ANTH Chapter 4

The stone-tool tradition associated with ​Homo erectus c​ haracterized by stone bifaces is the a. Core Tradition b. Oldowan Tradition c. Acheulean Tradition d. Flake Tradition

Acheulean Tradition

Ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted from the skeleton of a male infant found in association with Clovis artifacts and buried around 12,600 years ago. Analysis showed that the population to which this individual belonged is more closely related to populations from a. Alaska than anywhere else b. Central and South Africa than anywhere else c. Northern and Central Europe than anywhere else d. Central and South America than anywhere else

Central and South Africa than anywhere else

Which of the following does NOT describe Neandertal morphology? a. More robust than modern ​Homo sapiens b. Taurodontism c. Chin d. Retromolar spaces

Chin

The paleoanthropologists who discovered the fossils they called ​Homo naledi​ justified classifying the fossils as a variety of early ​Homo​ for which reason? a. Their large cranial capacity b. Stone tools found in association with the fossils c Close morphological relations between H. naledi fossils and other early Homo fossils d. Their firm dating at 1 million years of age.

Close morphological relations between H. naledi fossils and other early Homo fossils

The famous "Lucy" fossil was found in a. Kenya b. Tanzania c. Ethiopia d. Uganda

Ethiopia

The subfield of evolutionary studies that focuses on long-term evolutionary changes is a. macroevolution b. microevolution c. modern synthesis d. natural selection

macroevolution

The first hominin species to leave Africa was a. Australopithecus afarensis b. Australopithecus africanus c. Homo erectus d. Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens

The oldest human tools were part of which tradition? a. Core tradition b. Lomekwian tradition c. Acheulean tradition d. Chopping tool tradition

Lomekwian tradition

The oldest formally accepted evidence for human occupation in the Americas in found at a. Clovis, New Mexico b. Folsom, Arizona c. Monte V erde, Chile c. Meadowcroft, Pennsylvania

Monte Verde, Chile

Artifacts made by more recent populations that find their way into more ancient strata as the result of natural forces are referred to as a. scrapers b. flakes c. intrusions d. Mousterian

Mousterian

Associated with Neandertal finds in Europe and southwestern Asia is a new stone-tool tradition called the a. Acheulean b. Mousterian c. Aurignacian d. Châtelperronian

Mousterian

The style of stone-tool making that involves knocking a few flakes off tennis-ball-sized rocks to produce cutting edges is called the a. Core tradition b. Oldowan tradition c. Acheulean tradition d. Chopping tool tradition

Oldowan tradition

Some anthropologists have claimed that meat eating was the crucial behavioral change leading to the appearance of early ​Homo.​ This story of human origins is called the a. missing link scenario b. man the hunter scenario c. woman the gatherer scenario d. foraging scenario

man the hunter scenario

According to the text, endurance running may have been advantageous for hominins because it made a. gathering more efficient b. hunting possible c. persistence hunting of medium-to large-sized mammals more successful d. avoiding predators more efficient

persistence hunting of medium-to large-sized mammals more successful

The process by which one species gradually transforms itself into a new species over time is called a. cladogenesis b. phenotypic transformation c. phyletic gradualism d. punctuated equilibrium

phyletic gradualism

The study of the various processes that bones and stones undergo in the course of becoming part of the fossil and archaeological records is called a. archaeology b. paleontology c. taphonomy d. topography

taphonomy

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) recovered from a fossil hominin from Sima de los Huesos in northern Spain shows connections to the mtDNA of a. Ardipithecus ramidus b. the robust australopiths c. the gracile australopiths d. the Denisovans

the Denisovans

Contemporary taxonomists classify African apes and humans together as a. anthropoids b. hominoids c. hominids d. hominins

hominids

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the four important areas of hominin evolution? a. bipedal locomotion b. expanded brain c. changes in dentition d. loss of body fur

loss of body fur

Biological anthropologist Richard Wrangham suggests that cooking food affected human evolution in which of the following ways? a. smaller teeth evolved b. hunting became possible c. plant food became more digestible d. all of the above

smaller teeth evolved

The species of large-brained, robust hominins that lived between 1.8 and 0.4 mya is a. Homo habilis b. Homo erectus c. Homo ergaster d. Homo sapiens

