ANTH 1150 Pearson Questions Chapter 9

Historically, Mohawk society was matrilineal and practiced clan exogamy. Which of the following describes a practice that would have been aligned with the principles of clan exogamy? A woman from the Wolf clan would only marry a man who also belongs to the Wolf clan, rather than a man who belongs to the Bear or Turtle clan. A man from the Turtle clan would marry a woman who belongs to the same clan as his mother as long as she was not a member of his matrilineage. A man from the Bear clan would not marry a woman from the Bear clan, but rather a woman from the Wolf or Turtle clan. A man would change his clan affiliation when he gets married, so that he would become a member of his wife's clan.

A man from the Bear clan would not marry a woman from the Bear clan, but rather a woman from the Wolf or Turtle clan.

How do phratries differ from moieties? Phratries are always patrilineal kinship groups, whereas moieties are always matrilineal. A moiety is a structure found in societies with unilineal descent groups, whereas a phratry is found in societies organized around bilateral descent. A moiety is one of two groups of linked clans, whereas a phratry is one of three or more groups of linked clans. Phratries are always endogamous, whereas moieties are always exogamous.

A moiety is one of two groups of linked clans, whereas a phratry is one of three or more groups of linked clans.

Which of the following is a common corporate function of a clan? Clan members regularly meet to discuss proposed business ventures. As a group, clan members manage access to land. The elders of a clan are responsible for electing new members. Clans are in charge of maintaining and dissolving lineages.

As a group, clan members manage access to land.

Why did the Cheyenne shift back to bilateral kinship after adopting matrilineal descent? The Cheyenne frequently changed their kinship system in order to fit in better with their neighbors. As they moved, they adopted whichever kinship system was popular in the region. Bilateral kinship helped organize Cheyenne society when they lived in permanent settlements, but when they switched to a nomadic way of life, matrilineal descent proved to be a more efficient way of organizing social relationships. As competition over resources in the prairies increased, the Cheyenne relocated and returned to foraging, a way of life that benefited from the potentially wider network of alliances made possible through bilateral kinship. The introduction of European goods created wealth differences among members of the Cheyenne community, and bilateral kinship allowed people to maintain their individual wealth.

As competition over resources in the prairies increased, the Cheyenne relocated and returned to foraging, a way of life that benefited from the potentially wider network of alliances made possible through bilateral kinship.

Which of the following distinguishes bilateral kinship from unilineal descent? Bilateral kinship distinguishes between "blood" relatives and relatives by marriage, whereas unilineal descent does not distinguish between the two. Bilateral kinship places a greater emphasis on generational relationships, whereas unilineal descent emphasizes relationships derived from a common ancestor. Bilateral kinship does not distinguish between "blood" relatives and relatives by marriage, whereas unilineal descent does distinguish between the two. Bilateral kinship places a greater emphasis on relationships derived from a common ancestor, whereas unilineal descent emphasizes generational relationships.

Bilateral kinship places a greater emphasis on generational relationships, whereas unilineal descent emphasizes relationships derived from a common ancestor.

How do clans differ from lineages in terms of tracing descent? Clan members are all descended from a known common ancestor, whereas lineage members descend from different, unknown ancestors. Lineage members include people who are deceased when tracing ancestry, whereas clan members focus only on living relatives. Clan members may not be able to trace the exact genealogical links among members, whereas lineage members can. Lineage members consider the links established through marriage when tracing descent, whereas clan members do not.

Clan members may not be able to trace the exact genealogical links among members, whereas lineage members can.

Which two kinship terminology systems have a generational skewing pattern that focuses on lineal relatives not in one's own clan? Crow and Iroquois Eskimo and Hawaiian Crow and Omaha Sudanese and Crow

Crow and Omaha

How does a system of double descent differ from a parallel descent system? Double descent requires a person to belong to both their mother and father's kin group, whereas in parallel descent, individuals are allowed to decide which kin group they want to be affiliated with. In double descent an individual belongs to the kin groups of both their mother and father, whereas in parallel descent an individual belongs to the kin group of the parent of the same gender. In parallel descent a person changes kin groups when they marry, whereas in double descent a person belongs to their natal kin group and that of their spouse simultaneously. Parallel descent divides kin groups into generational segments, whereas double descent emphasizes the lines of relatedness that cross generations.

