anthropology Test 2 study guide (ch 4,5,6)
Haplotype
A group of distinctive inherited genes
Ethnopoetics
A method of recording oral poetry, stories, ritual language, a nd nearly any narrative speech act as verses and stanzas rather than as prose paragraphs to capture the format and other performative elements that might be lost in written texts.
Breccia
A rock composed of broken fragments or minerals cemented together by a fine-grained matrix
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
Ethnography of speaking
An anthropological approach to language that distinguishes the ways that people actually speak from the ideal ways that people in any culture are supposed to speak
Absolute dating (or chronometric dating)
Any dating method that determines an age of a fossil, rock, artifact, or archaeological feature on some specified time scale.
Chronometer dating
Any dating method that determines an age of a fossil, rock, artifact, or archaeological feature on some specified time scale
Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak.
False
Cultural anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, field notes, and participant observation
False
The only useful way that we can understand non-living human ancestors comes from the study of fossils.
False
Alluvial soil
Rich, fine-grained soils deposited by rivers and streams
A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.
True
America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices.
True
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake.
True
Pleistocene
a geologic period in which much of the land in the northern hemisphere was covered by glaciers. These ice sheets retreated about 12,000 years ago
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
a summarizing symbol
Remote sensing techniques a
a way to correlate magnetic and locational data
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
action research
If you studied the deeply buried remains of a 15,000-year-old funerary site in the Gobi Desert you would be least likely to analyze
ancient DNA
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognitive words
Bronislaw Malinowski developed the ______________ method, which requires the researcher to live with people for years in order to develop the "native's point of view."
ethnographic
Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology?
fieldwork
If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?
how the speakers of each dialect pronounce different words with similar meanings in the several dialects
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjectivity
In attempting to understand the way that ancient humans actually lived, paleoanthropologists Richard Leakey and writer Roger Lewin described the difficulty involved as being like a
jigsaw puzzle with most pieces missing
Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves
learning the local language becoming involved in people's lives spending a significant amount of time in the field
Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
metaphor
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called & The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
narrative symbols
___________ questions encourage informants to talk about what they find particularly meaningful.
open-ended
What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?
opinions on upcoming elections details about court cases life histories terms for biological species
If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage
paleoanthropology
If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in
paleoanthropology
The study of ancient plants as a means of reconstructing prehistoric environments is known as ________________
paleoethnobotany
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
. _____________ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."
participant observation
As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of
participant observation
_______ refers to the structure of speech sounds
phonology
If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?
record how younger people, middle-aged people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words
One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use
regional surveys GIS systems surface surveys aerial surveys
The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through
seriation
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
Environmental changes make it essential that an archaeologist understand the proximal relationship of ___________ and habitation site
society
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
survey interview
In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site?
test pits
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group language is a guide to "social reality" we understand the material world through the language we speak
The comparative method
uses data from many different societies