Homo erectus

Recent advances in the sequencing of ancient DNA seem to indicate that a. Neandertals share many DNA sequences with contemporary humans b. about 1% to 4% of the genomes of modern, non-Africans contain Neandertal DNA sequences c. modern humans are descended from Neandertals d. the category "Neandertal" is invalid

about 1% to 4% of the genomes of modern, non-Africans contain Neandertal DNA sequences

The slow, gradual transformation of a single species over time is called a. cladogenesis b. evolution c. anagenesis d. arrhythmia

anagenesis

Australopiths with small and lightly built faces are known as a. ramidine australopithecines b. gracile australopithecines c. robust australopithecines d. pygmy australopithecines

gracile australopithecines

The "Lucy" fossil is famous because a. she was the first australopith ever found b. she left footprints that were discovered at the same time c. her skeleton was 40% intact and undisturbed d. the Beatles wrote a song about her

her skeleton was 40% intact and undisturbed

According to Dunsworth and Eccleston, why does the hominin fossil record provided limited and tenuous information about human childbirth? a. Humans give birth to large, fat babies, which increases difficulties in childbirth b. Primate birth is a social event c. Childbirth is a much more dynamic process than can be reconstructed from bones alone. d. All of the above.

- Humans give birth to large, fat babies, which increases difficulties in childbirth - Primate birth is a social event - Childbirth is a much more dynamic process than can be reconstructed from bones alone.

According to paleontologists who recovered the single lower jawbone from Ledi-Gararu in Ethiopia, the most exciting feature of this fossil is a. Its large cranial capacity b. Stone tools found in association with the fossil c. The number of teeth found in the jawbone d. The dating of the fossil to between 2.8 and 2.75 million years ago

The dating of the fossil to between 2.8 and 2.75 million years ago

For punctuationists, the "motor" of speciation is a. drastic environmental change b. changing gene frequencies c. an accumulation of mutations and other changes leading to the emergence of a new species d. all of the above

drastic environmental change

The average Neandertal cranial capacity a. is larger than that of modern human populations b. is smaller than that of modern human populations c. averages about 1,400 cubic centimeters d. suggests that the Neandertal brain was symmetrical

is larger than that of modern human populations

The replacement model argues that the origin of anatomically modern H. sapiens was usually triggered by a pattern of fluctuating climate and environmental change. In Africa, hominin populations experienced strong arid-moist fluctuations between about 135,000 and 75,000 years ago called a. ice ages b. megadroughts c. tsunamis d. dispersals

megadroughts

The phenotypic pattern that shows how different traits of an organism, responding to different selection pressures, may evolve at different rates is called a. phenotypic variability b. mosaic evolution c. taxonomic evolution d. hominin evolution

mosaic evolution

The hypothesis that anatomically modern hominins might have exchanged genes with more archaic populations they encountered after they left Africa is called the a. regional continuity model b. replacement model c. Asian origin model d. mostly out-of-Africa model

mostly out-of-Africa model

Organisms that eat a wide range of plant and animal foods are called a. omnivorous b. multimodal feeders c. generalized foraging d. broadly based

omnivorous

The hypothesis that evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred gradually throughout the traditional range of H. erectus is the a. regional continuity model b. replacement model c. Asian origin model d. mostly out-of-Africa model

regional continuity model

Taphonomists would probably conclude that hominins had scavenged meat from an animal carcass they did not kill if fossil animal bones a. showed animal tooth marks on top of stone-tool cutmarks b. showed stone-tool cutmarks on top of animal tooth marks c. and stone tools were found together in the same site d. showed no sign of weathering

showed stone-tool cutmarks on top of animal tooth marks

A process in which natural selection is seen to operate among variant, related species within a single genus, family or order, is called a. species selection b. gradualist transformation c. reverse speciation d. all of the above

species selection

Paleoanthropologists suspect that perhaps more than one species belonging to the genus ​Homo​ may have coexisted in eastern Africa in the early Pleistocene because a. the fossils assigned to ​Homo habilis​ show too much internal variation to all belong to the same species b. more than one species of robust australopithecine coexisted in the late Pliocene c. more than one species of gracile australopithecine has been found in southern Africa d. both robust and gracile australopithecines coexisted in earlier periods

the fossils assigned to Homo habilis show too much internal variation to all belong to the same species