In double descent an individual belongs to the kin groups of both their mother and father, whereas in parallel descent an individual belongs to the kin group of the parent of the same gender.

Why are flirtation and explicit sexual remarks toward a spouse's same-sex sibling common in many cultures? In many cultures, flirtation and explicit sexual remarks are part of the rituals that signal a spouse's acceptance into the family. Many cultures do not require married couples to be monogamous, therefore sexual remarks and flirtation are ways to initiate physical intimacy between in-laws. Such practices reinforce that these in-laws are sexually off limits, easing tensions between spouses and their siblings. In many cultures, these in-laws are potential spouses and sometimes preferred marriage partners in the event of the death of one's own spouse.

In many cultures, these in-laws are potential spouses and sometimes preferred marriage partners in the event of the death of one's own spouse.

What is the main cause of the differences between patrilineal and matrilineal societies in terms of the kinds of bonds people maintain with their own kinship group after marriage? In societies with matrilineal descent system, women bear children who are members of their husband's descent group, whereas in patrilineal systems, their children are members of their own descent group. In societies with matrilineal descent systems, a woman becomes a member of her husband's descent group when they get married, whereas in patrilineal systems, a man becomes a member of his wife's descent group when he marries. In societies with patrilineal descent systems, a woman becomes a member of her husband's descent group when they get married, whereas in matrilineal systems, a man becomes a member of his wife's descent group when he marries. In societies with patrilineal descent system, women bear children who are members of their husband's descent group, whereas in matrilineal systems, their children are members of their own descent group.

In societies with patrilineal descent system, women bear children who are members of their husband's descent group, whereas in matrilineal systems, their children are members of their own descent group.

How does the Sudanese kin terminology system differ from the other kinship terminology systems? The Sudanese kin terminology system emphasizes the nuclear family, whereas all other kinship terminology systems emphasize the extended family. The Sudanese kin terminology system uses the same name for siblings and cousins of the same gender, whereas all other kinship terminology systems distinguish relatives on the basis of gender. The Sudanese kin terminology is skewed toward cross-cousins of the father's side, whereas all other kinship terminology systems do not skew toward any cross-cousins. In the Sudanese kin terminology system, all kinship relationships are given separate terms, whereas all other kinship terminology systems lump certain relatives under the same term.

In the Sudanese kin terminology system, all kinship relationships are given separate terms, whereas all other kinship terminology systems lump certain relatives under the same term.

What role did the Nuer segmentary lineage system play in times of conflict? It awakened people's feelings of relatedness, leading to fair and peaceful resolutions. It created a mechanism through which participants in the conflict could garner support and allies. It appointed permanent leaders to negotiate and resolve the conflict. It empowered lineage leaders to formally punish those who instigated the co

It created a mechanism through which participants in the conflict could garner support and allies.

Why is bilateral kinship advantageous for both foragers and low-income Americans? It prevents people from expending resources that they do not have. It creates a flexible pool of people that one can call on in times of economic need. It creates a flexible division of labor. It allows for a greater accumulation of wealth in the hands of individuals.

It creates a flexible pool of people that one can call on in times of economic need.

How did the development of state societies impact the role of kinship groups? It expanded the role of kinship groups in regulating marriage. It increased the role of kinship groups in carrying out social and economic functions in general. It diminished the role of kinship groups in areas such as intergroup trade and settling disputes. It expanded the role of kinship groups to include corporate functions.

It diminished the role of kinship groups in areas such as intergroup trade and settling disputes.

