuerca Steinheim Swanscombe Petralona
Atapuerca
This relative dating methods is used to cross-correlate dates from South African hominid sites. C-14 fission-track dating biostratigraphy 1 and 2 only all of these
Biostratigraphy
Which of the following premodern Homo sapiens crania shows possible evidence of cannibalism in the form of cut marks? Broken Hill Tabun Bodo La Chapelle Swanscombe
Bodo
Culture, as defined in Chapter 1, ____.
Can be defined as the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment
Who refined the existing system of classifying biological organisms into a binomial system? Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Georges Cuvier Carolus Linnaeus Comte de Buffon Erasmus Darwin
Carolus Linnaeus
The diversification of the mammals occurred mostly during the ____. Pleistocene Mesozoic Quaternary Cenozoic Paleozoic
Cenozoic
Who wrote Principles of Geology and emphasized the principle of uniformitarianism? Charles Darwin Charles Lyell Alfred Russel Wallace Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Thomas Malthus
Charles Lyell
Question 10 1 / 1 pts Which of the following have been taught to use sign language? baboons chimpanzees macaques lemurs all of these
Chimpanzees
What is type AB blood an example of? codominance blending recessiveness dominance polygenic inheritance
Codominance
____ is a site in France dated to 30,000 years ago. Fossil material from this site became the archetype for Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Skh l La Chapelle-aux-Saints Cro-Magnon Qafzeh Zhoukoudian
Cro-Magnon
After mitosis, daughter cells contain the same amount of DNA as in the original cell. What is this due to? protein synthesis recombination pairing of homologous chromosomes meiosis DNA replication
DNA replication
____ refers to the differentiation of cells into different types of tissues. Development Growth Senescence All of the above 2 and 3 only
Development
The Homo erectus site in Europe that has caused paleoanthropologists to reconsider many of their interpretations of Homo erectus is which of the following? Zhoukoudian Lantian Ceprano Nariokotome Dmanisi
Dmanisi
Ethnographies ____. Are studies of only Western European Societies? Are studies of nonhuman primates? Emphasize, among other topics, subsistence strategies, religion, and dietary practices Are studies done by archaeologists? 3 and 4 only
Emphasize, among other topics, subsistence strategies, religion, and dietary practices
Which of the following is an epoch of the Cenozoic era? Ordovician Permian Triassic Cambrian Eocene
Eocene
Who made the first discovery of what we now call Homo erectus fossil remains? Eugene Dubois Franz Weidenreich Louis Leakey Raymond Dart Mary Leakey
Eugene Dubois
Where have the majority of Neandertal fossils been found? South America Asia India Africa Europe
Europe
Where is the Dmanisi site located? North Africa South Africa Java Europe none of these
Europe
Where are premodern Homo sapiens fossils found? North America Europe and elsewhere in the Old World Australia only South America North AND South America
Europe and elsewhere in the Old World
Studies have shown that UV radiation rapidly depletes ____, which plays a crucial role in neural tube development of the embryo. melanin melanocytes carotene folate 1 and 2 only
Folate
What is an individual's actual genetic make-up called? phenotype homozygosity recessiveness phenotypic ratio genotype
Genotype
If an isotope has a half-life of 4 billion years, then in 4 billion years what will happen? All of the original amount will have decayed. A quarter of the original amount will still remain. Half of the original amount will still be present. All of the original amount will still be present. none of these
Half of the original amount will still be present.
What did Gregor Mendel do? He developed theories of evolutionary change. He discovered the structure of the DNA molecule. He studied characteristics that are influenced by several genetic loci. He discovered the fundamental principles of how traits are inherited. He developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
He discovered the fundamental principles of how traits are inherited.
Biological systems are balanced systems maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for both external and internal changes. Such a balanced system is in ____. hypoxia homeostasis heterostasis acclimatization polystasis
Homeostasis
What is a hypothesis?
It is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations.
What is the atlatl? a type of projectile point It is used for starting fires. It is used to increase the force and distance of a spear throw. a drill It is used for fishing.
It is used to increase the force and distance of a spear throw.
Dark skin is found in populations near the equator. Why? It protects from frostbite. It protects from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. It helps prevent rickets. It promotes vitamin D synthesis. It increases the skin's exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
It protects from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Potato washing behavior has been observed in which of the following? Japanese macaques Albanian macaques Japanese gorillas all of these none of these
Japanese macaques
Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change? Carolus Linnaeus Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Charles Lyell Charles Darwin Erasmus Darwin
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Which sub discipline of anthropology is concerned with various aspects of human language?
