anthropology midterm 1 mix
Physical anthropologists study what type of science? a. astrological b. biological c. social d. biological and social
d. biological and social
What makes us human? a. physiology, culture, and planning b. biology, culture, and religion c. physiology, behavior, and religion d. biology, culture, and behavior
d. biology, culture, and behavior
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that: a. are not coded to produce proteins. b. contain numerous point mutations. c. occur only on the X and Y chromosomes. d. can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes.
d. can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes.
Proteins consist of: a. genes. b. RNA plus mRNA. c. chains of DNA nucleotides. d. chains of amino acids.
d. chains of amino acids.
Australian aborigines are an endogamous society. This means that marriage and reproduction take place within the group, leading to: a. increased genetic diversity through genetic drift. b. migration without gene flow. c. more genetic diversity than would be observed in an exogamous society. d. decreased genetic diversity due to a lack of admixture.
d. decreased genetic diversity due to a lack of admixture.
Sexual dimorphism refers to the: a. onset of menarche. b. reduction in bone growth rate with the fusion of epiphyses. c. difference in sexual characteristics before versus after puberty. d. difference in physical attributes of males and females.
d. difference in physical attributes of males and females.
The clinal decrease in type B blood from East Asia to Western Europe is probably the result of: a. the founder effect. b. stabilizing selection. c. mutation. d. gene flow.
d. gene flow.
Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations: a. have lower BMRs. b. consume more carbohydrates. c. reduce peripheral body temperatures to maintain core temperatures. d. have short limbs and large bodies.
d. have short limbs and large bodies.
The physical location of a gene within the genome is called the: a. chromosome. b. nucleus. c. address. d. locus.
d. locus.
When individuals of the same species are reproductively isolated, genetic differences may accumulate in sufficient number so that new species could emerge. Such an event would be an example of: a. microevolution. b. the founder effect. c. equilibrium. d. macroevolution.
d. macroevolution.
Chromosome number is reduced during: a. mitosis. b. recombination. c. translation. d. meiosis.
d. meiosis.
The best-documented case of industrial melanism involves: a. Galápagos finches. b. dung beetles. c. monarch butterflies. d. peppered moths.
d. peppered moths.
Franz Boas: a. was a strong supporter of the race concept. b. created racial categories based on living populations in the United States. c. showed that U.S.-born children had the same head shapes as their immigrant parents. d. showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.
d. showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.
Adolescence includes: a. stability in physiology, behavior, and cognition. b. a decline in function of tissue and many organs. c. eruption of dentition and increased brain growth. d. the development of secondary sex characteristics and interest in adult social, sexual, and economic behaviors.
d. the development of secondary sex characteristics and interest in adult social, sexual, and economic behaviors.
Gene flow differs from genetic drift because gene flow is: a. a random change in the frequency of alleles due to isolation or migration of smaller populations. b. random change in a gene or chromosome. c. the guiding force of evolution. d. the spread of new genetic material from one gene pool to another.
d. the spread of new genetic material from one gene pool to another.
Physical anthropologists: a. travel around the world to investigate human populations. b. study living populations. c. study primates like lemurs, monkeys, and apes. d. travel around the world to investigate human populations; study living populations, and study primates like lemurs, monkeys, and apes.
d. travel around the world to investigate human populations; study living populations, and study primates like lemurs, monkeys, and apes.
Dark- skinned people who live in areas of relatively less sunlight are more likely than light- skinned people to experience a. premature aging of the skin. b. folate deficiency. c. skin cancer. d. vitamin D deficiency.
d. vitamin D deficiency.
In "Evolution and The Origin of Disease" the authors point out a. the utility of diarrhea, fever, sneezing, nausea, vomiting and anxiety. b. that pathogens and poisons can become either weaker OR stronger over time dispite our efforts to overcome them. c. that our brains evolved in a substantially different environment and way of life than how we live today and consequently we have urges and practices that are our undoing. d. that our eyes are arranged backwards, helpful genetic protection against dis- ease has its downside, and the location of the lungfish's breathing aparatus has endangered its descendants when swallowing. e. All of the above.
e. All of the above.
