Anth Final

All of the following are expressed in the American kinship terminology except: Select one: a. Affinal kinship. b. Generation. c. Collaterality. d. Gender. e. Bifurcation.

e. Bifurcation.

The process of movement of culture traits from one society to another is called: Select one: a. Reintegration. b. Innovation. c. Sublimation. d. Invention. e. Diffusion.

e. Diffusion.

In the United States, the "cultural defense" has sometimes been used to justify: Select one: a. Illegal immigration. b. Consumer fraud. c. Organized crime. d. Armed robbery. e. Domestic violence.

e. Domestic violence.

Language is a human symbol system for communication, but it is not considered a means of cultural transmission. True False Correct

False

Politics is a traditional role for hijras. Select one: True False

False

Some languages do not have syntactic structure. Select one: True False

False

The Human Terrain Systems was a successful project that allowed anthropologists to work alongside soldiers during war so that cultural sensitivity in the ranks could be maintained. Select one: True False

False

The Ju/'hoansi demonstrate that, when a society has few material resources, it is not likely to respect elders or provide much care for them. Select one: True False

False

The cultural differences between males and females are due entirely to biology, although they are sometimes understood differently from one culture to another. Select one: True False

False

The potlatch is an example of negative reciprocity. Select one: True False

False

The public/private dichotomy is particularly important in foraging societies. Select one: True False

False

The study of the social use of space is called kinesics. Select one: True False

False

The great variety of systems of kinship indicates to us that kinship is not based simply on biological relations. Select one: True False

True

The most important ethical responsibility in anthropological fieldwork is to protect the interests of the people whom you are studying. Select one: True False

True

The mudyi tree is a central symbol for the Ndembu. Select one: True False

True

To replace the population, women must have, on average, between 2.1 and 2.5 children. Select one: True False

True

Franz Boas spent most of his professional career at the University of Berlin in Germany. Select one: True False

False

Historically, when agricultural societies have entered the cash economy, the position of women has improved. Select one: True False

False

Industrialism has led to increased equality among people worldwide. Select one: True False

False

It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system. Select one: True False

False

Language has many symbolic components, but it is not considered a symbol system. Select one: True False

False

All anthropologists agree that culture is a shared set of norms and values. Select one: True False

False

Among the Na of China, romantic love is considered more important and long lasting than family love. Select one: True False

False

Conflict is present in large hierarchical societies, but absent in small egalitarian societies. Select one: True False

False

Female initiation rites in New Guinea stress the powers that women have over men. Select one: True False

False

"Inis Beag," a community near Galway in Ireland, is known as one of the most sexually naïve of all the world's societies. Select one: True False

True

All humans live in cultures. True False

True

Among the Tiwi, a man may betroth his infant daughter to a friend or potential ally who he thinks will bring him economic aid and social advantage Select one: True False

True

Cross-cultural comparisons began formally in social science with the publication of Herbert Spencer's Descriptive Sociology. Select one: True False

True

Even though biologically capable of capable of making the sounds of human language, no chimp has ever produced voluntary speech-like verbalization. Select one: True False

True

Exchanging one's labor for a wage is a fundamental component of capitalism. Select one: True False

True

Fully understanding an issue requires using many theoretical perspectives. Select one: True False

True

Gender is the social, cultural, and psychological constructs that are imposed on the biological differences of sex. Select one: True False

True

If a society classifies kin according to relative age, it would have different terms to designate older and younger brothers. Select one: True False

True

In North India, the kinship system uses bifurcation. Select one: True False

True

In Nuer culture, kinship lineage is important because all who are not in some way kin are enemies. Select one: True False

True

In patrilineal descent groups, inheritance moves from father to son. Select one: True False

True

In the last fifty years, the Lua' have increasingly moved from horticulture to agriculture. Select one: True False

True

Men in "San Blas," Spain assert that all women are "seductresses and whores." Select one: True False

True

One anthropological perspective understands male initiation as a type of fertility cult. Select one: True False

True

Pastoralism is mainly found in areas that are too dry to support human populations through agriculture. Select one: True False

True

The "cultural defense" argues that in domestic violence cases: Select one: a. Cultural background should be considered a mitigating factor in a defendant's violent behavior. b. The United States has an obligation to educate immigrants in American law. c. An immigrant's cultural values take precedence over American law. d. Women's views of their culture are more important than men's views. e. Ignorance of the law by immigrants is an acceptable excuse for husbands battering their wives.

a. Cultural background should be considered a mitigating factor in a defendant's violent behavior.