Linguistic anthropology
Which of the following are prosimians? New World monkeys lorises Old World monkeys humans 1 and 3 only
Lorises
Which of the following are NOT apes? gorillas orangutans bonobos chimpanzees macaques
Macaques
Diseases such as malaria and cholera can delay growth, particularly when coupled with ____. malnutrition too much protein consumption adequate vitamin D humidity 2 and 3 only
Malnutrition
In ____, the young are born in an extremely immature state and complete development in their mother's external pouch. placental mammals monotremes marsupials reptiles none of these
Marsupials
The genetic analysis of Neandertal fossils indicates they were ____. identical to Homo erectus samples identical to Homo sapiens samples most similar to chimpanzee samples about three times as different from modern Homo sapiens samples as they are from each other so different from other hominids that they should be placed in a different family than Homo sapiens
Maybe about three times as different from modern Homo sapiens samples as they are from each other
Which of the following contributes most to skin color? hemoglobin melanin carotene vitamin D none of these
Melanin
Reptiles were the dominant form of land vertebrate during which era? Cenozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic Precambrian Permian
Mesozoic
R-selected species include which of the following? mice chimpanzees gorillas wolves dogs
Mice
The first evidence of deliberate burial of the dead is associated with whom? Homo erectus Homo habilis Neandertals early premodern Homo sapiens from Africa anatomically modern Homo sapiens
Neandertals
Upper Pleistocene premodern Homo sapiens that have their evolutionary roots in Europe are called ____. Homo sapiens sapiens anatomically modern humans Neandertals Homo ergaster late Homo erectus
Neandertals
What is primatology the study of?
Nonhuman primates
Today, where are lorises and galagos NOT found? India Africa Southeast Asia North America none of these
North America
Radiometric dating techniques ____. are based on the phenomenon of radioactive isotope decay rates can be used to determine the absolute age of geological formations and some organic materials include the K/Ar and carbon-14 methods all of these 1 and 3 only
Not 1 and 3 only
Compared to Homo erectus, the cranium of premodern Homo sapiens ____. has a less vertical forehead has a more angled occipital region has a smaller average cranial capacity A and C only none of these
Not A and C only
Where has the oldest evidence of human culture been found, exemplified by jewelry objects? Asia Africa Central Europe Western Europe South America
Not Asia
Early anatomically modern Homo sapiens remains, dated from 90,000 to perhaps over 155,000 years ago, have been found where? Australia South America North America none of these Australia and South America only
Not Australia
____ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection. Sociobiology Biological-ecology Behavioral ecology Evolutionary ecology Eco-sociobiology
Not Biological-ecology
During glacial periods, the climate in Africa became ____. colder warmer more arid more humid colder AND more arid
Not Colder
Of the sites listed below, which is the most important one for determining the morphology of the earliest Homo sapiens in Central Europe? Cro-Magnon Tabun Katanda Mladec none of these
Not Cro-Magnon
____ is seen in some New World monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys. A grasping hand Quadrupedalism An arboreal lifestyle Color vision A prehensile tail
Not Quadrupedalism Not An arboreal lifestyle
Chinese paleoanthropologists argue that Asian premodern human fossils share Homo erectus traits such as ____. small cranial capacities a sagittal ridge flattened nasal bones Sagitall ridges and flattened nasal bones only. small cranial capacities, sagittal ridges, and flattened nasal bones
Not a sagittal ridge
The subadult life cycle phase is present in which of the following? all mammals all primates humans only monkeys, apes, and humans none of these
Not all mammals
A phylogenetic tree ____, whereas a cladogram does not. includes the dimension of time indicates ancestral-descendant relationships uses only analogous character traits all of these
Not all of these
Homo erectus differs most distinctly from modern humans in ____. the postcranial skeleton the way they walked height cranial shape all of these
Not all of these
According to the Complete Replacement Model, anatomically modern Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa ____. and dispersed to Europe where they interbred with local premodern H. sapiens populations and migrated to other areas completely displacing all premodern H. sapiens populations without interbreeding with them and remained there while premodern populations elsewhere evolved more slowly around 500,000 years ago and migrated to other area, displacing all other species by about 500,000 years ago.
Not and dispersed to Europe where they interbred with local premodern H. sapiens populations
The sum of the genetic, fossil, and archaeological evidence suggests that Neandertals ____. are closely related to modern humans are a fully separate biological species were probably incapable of fertilely interbreeding with modern humans are fully separete biological species who were incapable of fertiley interbreeding with modern humans all of these are correct.
Not are a fully separate biological species
The Kow Swamp remains ____. are more robust than the Lake Mungo remains are less robust than the Lake Mungo remains are from Australia are more robust than those from Mungo and are from Australia. are less robust than those from Mungo and are from Australia.