In his article, T. Ryan Gregory distinguishes evolution as fact from theory and path. Gregory says evolution as "fact" means that a. that descent with modification is supported by biogeography, homology of structure, vestigial organs, extinction, and recently, comparative genomics. b. confirmation of descent with modification has been made through direct observation of evolution taking place in nature and in the lab. c. the mechanism of variation and selection, the theory of how change occurs, does work to adapt species to changing environments. d. we know all the historical particulars of what species descended from which previous species. e. just a. and b.
e. just a. and b.
An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the following EXCEPT type _______ blood. a. AB b. O c. A d. B
a. AB
Before AD 1000, what did the people of St. Catherines Island eat? a. They ate wild animals, fish, and wild plants. b. They ate bison and salmon. c. They were vegetarians and ate wild plants exclusively. d. They ate mostly fruit.
a. They ate wild animals, fish, and wild plants.
Rickets is the result of: a. a lack of vitamin D. b. a lack of melanin. c. high UV exposure. d. severe air pollution.
a. a lack of vitamin D.
Hox genes: a. appear to function in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms. b. function only in fruit flies. c. control which amino acids get plugged into polypeptide chains. d. control the development of language in humans.
a. appear to function in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.
Malaria is caused by: a. bites from infected mosquitoes. b. a genetic mutation. c. drinking bad water. d. eating spoiled food.
a. bites from infected mosquitoes.
Multiple biological traits: a. do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications. b. are race specific. c. help with biological profiling. d. do not exist in humans.
a. do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications.
Linnaeus's taxonomic system is referred to as a "hierarchy" because: a. each species has a "higher level" genus and "lower level" species, and are placed within additional higher level categories. b. species are placed in a ranked list called the "Great Chain of Being." c. humans are considered the most evolved species. d. naming species officially requires approval of an appointed board of high-level experts.
a. each species has a "higher level" genus and "lower level" species, and are placed within additional higher level categories.
Forensic anthropologists: a. focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals. b. study skeletal remains from past human populations. c. study the evolution of human skeletal traits. d. do not work outside academia.
a. focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals.
Together, all of the alleles contained within a group of interbreeding individuals are known as a: a. gene pool. b. population. c. clinal distribution. d. polymorphism.
a. gene pool.
The ABO and MN blood-type frequencies of the Dunkers differ significantly from those of current American and German populations due to: a. genetic drift. b. natural selection. c. gene flow. d. mutation.
a. genetic drift.
Patrilocal societies are expected to display: a. greater mtDNA diversity than Y chromosome diversity. b. roughly equivalent mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity. c. greater Y chromosome diversity than mtDNA diversity. d. no strong correlation between societal structure and genetic diversity.
a. greater mtDNA diversity than Y chromosome diversity.
According to Darwin, natural selection operates at the level of: a. individuals. b. genes. c. populations. d. species.
a. individuals.
A cline: a. is continuous variation that follows a continuum. b. is variation that falls into discrete categories. c. describes the pattern of occurrence of trisomy 18. d. was used to describe human variation as early as the Renaissance.
a. is continuous variation that follows a continuum
A trait's heritability is the proportion of its variation that: a. is genetic. b. cannot be explained. c. is the product of genes and environment. d. results from the environment alone.
a. is genetic
The long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate that the population: a. is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule. b. represents the variability that results from Wolff's law of skeletal replacement. c. has body proportions that are not well adapted to warmer climates. d. is well adapted for life at high latitudes, as Allen's rule predicts for pastoralist populations.
a. is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule.
Which of the following is not an example of "plasticity" in humans? a. lactose intolerance. b.height. c.metabolic rate d. lung capacity at various altitudes.
a. lactose intolerance.