All of the following statements about the understanding of culture in anthropology are correct except: Select one: a. Culture is biologically and genetically transmitted from person to person. b. Culture is the way of life of a particular human society. c. Culture is the learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups. d. Culture is the primary way that humans adapt to their environments. Feedback

a. Culture is biologically and genetically transmitted from person to person.

Researchers who study interpersonal space generally refer to three different ranges of space. They are: Select one: a. Intimate distance, personal distance, and social distance. b. Fixed space, negotiated distance, and individual space. c. City space, peri-urban space, and rural space. d. Friendly distance, antagonistic space, neutral space. e. Built space, social distance, and personal distance.

a. Intimate distance, personal distance, and social distance.

The rise of plow agriculture has generally: Select one: a. Lowered women's status. b. Resulted in lower birth rates. c. Raised women's status. d. Increased women's longevity. e. Not affected women's status.

a. Lowered women's status.

One area of recent success for hijras in India is: Select one: a. Politics. b. Publishing. c. Film making. d. Music. e. Painting.

a. Politics.

Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor classified small-scale societies as: Select one: a. Savage b. Barbarian. c. Primitive. d. Childlike. e. Civilized.

a. Savage

In gender studies, the idea of the public/private dichotomy refers to the notion that: Select one: a. Societies are divided into a private world dominated by women and a public world dominated by men. b. Behavior of both men and women is different in the public sphere than in the private sphere. c. Men act differently toward women in public than they do in private. d. Private relationships between men and women are threatened by public disclosure. e. Women are able to maintain more power over men if their actions are public than if they are private.

a. Societies are divided into a private world dominated by women and a public world dominated by men.

An emic approach to the study of culture is one that emphasizes: Select one: a. The description of a culture from the point of view of a member of the culture. b. The comparison of similar parts of different cultures. c. The study of the ecological adaptation of a culture. d. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. e. The search for general laws or principles that can be applied to all human cultures.

a. The description of a culture from the point of view of a member of the culture.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that: Select one: a. The vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers perceive reality. b. The best way to study language is with subjects in a laboratory. c. The ability to use language determines an individual's intelligence. d. Formal education increases vocabulary. e. There is no connection between language and other aspects of culture.

a. The vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers perceive reality.

The relationship between language and culture is illustrated by the fact that: Select one: a. The vocabulary of a language emphasizes those features of the environment that are culturally most significant. b. Some words are the same in all cultures. c. The most complex societies have the most complex languages. d. All languages have the same number of words. e. All languages contain words for all aspects of the physical environment.

a. The vocabulary of a language emphasizes those features of the environment that are culturally most significant.

New international conditions have created problems and opportunities for anthropologists working in the field. What are some of the challenges that J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat associates with doing "ethnography of violence"? Select one: a. There is often unstable political organization, difficult and dangerous physical conditions, and difficulties in making ethical decisions. b. Informants do not want to work with the anthropologist because of lack of anonymity and the anthropologist cannot live in a central location. c. Social conditions are difficult, the anthropologist faces challenges in breaking local laws, and newspapers will not publish personal interest stories. d. It is difficult to study violence because it is infrequent and cannot be controlled. Also, the anthropologist frequently cannot get official permission to work in areas of violence. e. Violence is a cultural concept and anthropologists find it difficult to define this term. The "ethnography of violence," according to Kovats-Bernat, is an ethnocentric concept.

a. There is often unstable political organization, difficult and dangerous physical conditions, and difficulties in making ethical decisions.

