Anthropology unit one exam review 2.0

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

A commitment to doing no harm The rejection of clandestine research responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying

In Miner's article, Body Rituals Among the Nacirema, _________ is the cultural group that he is actually describing.

American

Enculturation starts

As soon as we are born

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

Biological anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

Cultural anthropology Linguistic anthropology archaeology Biological anthropology

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices and only judge them based upon their own normativities is known as:

Cultural relativism

When we teach children to eat with a fork rather than eat with chopsticks, we are engaging in

Enculturation

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

Ethnocentrism

Culture can only be transmitted through face-to-face interaction.

False

Gene flow is the movement of genetic material across different ecosystems.

False

Industrialization is a shift from

Farming to factories

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

How social changes are reflected in how people communicate with one another How new languages are formed how indigenous people classify their social worlds

Why is AIDS having a more dramatic effect on populations in sub-Saharan African than in North America and Europe?

In sub-Saharan Africa, people have limited access to medicine that makes AIDS a manageable condition

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

Learn the local language Study how environmental changes affect agriculture record people's economic transactions

One of the first steps that an anthropologist must take to understand other cultures is to

Overcome ethnocentrism

Miner was attempting to make that familiar strange in order to

Show how others might see our culture and in turn show us our ethnocentricities

Which theorist followed the theory of social evolution?

Sir E.B. Tylor

"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Is the first definition of culture and was said by:

Sir EB Tylor

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

The people or species they study

Humans learn culture from the people and cultural institutions that surround them. When does this learning occur?

Throughout their entire life

A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

True

Historical archaeologists excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories.

True

Many evolutionary processes interact to affect the organism.

True

Research institutes and universities where research is conducted are required by law to have Institutional Review Board, which monitor all human subjects-based research.

True

The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype.

True

The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in

a great chain of being

A mutation is

a slight, unpredictable variation in genetic code that occurs during reproduction

An anthropologist who studies the designs on pottery from the Han dynasty would most likely be

an archeaologist

Evolution of human sleep patterns was greatly affected by

cultural changes

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in their entirety is called

holism

The defining feature of historical particularism is

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change

Even if we cannot necessarily predict the outcomes of direct genetic manipulation, we do know that it has direct social impacts, including

it can lead to unnecessary geneticization

Why do so many Americans prefer cereal for breakfast?

it has become the norm through social institutions, beliefs, power relations, and daily life

Charles Darwin avoided use of the term "evolution" because

it might suggest progress or improvement

Examples of social institutions are

kinship, marriage, and farming

Culture is

learned and shared

If you observed gradual changes in environmental temperature and, at the same time, observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over fifteen generations, which theory might best help explain what is going on?

natural selection

In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of

niche construction

Termites in the wild construct huge "mounds" as a habitat. From the perspective of biocultural evolutionary concepts, termites and their engineering feats are involved in a type of

niche construction

One of the key aspects of biocultural evolution is that there is

no specific direction or goal as an outcome, but that it is dynamic

Some anthropologists believe we should move beyond cultural relativism and adopt critical relativism, which is the idea that

one should only take a stance on a practice or belief after trying to understand it in its cultural context

Norms are stable because

people learn them when they are young

Ethnocentrism

presents a major problem for anthropologists means you think your culture is superior to others is a common feature of culture

Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it

provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

In a study where an anthropologist is collecting stories, memories, beliefs, jokes, conversations, interviews, and disagreements, he or she is said to be collecting what kind of data?

qualitative

Values are

symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles of qualities

The alphabet and numbers are examples of

symbols

Gregor Mendel's findings about inheritance among pea plants stemmed from what key ability that he possessed?

the ability to observe closely

The practice whereby anthropologists contrast two or more cultures to derive insights about human behavior is called

the comparative method

Genotype is

the genetic components of an organism

Mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift are the four key parts of

the modern synthesis

Which of the following is an example of cultural appropriation?

the use of the Zia Pueblo sun symbol on the New Mexico state flag white children "playing Indian" New Age religion's imitation of Indian spirituality and rituals

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

through systematic connections of different parts

One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is

through the choice of a sexual partner

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

traditions

Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.

true

Norms are

typical patterns of behavior viewed as rules of how things should be done

The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas-descent with modifications via natural selection-is intimately tied to what larger force?

variation

Darwin and Wallace recognized is that change over time is linked to

variation in the present

A linguistic anthropologist studying people's relationships to the natural world would be most interested in

what words people use to classify things in their environment