Why is the Hawaiian kinship terminology system often used by societies with ambilineal descent systems? It downplays the importance of kinship so that people are free to redefine their kinship groups in order to accumulate individual wealth. It reinforces the dominance of patrilineal affiliations over matrilineal affiliations that is characteristic of an ambilineal descent system. It does not emphasize a particular line of descent, which reflects the ability of people to choose to affiliate with either their mother or father's kinship group. It helps justify the preference for cousin marriage in ambilineal societies by referring to all cousins of the same gender with the same term.

It does not emphasize a particular line of descent, which reflects the ability of people to choose to affiliate with either their mother or father's kinship group

What purpose is served by an avoidance relationship between a woman and her father-in-law in a patrilineal society in which the norm is for a married couple to live with the husband's kin? It reinforces how the woman's husband is supposed to behave toward his mother-in-law. It minimizes competition between the woman's mother-in-law and father-in-law over the woman's affection. It supports the idea that the woman has the same obligations to her married household as she does to her natal household. It eases tension by protecting the woman's husband from having to choose sides between his parents and his wife.

It eases tension by protecting the woman's husband from having to choose sides between his parents and his wife.

In general, why is bilateral descent adaptive for people in industrial countries? It loosens kinship ties, reducing the number of people to whom one has economic obligations, which in turn enables individuals to accumulate more wealth. It creates a universally applicable system of property inheritance that redistributes wealth fairly. It is based on a two-parent household, so families are able to draw on at least two incomes to provide for their basic needs. It establishes broad networks across which subsistence labor can be better distributed.

It loosens kinship ties, reducing the number of people to whom one has economic obligations, which in turn enables individuals to accumulate more wealth.

Many kin groups include adoptive kin and fictive kin. This fact supports which of the following ideas? Kinship is based on social, symbolic, and cultural ideas. In general, affinal relatives are considered more important than consanguineal relatives. Kinship is based on biological relatedness in almost all societies. Most people have difficulty distinguishing fictive kin from biological kin.

Kinship is based on social, symbolic, and cultural ideas.

How are kinship systems affected by changes in other aspects of culture? Kinship systems only change during periods of extensive culture contact with a more powerful society. Kinship systems are highly flexible and frequently change independently from other cultural phenomena. Kinship systems are immune to change and endure despite other cultural changes. Kinship systems often change when subsistence patterns change.

Kinship systems often change when subsistence patterns change.

What benefit do clans derive from endogamous marriage? Clans are able to expand their land holdings by marrying wealthy individuals from other clans. New political alliances are formed when people marry members of other clans. The number of lineages that make up the clan increases, helping the clan to grow. Land, wealth, and resources stay within the kinship group.

Land, wealth, and resources stay within the kinship group.

How are matrilineal descent systems connected to the gendered division of labor in some horticultural societies? In most horticultural societies, matrilineal descent frees women from subsistence labor so that they can devote more time to political leadership. Matrilineal descent reflects and reinforces the cooperative groups that women form as primary subsistence workers and childcare providers in many horticultural societies. Women in horticultural societies do not need to work because they inherit land, property, and wealth matrilineally, from their mothers. In a number of horticultural societies, matrilineal descent emphasizes the idea that women should not work outside of the home because they are primarily responsible for raising children.

Matrilineal descent reflects and reinforces the cooperative groups that women form as primary subsistence workers and childcare providers in many horticultural societies.

Among the Kwakwaka'wakw of British Columbia, why would a person claim to be a member of multiple descent groups? A person who wishes to acknowledge both of their parents must become a member of both of their descent groups. People show political support by becoming members of one group or another and can change their affiliation based on how they feel about a particular issue. Membership in different descent groups gives a person access to different food resources as well as material and ceremonial wealth. Descent reckoning is more loosely organized, and people sometimes lose track of which descent group they are supposed to belong to.

Membership in different descent groups gives a person access to different food resources as well as material and ceremonial wealth.

How does the Hawaiian kinship system reflect a cultural opposition to cousin marriage? Cousins are differentiated according to gender, relative age, and lineage. There are no kinship terms assigned to one's cousins. One's cousins are referred to as brother or sister. There are different terms for each of one's cousins that reference the exact lines of relatedness.