Anthropologists study symbols because: Select one: a. They can represent an entire constellation of ideas and emotions. b. They are highly complex and members of a culture are unable to understand them without help from anthropologists. c. They have single, unique meanings that are easily learned. d. They only hold meaning when in tactile form, such as a flag. e. They reflect the concerns of particular individuals in culture.

a. They can represent an entire constellation of ideas and emotions.

Which of the following best describes the economics of potlatch of the tribes of the Pacific Northwest Coast? Select one: a. An expression of a cultural value that emphasizes charity and helping the poor. b. A method increasing productivity and distributing food and goods to a large dispersed population. c. An irrational destruction of valuable property. d. The most fundamental reason why these tribes have such a low standard of living. e. An imitation of European parties and feasting. Feedback

b. A method increasing productivity and distributing food and goods to a large dispersed population.

One aspect of language that appears to contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that human languages are similar in that: Select one: a. They are all created by humans. b. Anything that can be said in one language can be translated into every other human language. c. Every language uses the same set of sounds. d. There are only so many ways that humans can interpret the world around them. e. They are only so many words that can be invented in a language.

b. Anything that can be said in one language can be translated into every other human language.

In agricultural societies, the principal form of resources is: Select one: a. Livestock. b. Capital. c. Trade. d. Labor. e. Status.

b. Capital.

A critical form of cultural knowledge typically passed from fathers to elder sons in Maasai society is: Select one: a. Traditional healing techniques. b. Environmental knowledge and how livestock is moved. c. Means of contacting the supernatural and asking for abundance. d. Market trade and economic partners. e. Hunting techniques in a marginal environment

b. Environmental knowledge and how livestock is moved.

The idea that gender is "constructed" means that: Select one: a. Masculine and feminine are essentially the same in all cultures, and any differences across cultures are relatively superficial. b. Gender is established by social norms and values rather than biology. c. Gender traits are best analyzed with reference to material items, especially the built environment. d. Most cultures have few expectations about behavior as it relates to gender. e. In a free society, like the United States, we can take on any gender characteristics we like.

b. Gender is established by social norms and values rather than biology.

Human speech is infinitely productive. This means that: Select one: a. Human beings never become tired of talking. b. Humans can combine words into new, meaningful utterances that they have never heard before. c. Every normal adult can produce an infinite number of sounds. d. Human speech is always directed toward some productive purpose. e. The more human beings talk, the more productive they are economically.

b. Humans can combine words into new, meaningful utterances that they have never heard before.

Preindustrial agriculture uses all of the following techniques except: Select one: a. Irrigation. b. Pesticides. c. Selective livestock breeding. d. Crop rotation. e. Fertilizer.

b. Pesticides.

One of the most important functions of the clan across cultures is to: Select one: a. Determine political positions. b. Regulate marriage. c. Manage economic affairs of the family. d. Educate young people. e. Preserve the environment by sacred identification.

b. Regulate marriage.

Agriculture is characterized by a: Select one: a. Nomadic movement of village populations. b. Relatively complex techniques of water and soil control. c. Slashing and burning of forest cover. d. Simple technology, such as the use of a digging stick. e. Low population densities when compared with other food getting strategies.

b. Relatively complex techniques of water and soil control.

Within the discipline of anthropology, globalization has: a. Decreased the need for anthropologists. b. Tended to increase the political involvement of some anthropologists. c. Enabled anthropologists to use technology to do fieldwork without leaving their offices. d. Allowed anthropologists to become members of native cultures to a greater extent than before. e. Made it easier for anthologists to publish their findings.

b. Tended to increase the political involvement of some anthropologists.