Not are more robust than the Lake Mungo remains
Female primates ____. spend most of their adult life either pregnant and/or lactating assume most of the responsibility for infant care have the same nutritional requirements as males none of these 1 and 2 only
Not assume most of the responsibility for infant care
The Upper Paleolithic ____. began at the onset of the Pleistocene is a cultural period attributed primarily to Neandertals is characterized by the invention of iron tools began about 150,000 years ago none of these
Not began at the onset of the Pleistocene
During glacial periods, the climate in Africa became ____. colder warmer more arid more humid colder AND more arid
Not colder AND more arid
Supposed grave goods found in Neandertal burials ____. have been cited as evidence for Neandertal symbolic behavior include stone tools include animal bones all of these are correct include stone tools and have been used as examlpes of symbolic behaviors
Not have been cited as evidence for Neandertal symbolic behavior
Supposed grave goods found in Neandertal burials ____. have been cited as evidence for Neandertal symbolic behavior include stone tools include animal bones all of these are correct include stone tools and have been used as examlpes of symbolic behaviors
Not include stone tools and have been used as examlpes of symbolic behaviors
Homo erectus represents a different grade of evolution. What does "grade" mean? having similar adaptive patterns a step towards becoming civilized indicates ancestry to other hominids a bigger and stronger hominid all of the above
Not indicates ancestry to other hominids
Evidence from Zhoukoudian suggests that Homo erectus ____. lived there continuously for over 250,00 years were settled agriculturalists intermittently occupied the area built wooden structures kept domesticated animals
Not lived there continuously for over 250,00 years
What are the two major groups of prosimians? lemurs and tarsiers marmosets and howler monkeys lemurs and lorises baboons and macaques tarsiers and lorises
Not marmosets and howler monkeys
Most of our information concerning the genetic and environmental effects on growth come from studies of which of the following? monozygotic twins dizygotic twins identical twins fraternal twins all of these
Not monozygotic twins
The analysis of the Herto remains indicates they are ____. most similar to Australopithecus indistinguishable from modern Homo sapiens most similar to late Homo erectus from China not specifically similar to any one group of modern Homo sapiens none of these
Not none of these
Hypoxia ____. is the reduced availability of oxygen occurs at higher altitudes because the atmosphere contains less oxygen than at sea level exerts no stress on humans is a problem for people living at sea level none of these
Not occurs at higher altitudes because the atmosphere contains less oxygen than at sea level
In Old World monkeys, the swelling and changes in the color of the skin surrounding the female's genital area ____. is a sign of aggression indicates a diseased state is an indication of estrus serves as a visual cue of a female's readiness to mate 3 and 4 only
Not serves as a visual cue of a female's readiness to mate Not is an indication of estrus
What are the smallest New World anthropoids? marmosets and tamarins howler monkeys and baboons spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys squirrel monkeys and bonobos macaques
Not spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys
Compared to the Upper Paleolithic, Mousterian ____. burials are more complex, usually containing hundreds of tools burials usually contain several individuals, precisely oriented relative to each other tools are usually more sophisticated tools are made of materials transported (traded) over long distances none of these
Not tools are usually more sophisticated
When are zoonotic diseases likely to spread? when humans are exposed to cattle when crowded, unsanitary conditions exist when humans are exposed to fowl 1 and 2 only all of these
Not when crowded, unsanitary conditions exist
____ is the study of human evolution as evidenced by the fossil record.
Paleoanthropology
____ is the sub discipline of osteology that is concerned with disease and trauma in earlier populations. Forensic anthropology Primatology Anthropometry Paleoanthropology Paleopathology
Paleopathology
What are disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses called? pathogens vectors pandemics endemics. none of these
Pathogens
What is the physical manifestation of gene action? genotype phenotype phenotypic ratio genotypic ratio independent assortment
Phenotype
The study of human biology within the framework of human evolution can be said to be the domain of which of the following? Cultural anthropology Physical/biological anthropology Primatology Osteology Archaeology
Physical/biological anthropology
____ genes have multiple effects at different times in the life span or under different conditions. Ontogenetic Telomere Pleiotropic Hidden Dominant
Pleiotropic
The ____ epoch has been called the "Ice Age." Pleistocene Paleocene Pliocene Miocene Eocene
Pleistocene
Which of the following life cycle stages is unique to humans? gestation adolescence or juvenile childhood post-reproductive infancy
Post-reproductive
What does the Regional Continuity Model of modern Homo sapiens origins propose? Modern humans did not appear solely in Africa. Premodern populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa all evolved into modern Homo sapiens. There was gene flow between premodern populations from different regions of the Old World. Premodern humans evolved first in Australia and Asia then spread to africa and Europe. Premodern humans appeared in Europe, Asia, and Africa and allevolved simultaneously into modern humans while experienceing gene flow between populations.