One's cousins are referred to as brother or sister.

What is the distinction between patrilineal descent and patriarchy? In a patrilineal descent system men and women have equal access to power and resources, whereas in a patriarchy, only men have access to power and resources. Patrilineal descent is found in small-scale societies, whereas patriarchy is a characteristic of large-scale societies. Patrilineal descent refers to a form of kinship organization, whereas patriarchy refers to the control of social systems and political power by men. Patrilineal descent recognizes both male and female ancestors, whereas a patriarchy recognizes only male ancestors.

Patrilineal descent refers to a form of kinship organization, whereas patriarchy refers to the control of social systems and political power by men.

Which of the following illustrates the concept of a totem? The Mohawk traditionally organized their clans into two larger groups. Observant Jews and Muslims do not eat pork. The black rhinoceros has mythical and symbolic importance for a clan in Uganda. Trobriand Islander subclans trace their origins to a common female ancestor.

The black rhinoceros has mythical and symbolic importance for a clan in Uganda.

Which statement best captures how a man in a matrilineal society would pass on property and resources to the children in his kin group? The property and resources would be distributed evenly among the man's male and female children. The property and resources would be given to the man's mother, who would decide how to distribute them. The property and resources would be passed from a man to his daughter's son rather than his own son. The property and resources would be passed from a man to his sister's son rather than his own son.

The property and resources would be passed from a man to his sister's son rather than his own son.

How did the Cheyenne emphasize the importance of seniority in the kinship terms they used? The same term was used for one's own children and those of one's same-sex sibling. The terms for grandparents were distinguished by generation as well as gender. They used the same term for one's father and one's father's brother. There were separate terms for elder siblings, but the same term was used for younger siblings regardless of gender.

There were separate terms for elder siblings, but the same term was used for younger siblings regardless of gender.

Which of the following trends is characteristic of societies that were subjected to European colonialism? Unilineal kinship systems have gained more control over resources in response to colonial pressures. Patrilineal descent reckoning has been replaced with matrilineal kinship systems. Unilineal descent systems have shifted to bilateral kinship reckoning. Societies with bilateral systems have transitioned to ambilineal or double descent systems.

Unilineal descent systems have shifted to bilateral kinship reckoning.

Which of the following is an example of a taboo? a prohibition against eating a totemic animal the punishment incurred by transgressing a religious law the animal after which a clan is named marrying someone from another clan in a society that practices clan exogamy

a prohibition against eating a totemic animal

The Diné of the American Southwest recognize a man's continuing obligations to the women of his natal family even after he is married. Additionally, the role he plays in decision making in his wife's household is limited. These characteristics are aligned with which of the following? a society that traces descent matrilineally a society that is both patrilineal and patriarchal a society in which bilateral kinship is important a society that follows an ambilineal descent system

a society that traces descent matrilineally

In matrilineal societies, why is the emotional investment of a father in his own children sometimes a source of strain? because men in matrilineal cultures are not recognized as fathers and are not supposed to be involved in childrearing because matrilineal cultures tend to discourage men from displaying emotion because he owes his primary allegiance to the children of his own kin group because he may not be sure of his paternity

because he owes his primary allegiance to the children of his own kin group

Why do many patrilineal societies make it difficult for someone to divorce their spouse? because all patrilineal societies are founded on religious beliefs that see marriage as divinely sanctioned because people in patrilineal societies believe that the emotional bond between spouses is unbreakable because patrilineal societies value the needs of women over those of men because marriage makes it possible for a man to claim his wife's children as members of his descent group

because marriage makes it possible for a man to claim his wife's children as members of his descent group