In woman/woman marriages: Select one: a. The woman husband always takes on masculine characteristics. b. The female husband may take on aspects of the male gender role such as participating in male initiation rituals. c. The wife and her female husband always have sexual relations. d. Wives with female husbands are always regarded as inferior and stigmatized. e. The woman husband is someone who for a variety of reasons no man wanted for a wife.

b. The female husband may take on aspects of the male gender role such as participating in male initiation rituals.

A major characteristic of the environment which shapes aboriginal Australian survival is: Select one: a. The absence of plants. b. The shortage of water. c. The generally benign climate. d. The presence of big game animals. e. Climatic stability throughout the year.

b. The shortage of water.

Ethnobotany is: Select one: a. The method that anthropologists use to discover what is edible in any culture. b. The study of the way members of different cultures classify plants. c. The study of the dietary habits of members of different cultures. d. The study of the way members of different cultures understand health, sickness, and healing. e. The use of words from other languages to describe plants in North American forests.

b. The study of the way members of different cultures classify plants.

For Muslims, wearing the hijab: Select one: a. Is far more common in rural areas than in cities. b. Varies substantially from culture to culture. c. Is generally required only of married women. d. Is the same in all Muslim cultures since the Qur'an is the same sacred text. e. Is a practice that is rapidly disappearing.

b. Varies substantially from culture to culture.

As social complexity and population increase, the differences between economic systems is mostly measured as a difference in: Select one: a. Fitness and leisure activities available to the population. b. Quantity of consumption of goods and services. c. Access to productive resources. d. Political organizations. e. Management of distribution systems.

c. Access to productive resources

The defining characteristic of horticulture is that: Select one: a. It cannot support populations over 25 persons per square mile. b. It is found only in the New World. c. Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated. d. It is the most inefficient utilization of the environment. e. Plows and labor-intensive methods are used.

c. Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated.

The extended family seems to have clear advantages: Select one: a. Where marriage is a matter of free choice rather than arrangement. b. In hunting and gathering societies living on the margins of existence. c. In stable cultivating societies where ownership of land is important. d. In industrial societies with large urban populations. e. In socialist rather than capitalist societies.

c. In stable cultivating societies where ownership of land is important.

One of the world's most sexually repressed societies is the: Select one: a. Peasant villages of Southern Spain. b. United States of America. c. Irish of Inis Beag. d. Inuit. e. Arapesh of New Guinea.

c. Irish of Inis Beag.

Increased globalization and the movement from rural agriculture to urban industrial employment: Select one: a. Offers the promise of a better life for children, particularly girls. b. Almost always results in a decrease in the quality of life for women. c. May benefit women more than men. d. Almost always benefits men at the expense of women. e. Benefits men and women equally.

c. May benefit women more than men.

Indigenous peoples include all of the following, EXCEPT: Select one: a. Members of a society that has occupied a region for a long time. b. Members of groups recognized as original inhabitants. c. Members of any group who dress as indigenous peoples and participate in native pow-wows. d. Members of a group that is recognized as very ancient to a region. e. Members of a group that continues to live in a traditional manner.

c. Members of any group who dress as indigenous peoples and participate in native pow-wows.

Incest taboos universally apply to: Select one: a. First cousins. b. Cross cousins but not parallel cousins. c. Mothers and sons. d. Members of the same village.

c. Mothers and sons.

Balanced reciprocity is most typical of what kinds of trading relationships? Select one: a. Industrialized peoples with market economies. b. Non-industrialized peoples with market economies. c. Non-industrialized peoples without market economies. d. Foraging societies with no formal economies. e. Exchange between household economies and firms.

c. Non-industrialized peoples without market economies.

Informed consent involves all of the following, EXCEPT: Select one: a. Anthropologists must be involved in a dynamic discussion with participants in order to explain the significance of informed consent. b. Individuals should understand the risks and benefits inherent in the research. c. Participants must sign a witnessed contract with the anthropologist indicating that they approve of the research study. d. Participants must understand how the research data is likely to affect them. e. Individuals must be free to decide if they want to participate.

c. Participants must sign a witnessed contract with the anthropologist indicating that they approve of the research study.

