anthropology Test 2 study guide (ch 4,5,6)

Haplotype

A group of distinctive inherited genes

Ethnopoetics

A method of recording oral poetry, stories, ritual language, a nd nearly any narrative speech act as verses and stanzas rather than as prose paragraphs to capture the format and other performative elements that might be lost in written texts.

Breccia

A rock composed of broken fragments or minerals cemented together by a fine-grained matrix

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

Ethnography of speaking

An anthropological approach to language that distinguishes the ways that people actually speak from the ideal ways that people in any culture are supposed to speak

Absolute dating (or chronometric dating)

Any dating method that determines an age of a fossil, rock, artifact, or archaeological feature on some specified time scale.

Chronometer dating

Any dating method that determines an age of a fossil, rock, artifact, or archaeological feature on some specified time scale

Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak.

False

Cultural anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, field notes, and participant observation

False

The only useful way that we can understand non-living human ancestors comes from the study of fossils.

False

Alluvial soil

Rich, fine-grained soils deposited by rivers and streams

A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.

True

America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices.

True

Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake.

True

Pleistocene

a geologic period in which much of the land in the northern hemisphere was covered by glaciers. These ice sheets retreated about 12,000 years ago

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

a pidgin language

According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of

a summarizing symbol

Remote sensing techniques a

a way to correlate magnetic and locational data

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

action research

If you studied the deeply buried remains of a 15,000-year-old funerary site in the Gobi Desert you would be least likely to analyze

ancient DNA

Cultural anthropologists do research by

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

cognitive words

Bronislaw Malinowski developed the ______________ method, which requires the researcher to live with people for years in order to develop the "native's point of view."

ethnographic

Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology?

fieldwork

If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?

how the speakers of each dialect pronounce different words with similar meanings in the several dialects

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

intersubjectivity

In attempting to understand the way that ancient humans actually lived, paleoanthropologists Richard Leakey and writer Roger Lewin described the difficulty involved as being like a

jigsaw puzzle with most pieces missing

Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves

learning the local language becoming involved in people's lives spending a significant amount of time in the field

Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of

metaphor

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called & The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called

morphology

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except

narrative symbols

___________ questions encourage informants to talk about what they find particularly meaningful.

open-ended

What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?

opinions on upcoming elections details about court cases life histories terms for biological species

If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage

paleoanthropology

If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in

paleoanthropology

The study of ancient plants as a means of reconstructing prehistoric environments is known as ________________

paleoethnobotany

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on

parole

. _____________ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."

participant observation

As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of

participant observation

_______ refers to the structure of speech sounds

phonology

If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?

record how younger people, middle-aged people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words

One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use

regional surveys GIS systems surface surveys aerial surveys

The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through

seriation

A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?

sign

Environmental changes make it essential that an archaeologist understand the proximal relationship of ___________ and habitation site

society

If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?

survey interview

In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site?

test pits

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because

the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group language is a guide to "social reality" we understand the material world through the language we speak

The comparative method

uses data from many different societies