Premodern humans appeared in Europe, Asia, and Africa and all evolved simultaneously into modern humans while experienceing gene flow between populations.
What does the Regional Continuity Model of modern Homo sapiens origins propose? Modern humans did not appear solely in Africa. Premodern populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa all evolved into modern Homo sapiens. There was gene flow between premodern populations from different regions of the Old World. Premodern humans evolved first in Australia and Asia then spread to africa and Europe. Premodern humans appeared in Europe, Asia, and Africa and allevolved simultaneously into modern humans while experienceing gene flow between populations.
Premodern humans appeared in Europe, Asia, and Africa and allevolved simultaneously into modern humans while experienceing gene flow between populations.
The oldest possible hominid found to date has been given which genus name? Australopithecus Sahelanthropus Zinjanthropus Ardipithecus Orrorin
Sahelanthropus
Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a model to explain the origin of modern Homo sapiens? An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where indigenous premodern populations were replaced. An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where both interbreeding and replacement occurred. Several origins in different areas where modern forms evolved from local populations. Separate origins in Africa and Australia with migrations from both these areas to displace all other populations. Actually, all of these are valid models that have been proposed.
Separate origins in Africa and Australia with migrations from both these areas to displace all other populations.
The skeleton of a 30 to 45 year old male with a healed fracture to the face, right arm, and right leg was found at which site? Amud Shanidar Tabun Qafzeh Krapina
Shanidar
Which of the following is an unusual aspect of the skeletal remains of Homo floresiensis? Its short stature. Its small cranial capacity The date of 18,000 years ago. Short stature AND small cranial capacity. Short stature, is only 18,000 years old, AND has small cranial capacity.
Short stature, is only 18,000 years old, AND has small cranial capacity.
Where was Sahelanthropus discovered? South Africa East Africa the Rift Valley Central Africa none of these
South Africa
The frequency of the O allele is almost 100 percent in ____. Northern Europeans Chinese Eurasians Africans South American Indians
South American Indians
Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution? Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies. There is competition among individuals for resources. Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important. There is biological variation in all members of a species. Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.
Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important.
The order Primates has been traditionally divided into two main suborders, Prosmii and Anthropoidea. More recent classifications have divided them into: ____and ____, reflecting our greater understanding in recent years of their real evolutionary relationships. Their names are derived from whether they are wet or dry nosed. Platyrrhine and Catarrhine Strepsirhini and Haplorhini Pongidae and Hominidae Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea Pongo and Homo
Strepsirhini and Haplorhini
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Proteins are composed of amino acids. The first step in protein synthesis is translation. The number and sequence of amino acids determines protein function. Proteins are manufactured by the ribosomes. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is ultimately determined by the sequence of DNA bases.
The first step in protein synthesis is translation.
What does the term biocultural evolution refer to?
The interaction between biology and culture in human evolution
Which of the statements below is FALSE regarding the relationship between malaria and the HbS allele? There is no geographic correlation between the distribution of the HbS allele and malaria. Heterozygotes have greater resistance to malaria than homozygous individuals. The malarial parasite does not reproduce very well in the red blood cells of heterozygotes. Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The HbS mutation probably occurs occasionally in all human populations.
There is no geographic correlation between the distribution of the HbS allele and malaria.
By about 2.4 m.y.a., which of the following was TRUE? All hominids were members of the same genus. There were one or more species of the genus Homo present in East Africa. Modern humans were living alongside australopiths. All hominids still lived only in East Africa. There was only one hominid species present in Africa.
There were one or more species of the genus Homo present in East Africa.
What do the language experiments with chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas indicate? They lack the ability to communicate symbolically. They can learn to use up to 100 spoken words. They have some ability to use signs to communicate. They have human-like vocal tract anatomies. They think symbolically in the same way humans do.
They have some ability to use signs to communicate.