The evolution of the modern horse with a single hoof on each limb from a dog-sized ancestral species with multiple digits is an example of: a. macroevolution. c. disruptive selection. b. stabilizing selection. c. disruptive selection. d. microevolution.
a. macroevolution.
Adaptive radiation occurs when: a. one species gives rise to multiple closely related species. b. several species adapt to one environment. c. species adapt to environments with high radiation levels. d. an individual adapts to varying environments.
a. one species gives rise to multiple closely related species.
Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans? a. physical anthropology b. archaeology c. linguistic anthropology d. cultural anthropology
a. physical anthropology
The results of a disadvantaged social environment include: a. poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy. b. poor speech and excessive eating habits. c. poor reading comprehension. d. an inability to think critically and develop long-term planning.
a. poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.
Which of the following biological processes involves a reduction in homeostasis? a. senescence b. Wolff's law c. prenatal development d. adult stage of development
a. senescence
Mutations in DNA found in which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences? a. sex cells (gametes) c. skin pigment cells b. red blood cells c. skin pigment cells d. brain cells
a. sex cells (gametes)
Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause: a. skin cancer. b. hypoxia. c. rickets. d. hypothermia.
a. skin cancer.
What makes it possible for humans to accumulate an amazing amount of information over long periods of time? a. social learning b. television c. social media d. Mimicry
a. social learning
Darwinian evolution proposes that: a. species adapt and change over time based on the environment. b. an individual can change within its own lifetime. c. species adapt based on individual goals. d. individuals determine their own biological adaptations.
a. species adapt and change over time based on the environment.
various environments to which humans have moved reflects a. the importance of skin color to human survival. b. racial harmony. c.ethnic mobility andadaptability. d.European genetic influence.
a. the importance of skin color to human survival.
The advantageous "attributes" to which Darwin refers are now known as: a. traits. b. genes. c. alleles. d. chromosomes.
a. traits.
The prenatal stage in humans is divided into: a. trimesters. b. the neonatal period versus after the end of lactation. c. infancy, childhood, the juvenile period, puberty, adolescence, and adulthood. d. the neonatal period, infancy, the juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence.
a. trimesters.
Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because it: a. was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals. b. was possible only after the advent of simple material culture. c. followed brain expansion in human evolution. d. allowed hominids to come out of the trees and make tools 10 mya.
a. was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.
How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology? a. Biocultural anthropology combines cultural studies with archaeology. b. Biocultural anthropology studies the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture; cultural anthropology studies diverse cultures and societies. c. It is strictly a biological science. d. It considers culture to be a by-product of our biological histories.
b. Biocultural anthropology studies the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture; cultural anthropology studies diverse cultures and societies.
How was Darwin influenced by Thomas Malthus's work on population growth? a. Darwin was interested in Malthus's examination of population changes in pea plants. b. Darwin was influenced by Malthus's work on demography and population responses to food availability. c. Darwin liked the concept of Latin taxonomic classification as it pertained to human groups. d. Darwin was greatly influenced by research on acquired characteristics.
b. Darwin was influenced by Malthus's work on demography and population responses to food availability.
The mutation known as trisomy 21, in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, is more commonly known as _______ syndrome. a. Turner b. Down c. Klinefelter's d. Williams
b. Down
The tallest people in the world are the _____ a.Americans. b. Dutch. c. Watusi. d. those who were born as low-birth-weight babies.
b. Dutch.
According to Nesse & Williams in "Evolution and The Origins of Disease", the mammalian eye, the heart valve, and the wisdom tooth are examples of the perfection achieved by natural selection in evolution.
b. False
As T. Ryan Gregory points out in "Evolution as Fact, Theory and Path", theory and hypotheses are synonyms in science.
b. False
As reported in "Epistemology" by Kenneth Feder, features in tabloids are fertile ground for educating the public about anthropology as a science. T/F (true is a and false is b on your scantron)
b. False
What effect does natural selection have on population variation? a. It increases variation. b. It decreases variation. c. It both increases and decreases variation. d. It does not affect variation.
b. It decreases variation.