Which of the following often contributes to a shift from matrilineal descent to other forms of descent? changes in the subsistence roles of men and women the establishment of a household near the wife's kin the death of a female family member the introduction of the concept of divorce

changes in the subsistence roles of men and women

When is avoidance behavior between men and their mothers-in-law in a matrilineal and matrilocal society most prominent? early in the marriage when the mother-in-law's authoritative position needs to be recognized and reinforced only after the married couple has children of their own after the married couple has moved out of the mother-in-law's household and set up their own residence later in the marriage after the man has proven that he is not going to undermine his mother-in-law's authority

early in the marriage when the mother-in-law's authoritative position needs to be recognized and reinforced

Which of the following has contributed to the loosening of kinship ties in industrial and postindustrial societies? the recognition that family allegiances come at too great an emotional cost cultural values that prioritize family obligations over individual achievements the introduction of unilineal descent systems by increasing numbers of immigrants employment opportunities that encourage or require nuclear families to relocate far from other kin

employment opportunities that encourage or require nuclear families to relocate far from other kin

Although the term "avoidance" has been traditionally used in anthropology to describe a particular pattern of relationships, some anthropologists believe that the behaviors involved would be more accurately described as __________. informal or casual painful or strained respectful or bashful political or pragmatic

respectful or bashful

The kinship terminology system generally used in North America emphasizes the nuclear family, but whether non-nuclear family members are related through the mother or father is irrelevant to the kinship terms used. These features are characteristic of which of the following? the Iroquois kinship terminology system the Eskimo kinship terminology system the Crow kinship terminology system the Omaha kinship terminology system

the Eskimo kinship terminology system

The way the Cheyenne descent system changed over time illustrates which of the following? how indigenous people were forced to adopt European kinship practices and how changes in kinship led to changes in settlement patterns the natural tendency of kinship systems to become more advanced as people abandon foraging for more complex subsistence strategies the way depopulation can result in a society replacing a genealogically based kinship system with one dominated by fictive kin the connection between descent reckoning and subsistence strategy and the influence of culture contact on a society's form of kinship organization

the connection between descent reckoning and subsistence strategy and the influence of culture contact on a society's form of kinship organization

Based on the patterns of relationships that anthropologists have observed cross-culturally, in matrilineal and matrilocal societies, the relationship between a man and his mother-in-law is likely to be characterized by __________. frequent conflicts and confrontations designed to create a rift between the man and his wife the exchange of sexually explicit remarks the man going out of his way to show respect and deference to his mother-in-law the mother-in-law assuming a subordinate role

the man going out of his way to show respect and deference to his mother-in-law

A young man and his father's sister's daughter frequently joke with and tease each other when they meet. This behavior is expected and considered appropriate. Based on this information, one could conclude that __________. a married couple is expected to reside with the husband's father's sister the society is matrilineal, and women have high status the society encourages marriage between cross-cousins the society is patrilineal and prefers parallel-cousin marriage

the society encourages marriage between cross-cousins

Because college fraternities create emotional bonds among their members as well as networks of potential economic support, reciprocity, and mutual obligation, they illustrate which of the following? the persistence of kin groups as central organizing forces in large-scale societies the way kinship systems initiate fictive kin into their ranks through a system of rituals or ordeals the way that private institutions can fulfill the functions that would be performed by kin groups in other societies how little regard people in the postindustrial world have for their actual kin

the way that private institutions can fulfill the functions that would be performed by kin groups in other societies

In general anthropological terms, kinship systems organize relationships through __________. physical similarities and emotional ties biology and genetic inheritance definitions of legitimacy and illegitimacy rules of marriage and descent

rules of marriage and descent

Which of the following is reflected in the Sudanese kinship terminology system? a rigidly structured descent system that controls the sort of relationships people should have with one another the ability of individuals to negotiate their relationships with others and to affiliate with either side of the family the idea that all relatives in the same generation regard one another as siblings the fact that the society places a higher value on relationships on the maternal side

the ability of individuals to negotiate their relationships with others and to affiliate with either side of the family

Which of the following would be classified as a parallel cousin? the child of one's father's sister the child of one's brother or sister the child of one's mother's brother the child of one's mother's sister

the child of one's mother's sister