____ make the best samples for the K/Ar dating method. Bones Stone tools Ostrich shells Teeth Volcanic rocks
Volcanic rocks
What strategy did humans develop that helped them to adapt to the natural environment? Evolution Culture Biological adaptation Walking on two legs-incorrect Genetic change
Walking on two legs-incorrect
Neandertal crania are characterized by which of the following? small, flat faces the absence of brow ridges a rounded, smooth occipital area like that seen in modern humans a vertical forehead like that seen in modern humans a projecting midface
a projecting midface
What is AIDS caused by? mosquito bites a bacterium a mutation on a cell's receptor site a virus all of these
a virus
During the last glaciation in Eurasia, ____. human habitation was impossible the entire area was permanently covered with ice-sheets a warming trend at about 30,000 y.a. partially melted the glacial ice hunting was impossible because there were no animals in the region none of these
a warming trend at about 30,000 y.a. partially melted the glacial ice
When compared to large-bodied earlier Homo specimens, Homo erectus relative brain size is ____. about the same much smaller about twice as large about 25 percent as large none of these
about the same
The diversification of reptiles facilitated by the evolution of the reptilian egg is a good example of which of the following? parallel evolution specialization homology adaptive radiation devolution
adaptive radiation
Additional species of Middle Pleistocene humans suggested by some experts include ____. ergaster helmi heidelbergensis all of these ergaster and helmi only
all of these
At Zhoukoudian, there is evidence that Homo erectus ____. killed deer and horses ate berries and seeds used fire, but not everyone agrees on this point all of these 1 and 3 only
all of these
By using the designation Homo habilis, what was Louis Leakey implying? There were at least two hominid lineages present at Olduvai Gorge. The Homo lineage was distinct from the australopithecines. That Homo habilis was more closely related to modern humans than were the australopiths. all of these 2 and 3 only
all of these
Cercopithecines ____. are one subfamily of Old World monkeys are more generalized than colobines include baboons, guenons, and macaques have cheek pouches for storing food all of these
all of these
Genetic drift ____. is a random change in allele frequencies has its greatest effect in small populations includes the phenomenon of founder effect all of these 1 and 2 only
all of these
In formulating his theory of natural selection, Darwin ____. recognized the importance of biological variation within a population applied his knowledge of domesticated species to undomesticated ones appreciated the fact that population size is limited by availability of food all of these none of these
all of these
Question 1 1 / 1 pts Several events had combined to alter Western Europeans' ideas about the earth by the 18th century. What did these include? the circumnavigation of the globe the discovery of the New World the notion of a sun-centered universe all of these 1 and 2 only
all of these
Regarding aspects of primate maturation, learning, and behavior, primates have ____. a more efficient means of fetal nourishment longer periods of gestation reduced numbers of offspring all of these 1 and 2 only
all of these
Several events had combined to alter Western Europeans' ideas about the earth by the 18th century. What did these include? the circumnavigation of the globe the discovery of the New World the notion of a sun-centered universe all of these 1 and 2 only
all of these
The Eugenics movement ____. formed the basis for notions of racial purity in Nazi Germany was popular throughout the 1930s. is a now discredited view of racial purity all of these 1 and 3 only
all of these
The gene for telomerase ____. codes for an enzyme that can lengthen telomeres can make cells young again has been called the "immortalizing gene" 1 and 2 only all of these
all of these
The most complete Homo erectus skeleton found to date ____. is properly known as WT 15000 was discovered at West Turkana is that of a 12 year old male all of these none of these
all of these
There is some evidence to suggest that Neandertals ____. experienced injuries while hunting buried their dead were capable of symbolic behavior adapted to a cold environment all of these
all of these
What feature(s) convinced Raymond Dart that the Taung child was not an ape? the position of the foramen magnum, which indicated an erect posture the fact that the deciduous canine teeth were quite small the shape and orientation of the forehead all of these none of these
all of these
What is a temporary increase in melanin production in response to exposure to UV radiation? tanning an acclimatization response impossible for albinos all of these 1 and 2 only
all of these
Which of the following are vertebrates? birds reptiles amphibians all of these 1 and 2 only
all of these
Which of the following is/are epochs of the Cenozoic? Paleocene Oligocene Eocene all of these A and C only
all of these
Acclimatization refers to which of the following? long term adaptations only to heat and cold an individual's short-term or longer term physiological responses to the environment the appearance of a new species slow genetic changes in populations none of these
an individual's short-term or longer term physiological responses to the environment
According to Partial Replacement Models, modern humans first appeared in Africa ____. and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them and remained there until modern humans from Asia displaced them about 500,000 years ago but were later displaced by European Neandertals but were soon extinct, and later emerged a second time from Asian stock.
and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them
According to the Complete Replacement Model, anatomically modern Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa ____. and dispersed to Europe where they interbred with local premodern H. sapiens populations and migrated to other areas completely displacing all premodern H. sapiens populations without interbreeding with them and remained there while premodern populations elsewhere evolved more slowly around 500,000 years ago and migrated to other area, displacing all other species by about 500,000 years ago.
