Anthropology unit one exam review 2.0
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
A commitment to doing no harm The rejection of clandestine research responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying
In Miner's article, Body Rituals Among the Nacirema, _________ is the cultural group that he is actually describing.
American
Enculturation starts
As soon as we are born
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
Biological anthropology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
Cultural anthropology Linguistic anthropology archaeology Biological anthropology
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices and only judge them based upon their own normativities is known as:
Cultural relativism
When we teach children to eat with a fork rather than eat with chopsticks, we are engaging in
Enculturation
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
Ethnocentrism
Culture can only be transmitted through face-to-face interaction.
False
Gene flow is the movement of genetic material across different ecosystems.
False
Industrialization is a shift from
Farming to factories
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
How social changes are reflected in how people communicate with one another How new languages are formed how indigenous people classify their social worlds
Why is AIDS having a more dramatic effect on populations in sub-Saharan African than in North America and Europe?
In sub-Saharan Africa, people have limited access to medicine that makes AIDS a manageable condition
During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
Learn the local language Study how environmental changes affect agriculture record people's economic transactions
One of the first steps that an anthropologist must take to understand other cultures is to
Overcome ethnocentrism
Miner was attempting to make that familiar strange in order to
Show how others might see our culture and in turn show us our ethnocentricities
Which theorist followed the theory of social evolution?
Sir E.B. Tylor
"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Is the first definition of culture and was said by:
Sir EB Tylor
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
The people or species they study
Humans learn culture from the people and cultural institutions that surround them. When does this learning occur?
Throughout their entire life
A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
True
Historical archaeologists excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories.
True
Many evolutionary processes interact to affect the organism.
True
Research institutes and universities where research is conducted are required by law to have Institutional Review Board, which monitor all human subjects-based research.
True
The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype.
True
The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in
a great chain of being
A mutation is
a slight, unpredictable variation in genetic code that occurs during reproduction
An anthropologist who studies the designs on pottery from the Han dynasty would most likely be
an archeaologist
Evolution of human sleep patterns was greatly affected by
cultural changes
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in their entirety is called
holism
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
Even if we cannot necessarily predict the outcomes of direct genetic manipulation, we do know that it has direct social impacts, including
it can lead to unnecessary geneticization
Why do so many Americans prefer cereal for breakfast?
it has become the norm through social institutions, beliefs, power relations, and daily life
Charles Darwin avoided use of the term "evolution" because
it might suggest progress or improvement
Examples of social institutions are
kinship, marriage, and farming
Culture is
learned and shared
If you observed gradual changes in environmental temperature and, at the same time, observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over fifteen generations, which theory might best help explain what is going on?
natural selection
In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of
niche construction
Termites in the wild construct huge "mounds" as a habitat. From the perspective of biocultural evolutionary concepts, termites and their engineering feats are involved in a type of
niche construction
One of the key aspects of biocultural evolution is that there is
no specific direction or goal as an outcome, but that it is dynamic
Some anthropologists believe we should move beyond cultural relativism and adopt critical relativism, which is the idea that
one should only take a stance on a practice or belief after trying to understand it in its cultural context
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young
Ethnocentrism
presents a major problem for anthropologists means you think your culture is superior to others is a common feature of culture
Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it
provides resistance to malaria in the tropics
In a study where an anthropologist is collecting stories, memories, beliefs, jokes, conversations, interviews, and disagreements, he or she is said to be collecting what kind of data?
qualitative
Values are
symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles of qualities
The alphabet and numbers are examples of
symbols
Gregor Mendel's findings about inheritance among pea plants stemmed from what key ability that he possessed?
the ability to observe closely
The practice whereby anthropologists contrast two or more cultures to derive insights about human behavior is called
the comparative method
Genotype is
the genetic components of an organism
Mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift are the four key parts of
the modern synthesis
Which of the following is an example of cultural appropriation?
the use of the Zia Pueblo sun symbol on the New Mexico state flag white children "playing Indian" New Age religion's imitation of Indian spirituality and rituals
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is
through the choice of a sexual partner
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.
true
Norms are
typical patterns of behavior viewed as rules of how things should be done
The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas-descent with modifications via natural selection-is intimately tied to what larger force?
variation
Darwin and Wallace recognized is that change over time is linked to
variation in the present
A linguistic anthropologist studying people's relationships to the natural world would be most interested in
what words people use to classify things in their environment