AP bio chapter 45

amines

one of the three major classes of hormones, water-soluble

paracrine signaling

target cellulite near the secreting cell

synaptic signaling

neurons form specialized junctions with target cells where they secrete neurotransmitters that diffuse a very short distance to bind to receptors on the target cells

steriods

one of the three major classes of hormones, lipid-soluble

polypeptides

one of the three major classes of hormones, water-soluble

anterior pituitary

part of the pituitary gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to hormones from the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

part of the pituitary gland which functions as an extension of the hypothalamus

antidiuretic hormone

posterior pituitary hormone which regulates kidney function

nitric oxide (NO)

a gas which functions as both a local regulator and a neurotransmitter, causes vasodilation or increased blood flow to tissues

oxytocin

a neurohormone released from the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

a region of the brain that coordinates endocrine signaling

epinephrine

also known as adrenaline, secreted by the adrenal glands in times of stress, leads to the synthesis of an enzyme that can break down glycogen

local regulators

molecules that act over short distances and reach their target cells solely by diffusion

neurotransmitters

chemicals that are central to sensation, memory, cognition, and movement

pheromones

chemicals that are released by an organism into the external environment

neurohormones

chemicals which diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream, function in the regulation of endocrine signaling

exocrine glands

have ducts that carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities, salivary glands are an example

cytokines

enable communication between immune cells, are constructed from polypeptides

simple endocrine pathway

endocrine cells respond directly to an internal or environmental stimulus by secreting a particular hormone

prostaglandins

local regulators that mediate blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, and reproduction, constructed from modified fatty acids

endocrine glands

secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid

autocrine signaling

secreting cells are the target cells

neuroendocrine signaling

specialized neurons called neurosecretory cells secrete chemicals which diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream

negative feedback

the response reduces the initial stimulus

positive feedback

the response reinforces a stimulus, leading to an even greater response

signal transduction

the series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific infra ellipse response

simple neuroendocrine pathway

the stimulus is received by a sensory neuron, which secretes a neurosecretory cell, which secretes a neurohormone, which diffuses into the bloodstream and travels to target cells

pituitary gland

where signals from the hypothalamus travel, divided into posterior and anterior parts