AP Bio // Chapter 25 Questions

b.

Pterosaurs are extinct flying reptiles whose membranous wings were supported by one greatly elongated finger. a bird's wing includes feathers, which are outgrowths of the skin along the whole length of the forelimb (arm). in a bat (a mammal), four elongated fingers support most of the membrane that makes up its wings. Which of the following phrases best describes the relationship of the "finger" wings of pterosaurs, the "arm" wings of birds, and the "hand" wings of bats? a.) the gradual refinement of a structure that served the same function in all of these species and their ancestors b.) three different exaptations of the basic skeletal structure of the tetrapod forelimb to the function of flight c.) the independent evolution of the skeletal support, membrane or feather coverings, and aerodynamic shape of wings in these three unrelated groups d.) an evolutionary trend toward powered flight

c

a genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. this type of change is illustrative of a.) the influence of environment on development b.) paedomorphosis c,) a change in developmental gene or in it regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts d.) heterochrony

a

a swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. the evolution of the swim bladder from the air-breathing organ (a simple lung) of an ancestral fish is an example of a.) exaptation b.) changed in Hox gene expression c.) paedomorphosis d.) adaptive radiation

c

according to the endosymbiont theory, a.) the first primitive cells may have originated when a lipid bilayer spontaneously formed around abiotically produced polymers b.) plants were able to colonize land with fungi as symbionts within their roots c.) the mitochondria and plastids of eukaryotic cells were originally prokaryotic endosymbionts that became permanent parts of the host cell d.) the infoldings and specializations of the plasma membrane led to the evolution of the endomembrane system

b

adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of three of the following four factors. select the exception. a.) vacant ecological niches b.) genetic drift c.) colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species d.) evolutionary innovation

b

all of the following types of evidence support the hypothesis that life on Earth formed spontaneously except for a.) laboratory studies involving the formation and reproduction of vesicles b.) the fossil record c.) the abiotic synthesis of polymers from monomers dripped onto hot rocks d.) the production of organic compounds in the Miller-Urey experimental apparatus

c

banded iron formations in marine sediments provide evidence of a.) the first prokaryotes around 3.5 billion years ago b.) oxidized iron layers in terrestrial rocks c.) the accumulation of oxygen in the seas from the photosynthesis of ancient cyanobacteria d.) the evolution of photosynthetic archaea near deep-sea vents

b

fossilized stromatolites a.) formed around deep-sea vents b.) resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some shallow marine bays c.) provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago d.) contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes and date from 1.8 billion years ago

b

how many half-lives should have elapsed is a sample contains 12.5% of the normal quantity of a parent isotope? a.) 2 b.) 3 c.) 4 d.) 5

a.

stromatolites are a.) layered communities of prokaryotes, fossils of which represent the oldest known prokaryotes b.) early prokaryotic fossils found in sediments around hydrothermal vents c.) the earliest protocells that formed when lipids assembled into a bilayer surrounding organic molecules d.) the ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote that originated through serial endosymbiosis

a

the Permian mass extinction between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras a.) may have been caused by extreme volcanism, which produced multiple environmental effects b.) coincided with the breaking apart of Pangea c.) made way for the adaptive radiation of mammals, birds, and pollinating insects d.) appears to have been caused by a large asteroid striking Earth

d.

the evolution of major changes in animal body form is most likely to involve a.) duplication of Hox genes b.) changes in regulatory sequences that determine where developmental genes are expressed c.) genetic changes that affect the growth rates of different body parts during development d.) all of the above can contribute to major morphological differences between species

b.

the evolution of the middle ear bones of mammals from bones of the jaw hinge of cynodonts is an example of a.) heterochrony b.) exaptation c.) the gradual refinement of a structure with the same function d.) an evolutionary trend

d

the half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. A 22,920-year-old fossil would have what proportion of the normal ration of carbon-14 to carbon-12 a.) 1/4 b.) 1/6 c.) 1/8 d.) 1/16

b.

the more than 500 species of fruit fly on the various Hawaiian Islands, all apparently descended from a single ancestral species, are an excellent example of a.) biogeography b.) adaptive radiation c.) exaptation d.) an evolutionary trend

a

the oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? a.) the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules b.) the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats c.) the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen d.) the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria

b

the primitive atmosphere of Earth may have favored the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules because it a.) was highly oxidative b.) was reducing (near opening of volcanoes) and had energy sources in the form of lightning and UV radiation c.) had a great deal of methane and organic fuels d.) had plenty of water vapor, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, providing the C, H, O, and N needed for organic molecules

c.

what is meant by the concept of species selection? a.) characteristics that increase the probability that a species will separate into two or more species will accumulate in the most successful species b.) natural selection can act on the species level as well as on the population level c.) the species that last the longest and speciate the most often influence the direction of evolutionary trends d.) the colonization of new and diverse habitats can lead to the adaptive radiation of numerous species

c

which eon was the longest? in which eon did the oldest fossils of prokaryotes appear? a.) hadean; archaean b.) archaean; archaean c.) proterozoic; archaean d.) proterozoic; proterozoic

d

which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia? a.) the species became separated by convergent evolution b.) the climates of the two regions are similar c.) India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia d.) India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago

d

which of the following characteristics would increase the likelihood that organisms would be well represented in the fossil record? a.) abundant, widespread, and exist over a long time period b.) have hard shells or skeletons c.) live in regions where geology favors fossil formation d.) all of the above contribute

b

which of the following is a proposed hypothesis for the origin of genetic information? a.) early polypeptides were the first "genes," followed by RNA and then DNA b.) short RNA strands were capable of self-replication and evolved by natural selection

c

which of the following steps has NOT yet been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? a.) synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes b.) formation of molecular aggregates with selectively permeable membranes c.) formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids d.) abiotic synthesis of organic molecules