AP bio chapter 45
amines
one of the three major classes of hormones, water-soluble
paracrine signaling
target cellulite near the secreting cell
synaptic signaling
neurons form specialized junctions with target cells where they secrete neurotransmitters that diffuse a very short distance to bind to receptors on the target cells
steriods
one of the three major classes of hormones, lipid-soluble
polypeptides
one of the three major classes of hormones, water-soluble
anterior pituitary
part of the pituitary gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to hormones from the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
part of the pituitary gland which functions as an extension of the hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone
posterior pituitary hormone which regulates kidney function
nitric oxide (NO)
a gas which functions as both a local regulator and a neurotransmitter, causes vasodilation or increased blood flow to tissues
oxytocin
a neurohormone released from the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
a region of the brain that coordinates endocrine signaling
epinephrine
also known as adrenaline, secreted by the adrenal glands in times of stress, leads to the synthesis of an enzyme that can break down glycogen
local regulators
molecules that act over short distances and reach their target cells solely by diffusion
neurotransmitters
chemicals that are central to sensation, memory, cognition, and movement
pheromones
chemicals that are released by an organism into the external environment
neurohormones
chemicals which diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream, function in the regulation of endocrine signaling
exocrine glands
have ducts that carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities, salivary glands are an example
cytokines
enable communication between immune cells, are constructed from polypeptides
simple endocrine pathway
endocrine cells respond directly to an internal or environmental stimulus by secreting a particular hormone
prostaglandins
local regulators that mediate blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, and reproduction, constructed from modified fatty acids
endocrine glands
secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid
autocrine signaling
secreting cells are the target cells
neuroendocrine signaling
specialized neurons called neurosecretory cells secrete chemicals which diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream
negative feedback
the response reduces the initial stimulus
positive feedback
the response reinforces a stimulus, leading to an even greater response
signal transduction
the series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific infra ellipse response
simple neuroendocrine pathway
the stimulus is received by a sensory neuron, which secretes a neurosecretory cell, which secretes a neurohormone, which diffuses into the bloodstream and travels to target cells
pituitary gland
where signals from the hypothalamus travel, divided into posterior and anterior parts