Ian Tattersall argues that "In the case of Homo sapiens the potential for symbolic thought evidently just lurked there, undetected, until it was released by a stimulus that must necessarily have been a cultural one." In other words, Tattersall considers language and symbolic thought to be a. biological adaptations b. exaptations c. genetically determined d. Both a and c

-biological adaptations -genetically determined

The theory of punctuated equilibrium is based on the observation that a. brief periods of intense speciation alternate with long periods of stasis b. new species appear in the fossil record alongside their unchanged ancestors c. evolutionary change does not seem to occur at a constant pace d. all of the above

-brief periods of intense speciation alternate with long periods of stasis -new species appear in the fossil record alongside their unchanged ancestors -evolutionary change does not seem to occur at a constant pace

The fossils of ​Australopithecus sediba,​ from the site of Malapa in South Africa, a. have been dated to between 1.95-1.78 million years ago b. show a cranial capacity similar to ​Au. africanus c. have teeth and long thumb bones that resemble early ​Homo d. all of the above

-have been dated to between 1.95-1.78 million years ago -show a cranial capacity similar to Au. africanus -have teeth and long thumb bones that resemble early Homo

Anthropologists who favored a chimpanzee model for early human society justified their position on the grounds that a. human beings and chimpanzees are closely related hominoids b. the first hominids and modern chimpanzees would have had to adapt to ecologically varied habitats c. chimpanzees use tools and share food with relatives and mates d. all of the above

-human beings and chimpanzees are closely related hominoids -the first hominids and modern chimpanzees would have had to adapt to ecologically varied habitats -chimpanzees use tools and share food with relatives and mates

According to Ian Tattersall, which of the following statements about Homo heidelbergensis is correct? a. H. heidelbergensis i​ ncludes all archaic ​H. sapiens​ fossils between 600,000 and 200,000 years of age from Europe, Africa, and China b. H. heidelbergensis​ originated somewhere within early African ​Homo.​ c. H. heidelbergensis​ was responsible for a number of cultural innovations, including shelter construction and the domestication of fire. d. All of the above

-H.heidelbergensis includes all archaic H. sapiens fossils between 600,000 and 200,000 years of age from Europe, Africa, and China -H. heidelbergensis originated somewhere within early African Homo. -H. heidelbergensis was responsible for a number of cultural innovations, including shelter construction and the domestication of fire

Evidence for Neandertal hunting a. includes bones of hoofed herd mammals at Mousterian sites b. includes wooden spears that date to the period when Neandertals were the only hominins in Europe c. suggests that their diet does not seem to have differed much from that of the modern people who replaced them d. all of the above

-includes bones of hoofed herd mammals at Mousterian sites -includes wooden spears that date to the period when Neandertals were the only hominins in Europe -suggests that their diet does not seem to have differed much from that of the modern people who replaced them

Rick Potts describes the evolutionary history of the human species as "survival of the generalist" because a. our species is narrowly adapted to a specific environment b. our species had the plasticity to survive the extremes of rapidly fluctuating climates of the Ice Ages c. our ancestors' gene-based ability to cope with small environmental fluctuations was exapted to cope with larger and larger fluctuations d. b and c

-our species had the plasticity to survive the extremes of rapidly fluctuating climates of the Ice Ages -our ancestors' gene-based ability to cope with small environmental fluctuations was exapted to cope with larger and larger fluctuations

Fossils of early ​Homo​ disappear around a. 10.8 million years ago b. 5.8 million years ago c. 1.8 million years ago d. 85,000 years ago

1.8 million years ago

Hominins dating from 500,000 to 200,000 years ago possessing morphological features found in both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens are considered which kind of Homo sapiens? a. Archaic b. Ancient c. Early d. Transitional

Archaic

The bones of the fingers and toes of ​Au. afarensis ​are slightly curved, and the toes are much longer than the toes of modern human beings. This suggests to paleoanthropologists that a. the bipedalism of ​Au. afarensis​ was even more efficient than that of modern human beings b. Au. afarensis​ did not move with a full striding gait, as later hominins did c. Au. afarensis​ retained significant tree-climbing ability d. bothbandc