and migrated to other areas completely displacing all premodern H. sapiens populations without interbreeding with them
Dating methods indicating that something is older or more recent than something else ____. are called chronometric dating methods are called absolute dating methods include the K/Ar method never require stratigraphic information are called relative dating methods
are called relative dating methods
Lascaux and Altamira ____. are well known Neandertal sites are 20,000 year-old campsites contain evidence of butchered mammoths are famous for their numerous cave bear skulls are famous for their elaborate cave paintings
are famous for their elaborate cave paintings
The earliest hominid traces ____. date to the beginning of the Miocene are primarily full skeletons are primarily teeth and jaws 1 and 2 only none of these
are primarily teeth and jaws
Cells ____. are the basic units of life usually do not have DNA only have a nucleus and no cytoplasm are only inherited from one parent originated on earth approximately 5 million years ago
are the basic units of life
The belief that structures were created in order to fit the functions they serve was the basis for which of the following? theory of uniformitarianism theory of natural selection theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics theory of catastrophism argument from design
argument from design
Charles Darwin ____. grew up in modest circumstances began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s received no formal education spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby
began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s
What is the false belief that there is a relationship between physical traits and certain behavioral traits such as intelligence and morality called? eugenics monogenism polygenism biological determinism homeostasis
biological determinism
The two strands of a chromosome are joined at a constricted region called the ____. autosome ribosome centromere nucleotide cytoplasm
centromere
The traditional view of nonhuman communication has been that nonhumans, including primates, ____. are perfectly capable of conveying information about the external environment or their emotional state use symbolic communication use language in the same manner as humans can convey information about events in the past and future communicate information relating to their emotional state ONLY
communicate information relating to their emotional state ONLY
The cell nucleus ____. is the same thing as the cytoplasm is not distinct from the cytoplasm contains only X and Y chromosomes is made up of ribosomes contains genetic information
contains genetic information
Environmental factors ____. have no effect on growth and development have not been studied in regards to their effects on growth and development definitely have effects on growth and development always have negative effects on growth none of these
definitely have effects on growth and development
Mounting as an expression of dominance in baboons is believed to also serve to ____. indicate sexual preference defuse tense situations indicate aggression indicate a threat none of these
defuse tense situations
Compared to prosimians, anthropoids generally ____. have smaller body sizes have decreased infant maturation periods have smaller brains depend less on olfaction and more on vision groom less often
depend less on olfaction and more on vision
What is the term for traits that reflect specific evolutionary lineages and can be informative of evolutionary relationships? ancestral (primitive) acquired derived (modified) convergent characters analogies
derived (modified)
The Middle Pleistocene humans are morphologically ____. diverse and broadly dispersed throughout time and space diverse but NOT broadly dispersed throughout time and space similar and broadly dispersed throughout time and space similar and NOT broadly dispersed throughout time and space none of these
diverse and broadly dispersed throughout time and space
When did the initial hominid divergence from the African hominoids most likely occur? during the late Miocene during the early Miocene as late as 1 m.y.a. 3 m.y.a. 20 to 30 k.y.a.
during the late Miocene
What are Monotremes? marsupials viviparous reptiles egg-laying fish placental mammals egg-laying mammals
egg-laying mammals
Types of Upper Paleolithic art include which of the following? engravings cave paintings sculptured figurines engravings, sculpted figurines, and cave paintings engravings and cave paintings only
engravings, sculpted figurines, and cave paintings
What is gene flow defined as? production of new alleles production of new genetic material chance loss of alleles in a population exchange of genes between populations differential reproductive success of individuals
exchange of genes between populations
The two basic types of eukaryotic cells are somatic cells and ____. zygotes gametes autosomes polar bodies organelles
gametes
Compared to monkeys, hominoids ____. generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail have a more elongated lower back have arms and legs of equal length exhibit less complex behavior have a shorter period of infant dependency
generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail
Adaptations are ____. seen only in nonhuman animals the same as acclimatization responses always temporary genetic changes that DO NOT vary as the result of short-term environmental change genetic changes that DO vary as the result of short-term environmental change
genetic changes that DO NOT vary as the result of short-term environmental change
Question 10 1 / 1 pts Among the apes, the ____ have the smallest average body sizes. gibbons and siamangs bonobos chimpanzees macaques orangutans
gibbons and siamangs
The application of evolutionary principles to the study of human variation ____. reinforced traditional views of races as fixed biological entities that do not change allowed scientists to ignore the adaptive significance of most traits allowed scientists to divide the human species precisely into well-defined races helped replace earlier views based solely on observed phenotypes has been of little value for understanding human variation
helped replace earlier views based solely on observed phenotypes