Evolution can best be defined as: a. the appearance of a new species. b. a change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time. c. changes in the DNA of an individual over his or her lifetime. d. a process that occurs only over extremely long periods of time.
b. a change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time.
Evolutionary synthesis is: a. the concept of evolution through natural selection. b. a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection. c. a combination of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and natural selection. d. the combination of the theory of evolution and Linnaean taxonomy.
b. a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection.
According to the authors of "Evolution and The Origin of Disease" the term Darwinian medicine refers to a. explaining the causes and seeking to cure deleterious conditions. b. asking why the body has traits that make us vulnerable to various deleterious condi- tions. c. the effort to purge the human race of unfit people. d. The fact that natural selection maximizes health.
b. asking why the body has traits that make us vulnerable to various deleterious conditions.
Physical anthropologists view how humans come to be the way they are as the result of: a. their biological makeups, which primarily define who they are. b. both evolutionary history and their own individual life histories. c. what their genes make them; environment has very little effect. d. their environment; genes have very little effect.
b. both evolutionary history and their own individual life histories.
In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding: a. applies only to genes on the same chromosome. b. demonstrates the law of independent assortment. c. explains gene linkage. d. explains inheritance only in simple organisms.
b. demonstrates the law of independent assortment.
The expression of polygenic traits is: a. never determined by the influence of environmental factors. b. determined by genes at several loci c. determined by multiple genes at one locus. d. determined solely by the influence of environmental factors.
b. determined by genes at several loci.
The type of selection that favored progressively larger brain size in human evolution is _______ selection. a. natural b. directional c. stabilizing d. disruptive
b. directional
Meiosis results in the production of: a. two gametes. b. four gametes. c. a single gamete. d. none of the above
b. four gametes.
In your textbook, the lower frequency of sickle-cell anemia among present-day Americans of West African ancestry as compared to people living in West Africa blacks is attributed to: a. genetic drift. b. gene flow. c. new mutations. d. none of the above
b. gene flow.
Gametes are: a. diploid. b. haploid. c. produced during mitosis. d. somatic.
b. haploid.
An individual who displays the disease sickle-cell anemia must have inherited the deleterious allele from both phenotypically normal parents. This individual is therefore: a. homozygous, with two dominant alleles. b. homozygous, with two recessive alleles. c. heterozygous, with one dominant and one recessive allele. d. haplozygous.
b. homozygous, with two recessive alleles.
What are three key attributes related to human uniqueness? a. eating, sleeping, and watching television b. increased hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated food c. hunting, avoiding predators, and tool making d. sleeping, hunting, and making clothing
b. increased hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated food
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that DNA: a. was studied during Darwin's lifetime. b. is the so-called recipe for all biological traits and functions in animals. c. was discovered by Mendel. d. is stored in ribosomes.
b. is the so-called recipe for all biological traits and functions in animals.
Human ABO blood types are determined by: a. regulatory genes. b. multiple alleles. c. multiple genes. d. homeotic genes.
b. multiple alleles.
R. C. Lewontin found that human "races" have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this through: a. research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races. b. research indicating that race categories accounted for a very small percentage of variation found across human populations. c. the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics. d. research that examined genetic diversity across different species of mammals.
b. research indicating that race categories accounted for a very small percentage of variation found across human populations.
Stressors during the prenatal stage include: a. a vegetarian diet of greens, fruits, and dairy products. b. smoking, alcohol, and drugs. c. heavy exercise like running and swimming. d. lack of exercise.
b. smoking, alcohol, and drugs.
Prokaryotes first appeared: a. 10,000 years ago. b. 1 mya. c. 3.5 bya. d. 65 mya.
c. 3.5 bya.
The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group (primates) was: a. Charles Darwin. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Carolus Linnaeus. d. Robert Hooke.
c. Carolus Linnaeus.