Au. afarensis​ retained significant tree-climbing ability

It is now generally accepted that the earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans comes from a. Europe b. China c. Australia d. Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the skull of ​Homo erectus?​ a. heavy brow ridges b. a cranial capacity of around 1,000 cubic centimeters c. an occipital bun d. a sagittal crest

a sagittal crest

Compared with Neandertals, anatomically modern human beings a. are less robust b. have larger molars c. have retromolar spaces d. lack chins

are less robust

The "Nariokotome boy" fossil from East Africa looks very different from ​Homo erectus​ species found on Java, in Indonesia. This leads some scholars to suggest that a. the Nariokotome fossil is more recent than the Javanese fossils b. the Javanese fossils are not really hominins at all c. they must have belonged to separate species d. it is the skulls that matter most, and the skulls are from the same species

they must have belonged to separate species

Genetic information from ancient DNA indicates that a. Neandertals apparently exchanged genes with Denisovans b. ancient mtDNA from the Denisovans appears closely related to ancient mtDNA from Sima de los Huesos c. mobility and processes of reticulation among ancient hominin populations was much greater than previously suspected d. all of the above

-Neandertals apparently exchanged genes with Denisovans -ancient mtDNA from the Denisovans appears closely related to ancient mtDNA from Sima de los Huesos -mobility and processes of reticulation among ancient hominin populations was much greater than previously suspected

Which of the following statements about Lomekwian tools found in West Turkana, Kenya, are correct? a. They are distinct from Oldowan tools b. They are 3.3 million years old c. Which species made these tools is unknown d. All of the above.

-They are distinct from Oldowan tools -They are 3.3 million years old -Which species made these tools is unknown

Which of the following statements describes Neandertal culture? a. They buried their dead. b. They left a profusion of objects made of bone, ivory, antler, and shell. c. Many of their dwellings have been excavated. d. All of the above are true.

-They buried their dead. -They left a profusion of objects made of bone, ivory, antler, and shell. -Many of their dwellings have been excavated.

Homo erectus​ finds from Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia, a. appear to show the first hominin species to migrate out of Africa b. date to 1.8 mya c. show a range of phenotypic variation that may have characterized early populations of ​Homo erectus​ in general d. all of the above

-appear to show the first hominin species to migrate out of Africa -date to 1.8 mya -show a range of phenotypic variation that may have characterized early populations of Homo erectus in general

If early human societies are modeled on twentieth-century foraging societies (such as that of the Ju/'hoansi of southern Africa), which of the following features would early human societies have possessed? a. dependency on meat hunted by men for subsistence b. dependency on vegetable foods foraged by women for subsistence c. a flexible form of kinship organization that recognized both the male and the female line d. both b and c

-dependency on vegetable foods foraged by women for subsistence -a flexible form of kinship organization that recognized both the male and the female line

The evidence for Neandertal cannibalism includes a. the deliberate cutting apart of bodies b. the cutting away of muscle from bone c. the splitting of bones to extract marrow d. all of the above

-the deliberate cutting apart of bodies -the cutting away of muscle from bone -the splitting of bones to extract marrow

Modern human beings in the Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age a. were more numerous and more widespread than were previous hominins b. suffered few injuries and were relatively healthy c. were the first hominins to occupy the coldest, harshest climates in Asia d. all of the above

-were more numerous and more widespread than were previous hominins -suffered few injuries and were relatively healthy -were the first hominins to occupy the coldest, harshest climates in Asia

Recent work by taphonomists on sites and remains associated with ​Homo erectus​ has led them to question a. whether ​Homo erectus​ hunters killed the animals whose bones have been found together with Acheulean tools b. whether ​Homo erectus​ used fire to cook the meat of the animals whose bones have been found in association with ​Homo erectus​ remains c. whether ​Homo erectus​ practiced cannibalism d. all of the above

-whether Homo erectus hunters killed the animals whose bones have been found together with Acheulean tools -whether Homo erectus used fire to cook the meat of the animals whose bones have been found in association with Homo erectus remains -whether Homo erectus practiced cannibalism

The oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans at Omo date to a. 195,000 years ago b. 300,000 years ago c. 500,000 years ago d. 2.5 million years ago

195,000 years ago

The oldest undisputed stone tools are a. 6.3 million years old b. 5 million years old c. 3.7 million years old d. 2.6 million years old

2.6 million years old

Anatomically modern human beings are about how many years old? a. 200,000 years old b. 100,000 years old c. 25,000 years old d. 10,000 years old

200,000 years old (NOT 100%)

The Denisovans are a population of a. early ​Homo erectus​ found in the Republic of Georgia b. Pleistocene hominins whose bones have been found in Africa and in Southeast Asia c. Pleistocene hominins known only from ancient DNA recovered from three tiny fossils found in a cave in Russian Siberia. d. hominins ancestral to the early robust australopiths found in eastern Africa

Pleistocene hominins known only from ancient DNA recovered from three tiny fossils found in a cave in Russian Siberia.

The key criterion used by paleoanthropologists in deciding whether a gracile fossil younger than 2 million years of age should be placed in the genus ​Homo​ is a. size of molars b. cranial capacity c. presence of a U-shaped dental arcade d. two premolars instead of three

cranial capacity

The role women play in food procurement in contemporary foraging societies suggests that a unique skill in the earliest human societies was the a. invention of endurance hunting techniques that enabled both men and women to travel long distances together b. ability of women to arrange their reproductive lives around the demands of their food-gathering activities c. ability of men and women to live apart from one another for long periods d. ability of active, productive males to provision passive, unproductive females who stayed in base camps to tend offspring

ability of women to arrange their reproductive lives around the demands of their food-gathering activities

The Laetoli footprints a. appear to have been made by a hominin with a striding gait and short, straight toes b. fit perfectly with the reconstructed foot anatomy of ​Au. afarensis c. were probably made by ​Homo habilis d. were probably made by ​Homo erectus

appear to have been made by a hominin with a striding gait and short, straight toes

The most striking evidence for a modern human capacity for culture in the Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age comes from a. deliberate burials b. regular hunting of large game c. art d. domesticated plants

art

Most hominin fossils older than 3 million years of age are called a. anthropoids b. australopiths c. protohominids d. australoids

australopiths

The oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans at Herto date from a. between 154,000 and 160,000 years ago b. between 300,000 and 350,000 years ago c. between 500,000 and 550,000 years ago d. between 2 and 2.5 million years ago

between 154,000 and 160,000 years ago

Walking on two feet rather than four is called a. bipedalism b. quadrupedalism c. bipolarism d. taphonomy

bipedalism

Stone tools that are at least twice as long as they are wide are a. composite b. flakes c. blades d. Levallois

blades

According to taphonomists such as Richard Klein, the best evidence for Neandertal "humanity" is the fact that they a. buried their dead b. made a profusion of objects out of bone, ivory, antler, and shell c. cared for the old and sick d. worshipped the cave bear

cared for the old and sick

The process by which a single species gives rise to a variety of descendent species over time is called a. anagenesis b. cladogenesis c. phyletic gradualism d. punctuated equilibrium

cladogenesis

Which of the following abilities is NOT considered an advantage of bipedalism over quadrupedalism? a. climbing trees b. spotting predators easily in open country c. escaping more easily from predators in open country d. covering greater distances with greater energy efficiency, although at lower speeds

climbing trees

Tools in which several different materials are combined to produce the final working implement are considered a. composite b. flakes c. blades d. Levallois

composite

The valgus angle is the angle at which the a. spinal column attaches to the base of the skull b. femur attaches to the pelvis c. femur attaches to the knee joint d. great toe attaches to the bones of the foot

femur attaches to the knee joint

Denisovans and Neandertals a. are very closely related b. have a common ancestor c. evolved into modern humans in different places d. came from Africa

have a common ancestor

Which of the following is NOT suggested as an adaptation for human endurance running? a. energetics b. height expansion c. stabilization d. temperature regulation