With regard to the stability of a marriage, bridewealth payments: Select one: a. Make it easier for a husband to leave his wife than for her to leave him. b. Have no effect. c. Tend to stabilize marriages. d. Make it easier for a wife to leave her husband than for him to leave her. e. Have a destabilizing effect.

c. Tend to stabilize marriages.

In France, the growing number of Muslim immigrants has led to: Select one: a. Legislation that supported equal rights for men and women. b. A series of terror attacks aimed at forcing French authorities to officially recognize Islam. c. The outlawing of headscarves in public schools. d. A requirement that all students be taught Christianity in public schools. e. Greater tolerance of religion throughout French society.

c. The outlawing of headscarves in public schools.

Economics is defined as: Select one: a. The study of the interaction between culture, politics, and finances. b. The study of how the financial market influences a society's financial and cultural elements. c. The study of the ways in which the choices people make combine to determine how their society uses resources for production and distribution. d. The study of financial fluctuations within a particular society. e. The study of activities that affect distribution, exchange, and consumption. Feedback

c. The study of the ways in which the choices people make combine to determine how their society uses resources for production and distribution.

One critical difference between Western ethnocentrism and the ethnocentrism of many other peoples is: Select one: a. Westerners are more ethnocentric than others. b. Westerners are less ethnocentric than others. c. Westerners have more often been in a position to impose their view of culture than have others. d. Western notions of ethnocentrism include religious superiority while others did not. e. Western notions of ethnocentrism were justified while others were not.

c. Westerners have more often been in a position to impose their view of culture than have others.

According to anthropologist Laura Klein, Tlingit men: Select one: a. Blame women for the break-up of Tlingit families. b. Share equally in domestic chores so women can work. c. Initiate a high degree of domestic violence. d. Are supportive of women taking leadership roles in the community. e. Resent women's power.

d. Are supportive of women taking leadership roles in the community.

Which of the following might a chief at a potlatch be likely to do? Select one: a. Praise the wealth and power of the people he has invited. b. Demand that his followers worship him. c. Demand that those whom he invited give him gifts. d. Brag about his wealth and power. e. Ask God for forgiveness of his sins.

d. Brag about his wealth and power.

Norms and values are both: Select one: a. Timeless and unchanging because they are encoded in law and government. b. The result of substantial agreement between members of the dominant culture and members of sub-cultures. c. Controlled entirely by the dominant culture. d. Constantly changing and open to re-negotiation. e. Timeless and unchanging because they are encoded in religion and mythology.

d. Constantly changing and open to re-negotiation.

All of the following are associated with Franz Boas, EXCEPT: Select one: a. He was a critic of evolutionism. b. He was the first professor of anthropology at Columbia University. c. He was a champion of human rights. d. He did his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands. e. He trained a generation of U.S. fieldworkers.

d. He did his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands.

In foraging (hunting and gathering) societies, land: Select one: a. Is owned by chiefs or headmen, who have the right to sell it if desired. b. Is owned by the corporate group and not the individual. c. Is privately and exclusively owned by men. d. Is customarily used by certain groups, but others are not denied access to it. e. Is generally owned by individuals who are generous about letting others use it.

d. Is customarily used by certain groups, but others are not denied access to it.

The critical factor that distinguishes anthropology from other fields of study is: Select one: a. Its emphasis on rigorous experimentation and analysis of data. b. Its exclusive focus on non-Western cultures. c. Its use of theories of biological evolution to explain human behavior. d. Its interest in describing humankind throughout time and in all parts of the world. e. Its focus on the discovery of a single human nature.

d. Its interest in describing humankind throughout time and in all parts of the world.

Current American immigration policies gives preference to the following family members: Select one: a. Spouses only. b. Grandparents. c. Children only. d. Spouses and children. e. Brothers and sisters.

d. Spouses and children.

The kinship system of the United States is most similar to that of: Select one: a. The Yanomamo. b. The Hawaiian. c. The Omaha. d. The Eskimo. e. The Hopi.

d. The Eskimo.