How did Lamarck contribute to the theory of evolution? a. He discovered genetic mutation through experiments with pea plants. b. He proposed the concept of natural selection after his voyage to the Galapagos Islands and his study of finches. c. He proposed the first serious model of how traits are passed on from parent to offspring through inheritance of acquired characteristics, though that idea turned out to be incorrect. d. He proposed a concept known today as gene flow.
c. He proposed the first serious model of how traits are passed on from parent to offspring through inheritance of acquired characteristics, though that idea turned out to be incorrect.
Cultural adaptation: a. occurs at the population level via natural selection. b. occurs at the individual level during childhood. c. involves using material culture or learned practices to make living possible in certain settings. d. usually occurs in adults, not children.
c. involves using material culture or learned practices to make living possible in certain settings.
Allen's rule indicates that humans will have: a. larger lungs in hot environments and smaller lungs in cold environments. b. smaller bodies in cold environments and larger bodies in hot environments. c. longer limbs in hot environments and shorter limbs in cold environments. d. taller bodies in cold environments and shorter bodies in hot environments.
c. longer limbs in hot environments and shorter limbs in cold environments.
The forces of evolution include: a. gene flow, mutations, chromosomes, and genes. b. mutations, genes, and genetic drift. c. natural selection, variation (mutation) gene flow, and genetic drift. d. natural selection, genes, alleles, and chromosomes.
c. natural selection, variation (mutation) gene flow, and genetic drift.
Thomas Malthus's contribution to natural selection is the: a. binomial taxonomic system of naming species. b. theory that the earth's old age is based on geologic evidence resulting from cataclysmic events. c. observation that an abundance of food would allow a population to increase geometrically and indefinitely, but there simply is not enough food, so populations are limited by food supply. d. theory that environmental resources increase to population pressures.
c. observation that an abundance of food would allow a population to increase geometrically and indefinitely, but there simply is not enough food, so populations are limited by food supply.
In mammals, the male parent's gametes determine the sex of his offspring because: a. the X chromosome originates only from females. b. sperm are more powerful than eggs. c. the Y chromosome is present in males only. d. the X chromosome determines sex.
c. the Y chromosome is present in males only.
James Hutton is associated primarily with: a. adaptation. b. catastrophism. c. uniformitarianism. d. principles of heredity.
c. uniformitarianism.
Nucleotide bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following EXCEPT: a. thymine. b. adenine. c. uracil. d. cytosine.
c. uracil.
In the context of physical anthropology, a disadvantaged social environment includes one: a. with minimal access to technology. b. with no transportation system. c. with poor-quality nutrition. d. where most people do not know how to read.
c. with poor-quality nutrition.
_______ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person's body. a. Nuclear b. All c. Ribosomal d. Mitochondrial
d. Mitochondrial
As described in "The Tall and the Short of It," plasticity refers to the ability of an organism to a. change its genetic destiny. b. insulate itself from itsenvironment. c. manipulate its gene for growth. d. adapt in response to changes in the environment.
d. adapt in response to changes in the environment.