height expansion

The ​foramen magnum​ is the a. hole formed by the pelvic bones that determines the size of the birth canal b. hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes on its way to the brain c. space between the zygomatic arch and the skull through which the temporal muscle passes d. angle of the spinal cord as it passes into the brain

hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes on its way to the brain

The "Neandertals" are a. hominin fossils that apparently evolved from an earlier population of ​Homo erectus​ in Africa about 500,000 years ago b. hominin fossils from Europe and western Asia that apparently evolved from an earlier population of archaic ​Homo sapiens​ about 130,000 years ago c. hominin fossils from China that apparently evolved from an earlier population of ​Homo erectus about 1 million years ago d. hominin fossils from Asia that apparently evolved from an earlier population of archaic ​Homo sapiens​ about 200,000 years ago

hominin fossils from Europe and western Asia that apparently evolved from an earlier population of archaic Homo sapiens about 130,000 years ago

Primates that walk on two feet are now called a. anthropoids b. apes c. hominoids d. hominins

hominins

When Richard Potts, an expert in ancient environments, reviewed evidence about the environment in which ​Ardipithecus ramidus​ would have lived at Aramis and Gona, he concluded that the sites a. were dominated by grass b. indicated variability in the proportion of grass versus trees c. were dominated by trees d. were dominated by sand dunes

indicated variability in the proportion of grass versus trees

The subfield of evolutionary studies that devotes attention to short-term evolutionary changes is a. macroevolution b. microevolution c. modern synthesis d. natural selection

microevolution

There is increasing evidence that the genetic changes that underlie speciation may be based on a. accumulated small changes in gene frequencies b. mutations in regulatory genes that govern the timing of interrelated biological processes c. radical transformations of the genetic code d. the need to adapt to dramatically changing environments

mutations in regulatory genes that govern the timing of interrelated biological processes

The hypothesis that only one subpopulation of Homo erectus underwent a rapid spurt of evolution to produce Homo sapiens 200,000-100,000 years ago is called the a. regional continuity model. b. replacement model. c. Asian origin model. d. mostly out-of-Africa model.

replacement model

Australopiths with rugged jaws, flat faces, and enormous molars are known as a. ramidine australopithecines b. gracile australopithecines c. robust australopithecines d. pygmy australopithecines

robust australopithecines

Pathbreaking work on the extraction of ancient DNA from the bones of Neandertals and Denisovans has been carried out by a. the laboratory directed by Svante Pääbo at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany b. the laboratory directed by Richard Leakey at the Kenya National Museum in Nairobi, Kenya c. the laboratory directed by Chris Stringer at the University of Chicago in the United States d. the laboratory of David Lordkipanidze at the Georgian Anthropology Institute in Atlanta, Georgia.

the laboratory directed by Svante Pääbo at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany

As it has become increasingly clear to paleoanthropologists that human beings are the product of mosaic evolution, a. they have begun to pay attention to the earliest common features that define "human nature" in distant human ancestors b. they are less willing to claim that a bundle of traits signifying "human nature" originated at one time among our distant ancestors c. they are increasingly supportive of the "man the hunter" scenario d. they are less willing to claim that either hunting or gathering was the force that drove the development of "human nature" in our distant ancestors

they are less willing to claim that a bundle of traits signifying "human nature" originated at one time among our distant ancestors

As discussed in the text, Rick Potts has argued that the most efficient way for early hominins to get stones for stone tools together with the animal carcasses to be processed with those tools would be for early hominins a. to carry the stones with them in shoulder slings made of animal hides b. to use the stones found in the area of the carcass and discard them after use c. to store stones at various spots and bring the carcasses to the nearest supply of stones d. to establish a strong home base with a large supply of stones collected from around the region and bring the carcasses back to the home base

to store stones at various spots and bring the carcasses to the nearest supply of stones

According to Linda Fedigan, the contributors to the volume ​Man the Hunter a. provided genetic evidence that the biological bases for killing have been incorporated into human psychology b. succeeded in defining "hunting" in a consistent manner c. provided ethnographic evidence that contemporary hunter-gatherers were more dependent on plant food gathered by women than they were on meat hunted by men d. worked with a model of human origins that was based on traditional role expectations for Western men and women

worked with a model of human origins that was based on traditional role expectations for Western men and women