Transculturation is: Select one: a. The result of the conquest of one culture by another. b. The movement of people from one culture to another. c. The idea that people should be raised simultaneously in at least two cultures. d. The notion that cultural traits are transformed as they are adopted and new cultural forms result. e. A political program aimed at creating a single world culture.

d. The notion that cultural traits are transformed as they are adopted and new cultural forms result.

The textbook uses the example of the Ju'hoansi people of Namibia to show how the spread of AIDS is influenced by: Select one: a. Government prevention programs. b. Religious extremism. c. Environmental conditions. d. An increase in sex work. e. Economic conditions.

e. Economic conditions.

What is the primary goal of emic research? Select one: a. Help insiders make more effective changes to their culture over time. b. Help governments better manage minority populations. c. Help outsiders determine which cultures are more effective in particular environments. d. Help insiders gain a better understanding of their own culture. e. Help outsiders understand what it means to be a member of another culture.

e. Help outsiders understand what it means to be a member of another culture.

In what types of societies would you most expect to encounter sex/gender alternatives? Select one: a. In societies where there is a great deal of warfare and no way to resolve conflict. b. In societies where monogamy is the only option for marriage. c. In societies undergoing rapid change, because there is a need to constantly adjust gender roles. d. In industrial societies where there is little parental supervision. e. In societies where androgyny is considered sacred and powerful.

e. In societies where androgyny is considered sacred and powerful.

All of the following are ethical concerns raised by anthropologists who work in military projects such as Human Terrain Systems (HTS), EXCEPT: Select one: a. Inability to obtain informed consent. b. Inability to keep the confidentiality of informants. c. Secretive nature of so much of the research data. d. Safety of informants. e. Inability to pay the informants adequately.

e. Inability to pay the informants adequately.

Ecological anthropologists are most interested in: Select one: a. Controlling human population growth. b. Assessing the effectiveness of different methods of making a living. c. Protecting the natural environment. d. Increasing the world's food supply. e. Interactions between humans and their environments.

e. Interactions between humans and their environments.

A dialect is: Select one: a. A language that does not have a logical system of grammar. b. Speech that consciously breaks the grammatical rules of language. c. A language that contains fewer than 1,500 words. d. Language that is used in informal social settings. e. Language that is used by less powerful groups in society.

e. Language that is used by less powerful groups in society.

Among the Maasai, pasture land is: Select one: a. Far less important than garden land and, therefore, ecologically degraded. b. Owned by individual families. c. Rented from the neighboring Nuer. d. Passed from mother's brother to sister's son. e. Owned collectively rather than individually.

e. Owned collectively rather than individually.

In the United States, although there are no formal endogamous rules, social groups tend to be endogamous by: Select one: a. Nuclear family. b. Sex. c. Extended family. d. Hair color. e. Race.

e. Race.

Among the Kipsigis, in negotiating the terms of the bridewealth payment, a woman's parents: Select one: a. Will frequently forgo the payment if the man is nice. b. Will ask less for a highly educated woman who can earn her own living. c. Will be motivated solely by making the best financial arrangement they can. d. Will ask more payment if their daughter is in love with the man. e. Try to find a balance between seeking a high bridewealth payment and concern for their daughter's happiness.

e. Try to find a balance between seeking a high bridewealth payment and concern for their daughter's happiness.

Cultural relativism requires that: Select one: a. All cultures be seen as equally good. b. All cultures be seen as equally self-serving. c. All cultures be measured against our own. d. An individual must give up his/her culture in order to understand another culture. e. Values and customs be understood in terms of the culture of which they are a part.

e. Values and customs be understood in terms of the culture of which they are a part.

Ethnocentrism: Select one: a. means judging other cultures by your own. b. involves an attitude of cultural superiority and looking at other cultures from the point of view of one's own culture. c. is often the source of racism. d. can be maladaptive. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.