Throughout the world, women have ____. higher life expectancies than men lower life expectancies than men the same life expectancies as men none of these
higher life expectancies than men
What was Neandertal subsistence based on? mastodon hunting hunting and gathering intense agriculture fishing ONLY herding domesticated animals
hunting and gathering
The existence of clines ____. illustrates that allele frequencies do NOT vary with geography illustrates that some allele frequencies DO vary with geography demonstrates that natural selection does not alter allele frequencies has never been convincingly demonstrated for any allele 1 and 4 only
illustrates that some allele frequencies DO vary with geography
Question 9 1 / 1 pts Bonobos are ____. the most thoroughly studied primate species in the same genus as the gorilla behaviorally indistinguishable from chimpanzees in the same genus as the chimpanzee almost exclusively arboreal
in the same genus as the chimpanzee
Relative dating techniques ____. can provide exact dates of fossil material are always accurate to within 500 years are based on the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes include biostratigraphy none of these
include biostratigraphy
According to proponents of behavioral ecology, ____. individuals act to enhance the survival of their species infanticide is beneficial for the social group individuals consciously behave in ways that ensure their fitness individuals act to increase their reproductive success none of these
individuals act to increase their reproductive success
Primate behavior is best viewed as being ____. influenced by environmental factors entirely genetic in origin independent of environmental factors entirely learned and without any genetic basis none of these
influenced by environmental factors
A polytypic species ____. is one that has no phenotypic variability has never been observed in nature is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of NO MORE THAN three traits is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of ONE OR MORE traits 1 and 2
is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of ONE OR MORE traits
Intelligence ____. is determined solely by genetic factors is determined solely by environmental factors can be accurately measured by IQ tests is a Mendelian trait is the result of both genetic and environmental factors
is the result of both genetic and environmental factors
Morphological variation between individuals WITHIN a species ____. may be the product of male/female morphological differences is called interspecific variation is of no concern to anthropologists is unimportant when interpreting the fossil record produces large numbers of identical individuals
may be the product of male/female morphological differences
Reduction of chromosome number occurs during which of the following? crossing over mitosis meiosis protein synthesis none of these
meiosis
Question 2 1 / 1 pts By the 17th century, some scientists were beginning to break with long-held traditions and sought to investigate ____. natural phenomena the supernatural forces that created life the structure of the DNA molecule how genetic mutations occur none of these
natural phenomena
The HbS allele increased in frequency in West African populations due to which of the following? sickle-cell anemia genetic drift migration increased mutation rates natural selection
natural selection
The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for which theory? uniformitarianism natural selection the inheritance of acquired characteristics catastrophism the fixity of species
natural selection
A long period of female post reproductive time is found in which of the following? chimpanzees gorillas all monkeys 1 and 2 only none of these
none of these
A long period of female postreproductive time is found in which of the following? chimpanzees gorillas all monkeys 1 and 2 only none of these
none of these
Meiosis ____. is the cell division process in somatic cells replaces cells during growth and development permits healing of injured tissue all of these none of these
none of these
What does each mitochondrion contain? nuclear DNA 46 chromosomes an X but never a Y chromosome several copies of a ring-shaped DNA molecule 1 and 3 only
not 1 and 3 only
Incorrect Question 4 0 / 1 pts Who first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to reproduce? John Ray Charles Darwin Carolus Linnaeus Alfred Russel Wallace Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
not Charles Darwin
Dominant alleles ____. usually cause the underproduction of an enzyme always produce the most desirable phenotype don't always completely inactivate recessive alleles are always the most common allele in a population were discovered by Charles Darwin
not are always the most common allele in a population
IncorrectQuestion 3 0 / 1 pts What is the name for DNA segments transcribed into mRNA and coded for specific amino acids? exons codons mutons alleles proteins
not codons
Incorrect Question 4 0 / 1 pts In protein synthesis, the process called transcription is which of the following? manufacture of tRNA assembly of polypeptide chains assembly of a mRNA molecule production of amino acids manufacture of ribosomal RNA
not manufacture of ribosomal RNA
A person with blood type B is heterozygous. What is that person's genotype? BB OO BO AB none of these
not none of these
One interpretation of the genetic evidence is that the split of the Neandertal lineage from the modern human lineage ____. never occurred occurred between 2 million and 1 million years ago as evidenced by both archaeological and genetic means occurred between 290,000 and 150,000 years ago, much more recently than archaeological evidence would suggest occurred between 690,000 and 550,000 years ago, much further back than archaeological evidence would suggest none of these
not none of these
During the Middle Pleistocene, premodern Homo sapiens ____. occupied open-air campsites may have increased their use of caves are believed by many researchers to have used fire occupied opean air campsites as well as caves, AND used fire. occupied opean air campsites and used fire
occupied opean air campsites as well as caves, AND used fire.