As T. Ryan Gregory asserts in "Evolution as Fact, Theory and Path" a. using the scientific method doesn't produce absolute certainty. b. the scientific method can produce facts. c. a fact is an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed, and for practical purposes is accepted as true. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Transfer RNA: a. seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons. b. contains codons that correspond to specific amino acids. c. brings amino acids together to form polypeptide chains. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
You are reading a scientific article about cheetahs that have stripes instead of spots. The article refers to this as a genetic mutation. Though you see they have no negative impact on the cheetahs' fitness, the stripes are nevertheless considered a genetic mutation because mutations: a. can result in an evolutionary advantage. b. can result in an evolutionary disadvantage. c. may have no effect on the phenotype. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Kenneth Feder in "Epistemology" and Thomas Kuhn, whom he quotes, agree that a. the progress of scientific knowledge is not linear; it grows in bursts, as new paradigms are usually rejected at first. b. very well supported (and as yet undisproved) hypotheses are considered the best explanation so far and scientists call these theories. c. the theory of biological evolution is called a scientific theory because it has held up so well to all tests, new discoveries, and new technologies. d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
As reported in "Epistemology" by Kenneth Feder, Occam's Razor asserts that the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions is probably the best explanation. Among the following of Feder's examples, pick a correct statement he used to illustrate Occam's razor. a. Suspended objects in his colleague's classroom were moving by psychokinesis. b. Huge bones discovered in Europe and North America during the 17th and 18th centuries were once par animals that no longer exist, not put there by the Devil. c. In Loomis II stones from nearby sources are more numerous than stones from far away as was also the case in building experiments done by students in Feder's archaeology class 2000 years later. d. Both Sherlock Holmes' and Semmelweis' process of discovery shows that all factors must be tested.
c. In Loomis II stones from nearby sources are more numerous than stones from far away as was also the case in building experiments done by students in Feder's archaeology class 2000 years later.
In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother. This provided evidence for: a. Mendel's law of independent assortment. b. Thomas Hunt Morgan's ideas of mutation. c. Mendel's law of segregation. d. Mendel's concept of nondisjunction.
c. Mendel's law of segregation.
As reported in "Epistemology" by Kenneth Feder, which of the statements below is true? a. According to new satellite data, Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain in the world and Bear Mt. in Connecticut is the highest point in the state. b. If you drop a feather and a hammer at the same time on the moon, the hammer will get to the surface first. c. Scientists accept that they are exploring a reality independent of our own minds that works according to discoverable rules. d. Semmelweis' solved the mystery of high deaths in childbirth in Division 2 in the hospital when a female doctor who cut herself while doing an autopsy died of a disease that had the same symptoms as childbed fever.
c. Scientists accept that they are exploring a reality independent of our own minds that works according to discoverable rules.
Why are Darwin's finches considered good examples of natural selection? a. They are found on every continent. b. They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence. c. They embody the idea of descent with modification. d. They did not differ between populations.
c. They embody the idea of descent with modification.
C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept: a. was first used by Marco Polo as he recorded huge amounts of information during his travels in Asia. b. has been present throughout human history. c. can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands. d. originated in ancient Egypt.
c. can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands.
Children living at high altitudes develop a larger chest cavity by adulthood than children living at lower altitudes. This is an example of: a. environmental adaptations that occur at the individual level. b. acclimatization at the individual level. c. developmental adaptations that occur at the level of the individual during critical life stages. d. inheritance of increases in lung volume by high-altitude populations.
c. developmental adaptations that occur at the level of the individual during critical life stages.
Studies of Galapagos finches have found that at certain points in time all finches on the island have either wide beaks or sharp narrow beaks. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is _______ selection. a. directional c. disruptive b. natural c. disruptive d. stabilizing
c. disruptive
Somatic cells are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. each includes a nucleus at some stage of its development. b. they are used in multiple tissues throughout the body. c. each contains half a copy of an organism's DNA. d. each contains a complete copy of all of an organism's DNA.
c. each contains half a copy of an organism's DNA.
The study of physical anthropology varies in that some physical anthropologists study: a. potential for life on other planets. b. the interaction between domestic animals and disease. c. extinct and living species of primates. d. changes in marine life.
c. extinct and living species of primates.
Physical anthropologists seek to study: a. humans from a cultural perspective. b. humans from a biological perspective only. c. humans from a biological and cultural perspective. d. human behavior only.
c. humans from a biological and cultural perspective.
As reported in "The Tall and the Short of It," studies on height reveal that adult height is determined a. solely by genes. b. changing the growth patterns within groups takes centuries. c. improving the diet and health of Maya refugees led to their having taller children. d. the Tutsis are taller on average than most Americans.
c. improving the diet and health of Maya refugees led to their having taller children.
