Anthropology Ch. 13 Test

In the Asch experiment, ___________of the subjects retained their independent opinions. a. 2/3 b. 1/2 c. 1/4 d. 5/8

C

Why would any !Kung individual of the Kalahari Desert give away all of the animals they kill every day? a. they are really nice people who care for each other b. they have learned the true meaning of life c. to keep the meat to one's self would be wasteful as it would rot d. spiritual beings show them the true way to live in communal harmony

C

Emile Durkheim stressed that culture is something __________ us exerting a strong __________ power on us. a. inside/coercive b. outside/limiting c. inside/limiting d. outside/coercive

D

A group within a society that holds commonly shared customs is a a. subculture b. sodality c. subsociety d. subgroup.

A

Elizabeth Zechenter suggests that the concept of __________ is often used to justify traditions desired by the dominant and powerful. a. cultural relativism b. ethnocentrism c. adaptation d. maladaptation

A

Often, in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide by dominant powers, deprived peoples have created new cultures in a process called __________. a. ethnogenesis b. diasporazation c. acculturation d. diffusion

A

The concept of cultural integration means that a. cultural elements or traits are adjusted to or constant with. b. various subgroups in the society work together c. cultural traits that are maladaptive can be made to work with adaptive traits. d. cultural elements relate only in certain ways.

A

The frequency distribution of behavior patterns in a group very often takes the form of a. a bell-shaped curve. b. a straight line graph. c. an S-shaped curve. d. a Poisson curve.

A

When a member of a group diverges from acceptable standards, or norms, of social behavior, he/she may be ridiculed, arrested, or otherwise pressured into conformity, through what Emile Durkheim referred to as a. cultural constraints. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural penalties. d. ethnocentrism.

A

Which of the following is a behavior that would most likely be subject to direct cultural constraints in American society? a. choosing to wear nothing b. a young man's attempt to kiss his girlfriend c. a woman carrying her child in a soft basket hung from her head d. dancing in the street before going to work

A

A complex system of spoken, symbolic communication, which we call "language" a. probably originated in a few societies 20,000 years ago. b. has existed in people known to anthropologists. c. does not exist among many of the world's simpler societies. d. probably originated about the same time as agriculture.

B

Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is a. inherited. b. learned and shared. c. transmitted only from one group to another. d. only a small part of how people learn their behaviors.

B

For something to be cultural, it must be a. traditional b. learned and commonly shared c. part of a society's ideals. d. unchanging.

B

Sets of learned and shared behaviors and ideas that are characteristic of a particular social group comprise the anthropological definition of a. society. b. culture. c. ethnocentrism. d. subculture.

B

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities is called a. a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism c. c. humanistic. d. d. empathetic.

B

The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other a. does not necessarily mean that they have culture, since their social life may be purely instinctual. b. suggests that they have a culture. c. suggests that they are ancestral to modern humans. d. suggests that they are classified as more cultural than many mammals that spend their lives in isolation.

B

The traditional Bedouin patterns of ________ depends on mobility. a. survival b. herding animals c. culture d. customs

B

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of how cultural elements are borrowed through diffusion? a. Diffusion is a selective process, with societies borrowing cultural element from each other that fit their cultural needs and values while rejecting elements unsuitable to them. b. Cultural elements are always imposed by force from dominant societies to subordinate societies. c. Cultural elements borrowed through diffusion are often modified by the recipient society to satisfy their values. d. Diffusion can take place either directly through contact between neighboring cultures, or indirectly through third parties such as traveling soldiers and traders.

B

Why are maladaptive customs likely to disappear from a society? a. no one likes them b. they diminish the chances of survival and reproduction c. they are immediately destructive of the group d. they are too unique for the group

B

A ________ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language. a. family b. culture c. society d. sub-culture

C

A person who judges other cultures solely in terms of his or her own culture is said to be a. integrated b. maladaptive c. ethnocentric d. prejudice

C

Because a word or phrase can represent what it stands for, whether or not that thing is present, we say that language is a. interpretive b. adaptive c. symbolic d. naturalistic

C

First championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others, which important tenet of anthropology states that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that culture? a. ethnocentrism b. participant-observation c. cultural relativism d. evolutionism

C

In discovering cultural patterns, it is sometimes necessary to conduct surveys. What sampling technique is necessary to guarantee a representative sample? a. population sampling b. redundant sampling c. random sampling d. marginal sampling

C

One of the indications of how much an animal depends on learned behavior for survival is the a. distance it travels from its home base. b. amount of social behavior the animal exhibits. c. proportion of an animal's life span spent in childhood. d. size of an animal.

C

Particular behaviors and ideas that vary from society to society are a. genetic b. adaptive c. learned d. taught

C

The process of cultural change known as _____________ describes a situation where a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages. a. unconscious invention b. stimulus diffusion c. acculturation d. enculturation

C

Variations in individual behavior are confined within __________ acceptable limits. a. legally b. a group's c. socially d. normally

C

Which of the following illustrates an example of an ideal cultural trait in US society that does not correspond to practical reality? a. Workers take the weekend off to have a chance to relax. b. Most children will go off to college, marry, and start households of their own. c. People of all classes and races are equal before the law. d. Children call their mothers on Mother's Day.

C

In anthropology, the term "culture" refers to a. the care of plant and animal resources. b. the artistic heritage of any society, including painting and sculpture, music and the performing arts. c. the long-standing traditions of a particular society. d. all the learned behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or population.

D

One example of a(n)_________ is how far apart people stand when they are having a conversation. a. custom b. random sample c. integration d. cultural pattern

D

Standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior are referred to by social scientists as a. major rules b. laws c. mores d. norms

D

The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably a. parents. b. the elders of a society. c. the school system. d. language

D

The term "subculture" refers to a. the conscious behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals of a society. b. the unconscious behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals of a society. c. a cultural pattern considered inferior by members of a society. d. the variant culture of a group of people within a larger society.

D

The widespread flow of people, information, technology, and money over the earth's surface, and a powerful source of cultural exchange, is what anthropologists refer to as ______________. a. diasporazation b. melting-pot syndrome c. cultural adaptation d. globalization

D