In order for a mutation to be passed on to offspring, the mutation must ____. occur in a gamete be beneficial occur in a somatic cell result in additional chromosomes 1 and 2 only
occur in a gamete
According to the Compete Replacement Model, the transition from premodern to modern Homo sapiens ____. occurred in several regions of the Old World simultaneously occurred first in Europe only occurred once, in Africa began about 10,000 years ago in Indonesia began about 100,000 years ago in Asia
only occurred once, in Africa
Sweating ____. is a uniquely human response to heat has no detrimental physiological effects is not an effective means of dissipating heat permits cooling through evaporation is an ability that varies from one human population to another
permits cooling through evaporation
Which two primary schools of classification are discussed in the text? generalized and specialized organic and inorganic phylogenetic systematics and cladistics cladistics and non-cladistics ancestral and derived (modified)
phylogenetic systematics and cladistics
A hypothesis regarding ancestor-descendant relationships that includes a time scale is called a ____. cladogram phylogenetic tree phylogram tree hypogram tree none of these
phylogenetic tree
Primate groups composed of several adult males and females are advantageous in areas where ____. there are few sleeping sites humans are active primates are crepuscular predation pressure is high 1 and 2 only
predation pressure is high
The theory that species persist unchanged for long periods and then undergo rapid evolutionary change is known as ____. gradualism punctuated equilibrium parallel evolution homology microevolution
punctuated equilibrium
Sexual dimorphism ____. refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual behavior is particularly pronounced in all primate species refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size is more common in arboreal species has not been observed in ANY monkey
refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size
What are the X and Y chromosomes called? autosomes gametes centromeres sex chromosomes karyotypes
sex chromosomes
Which of the following is NOT inherited in a Mendelian fashion? ABO blood type Marfan syndrome achondroplasia phenylketonuria skin color
skin color
The principle of uniformitarianism ____. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old was the same as the theory of catastrophism was first proposed by Georges Cuvier
stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present
Primate ____. teeth are generalized because primates are omnivorous teeth are specialized for processing one type of food premolars and molars are indistinguishable from those found in carnivores tooth form is not correlated with their diet none of these
teeth are generalized because primates are omnivorous
Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, had a profound effect on 19th century scientific thought? recent origins for earth the role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomena natural selection the immense age of the earth the inheritance of acquired characteristics
the immense age of the earth
What is the basic primate social unit? the mother and infant the father and infant the male and female sibling relationships none of these
the mother and infant
Which is the best example of natural selection? the peppered moth the medium ground finch of the Galápagos the recent INCREASE in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms the recent DECREASE in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms none of these
the recent INCREASE in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
What is the average cranial capacity of H. erectus? the same as for early Homo approximately 900 cubic centimeters the same as that for modern humans the same as for Australopithecus approximately 700 cubic centimeters
the same as for early Homo
When does the adolescent growth spurt approximately occur? two years later in girls than in boys at the same time for girls and boys two years earlier in girls than in boys four years earlier in girls than in boys none of these
two years earlier in girls than in boys
What is the term for the theory stating that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual could be passed on to that individual's offspring? natural selection catastrophism use-disuse theory uniformitarianism fixity of species
use-disuse theory
Chimpanzees that are orphaned before they are weaned ____. usually have the longest life-spans have increased reproductive success are emotionally dependent on their mothers are not affected usually die
usually die
The La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton ____. is a Neandertal was probably a deliberate burial is that of an older male was probabaly a deliberate burial of an older male Neandertal (all are correct statements). was probabaly a deliberate burial AND is a Neandertal
was probabaly a deliberate burial of an older male Neandertal (all are correct statements).
The La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton ____. is a Neandertal was probably a deliberate burial is that of an older male was probabaly a deliberate burial of an older male Neandertal (all are correct statements). was probabaly a deliberate burial AND is a Neandertal
was probabaly a deliberate burial of an older male Neandertal (all are correct statements).
In Mendel's experiments, the tall parental (P) plants ____. were homozygous for the allele for tallness were heterozygous at the locus controlling height could NOT be crossed with short plants were homozygous for the allele for shortness none of these
were heterozygous at the locus controlling height
Some assumptions about the hunting capabilities of premodern humans have been challenged by an interesting archaeological find at Schöningen. What did they find? a bow and arrow wooden spears metal tools gunpowder none of these
wooden spears
The Nariokotome Homo erectus specimen ____. was discovered at Olduvai Gorge is estimated to have been about 65 years old at death is a young female would have reached an adult height of around 6 feet 3 and 4 only
would have reached an adult height of around 6 feet
