AP Euro Semesters 1 & 2

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Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass"; 1938 pogrom against Jewish communities. Nazi gangs smashed Jewish stores, burned synagogues, and killed dozens of Jews

Vichy France

"Puppet" government in southern France; basically run by Germany during the German occupation of the rest of France

Gulag

"Re-education camps"; forced labor camps used by the Soviet regime to punish political opponents

il Duce

"The Leader"; Mussolini's nickname as the strongman of Italy

Social Darwinism

"The poor were the ill-fated weak; the prosperous were the chosen strong" sounds like which "ism"?

King Leopold II of Belgium

"The sea bathes our coast, the world lies before us. Steam and electricity have annihilated distance, and all the nonappropriated lands on the surface of the globe can become the field of our operations and of our success."

Leo Tolstoy (Russian)

"War and Peace" had a central message about human love, trust, and family ties. Who wrote it?

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

"Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man," which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance."

Blousen noirs

(Black Jackets) French youth inspired by James Dean and Marlon Brando who had rebellious clothing and cynical attitudes.

Charles V

- HREmperor; Catholic - Would not annul Henry VIII because he was Catherine of Aragon's nephew - Refused the Augsburg Confession, made all Protestants convert back and give up their land

Muhammad Ali

- built his state on the strength of a large, powerful army - reformed the government - cultivated new lands - improved communication networks ...e g y p t

Pope Paul III

- called the Council of Trent - said that church tradition and Scripture were equal in importance - heaven: faith and good works - established the Holy Office

Galileo

- consolidated the experimental method - formulated the law of inertia - found four moons of Jupiter - waited a while to publish work bc didn't want to be called a heretic -...that didn't work, he had to recant

Ivan III (the Great)

- declares autonomy of Moscow - borrows Mongol practices in Russian society - e.g. boyars

Jacques Cartier

- first to explore Canada - St. Lawrence River - Claimed region for France

Jethro Tull

- invented the seed drill

Henry M. Stanley

- sent by Leopold II to Congo - established trading stations - signed unfair treaties with African chiefs - planted the Belgian flag

Charles II

- takes the throne (Restoration) once the English people are tired of a military dictatorship

J.A. Hobson, Imperialism

- the rush to acquire colonies was due to the economic needs of unregulated capitalism, but no payoff for entire country - the quest for empire diverted popular attention away from domestic reform (gap between rich and poor)

Louis XIV

- the sun king - decreased power of nobility by using court, parties, spies - Colbert- mercantilist finance manager - Revoked Edict of Nantes - many wars, bankrupt France slowly

War of Austrian Succession

- the war in which Maria Theresa gives basically all of Silesia to the Prussians

Baldassare Castiglione

- wrote The Courtier - nobleman

Boer War

1899-1902; a war in which the British defeated Dutch Boers in South Africa

Putting-out system

18th-century method of distributing materials to workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant capitalist

Lateran Agreement

1929 agreement in which Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope

Nuremberg Laws

1935 statutes defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 British offensive designed to take some pressure off the defenders at Verdun that saw many lives lost with little gain

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 British statement that declared British support for a National Home for the Jewish people in Palestine

Sergei Kirov

A Bolshevik party member whose assassination ("killed by fascist agents within the party") in 1934 was used by Stalin to justify the Great Purge

Zollverein

A German customs union, designed to eliminate tariffs between German states

Battle of Verdun

A German offensive in 1916 that cost 700,000 lives while gaining virtually no territory

King Otto I

A German prince who was a descendant of Greek royalty (including the Comnenus dynasty), he became the first king of a newly independent Greece

Methodism

A Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, whose members were known for pious devotion

Pietism

A Protestant revival movement that emphasized a warm & emotional religion & the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

People's Budget

A bill to increase social welfare spending in Britain by taxing the rich more and setting up pensions and national health insurance

Continental System

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military

Wet-nursing

A business in which women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies

Meiji Restoration

A chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji; resulted in modernization of the country

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict fought over Korea, and a loss for the Russians. It marked the first time that an eastern nation defeated one of Europe's great powers

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which a Jewish captain was falsely accused of treason. Brought forth anti-Semitism among some and resulted in a greater separation of church & state in France

Laissez faire economics

A doctrine that called for little to no gov't interference in the economy

Quinine

A drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers; allowed for the conquest of Africa

Nuclear family

A family group consisting of parents & their children with no other relatives

Debt peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money

Bastille

A fortress prison in Paris. An attack on this structure on July 14, 1789 became a rallying event for the revolutionaries, and is celebrated as their independence day today.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

A freed slave who first joined the Spanish against the French, but then became the commander of French forces on the island. He was defeated by General Leclerc, arrested, and sent to France in 1802.

Separate Spheres

A gender division of labor with the wife at home and the husband as wage earner outside the home

Tariff protection

A gov't's way to aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries

Philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who said they were bringing the light of knowledge to the world.

Conciliarists

A group of church members who believed that a council had the power to elect and depose of popes.

Boxer Rebellion

A group of conservative, patriotic Chinese who blamed their country's ills on foreigners. Killed foreign missionaries, Chinese Christians, defeated by Western armies.

Gosplan

A huge State Planning Commission created to set production goals and control flow of raw and finished materials

Battle of Stalingrad

A key Soviet victory during World War II that ended Hitler's effort to conquer the USSR; turning point on the Eastern Front

Tea Act of 1773

A law passed by Parliament allowing the East India Company to have a virtual monopoly on the sale of tea to the American colonies

Stamp Act of 1765

A law passed by Parliament taxing a long list of items, mainly paper-based things like contracts and newspapers

Fuhrer

A leader-dictator title used by Hitler during his reign over Germany

Estates General

A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614

Imre Nagy

A liberal Communist reformer who was installed as the new Prime Minister of Hungary by Students and workers in October 1956. He proposed to democratize the country. He was executed by the Soviets.

Jose de San Martin

A liberal-minded military commander and South American revolutionary who defeated Spanish forces in Argentina and Chile.

Stream-of-consciousness technique

A literary format that uses interior monologue to explore the human psyche

voting rights for all men

A major goal of the English Chartists was:

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that the lands being explored to Europe's west were, in fact, a new continent, so America was named after him.

Council of Trent

A meeting held to discuss and reform practices of the Catholic Church. It reaffirmed some of the core beliefs of the Church while reforming other practices and cracking down on abuses

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa

Open Field System

A method of organizing rural agriculture in which the land was divided into several strips with no hedges or fences

Girondists

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793

Girondins

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.

Girondists

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.

Fascism

A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist, nationalism, antisocialism, a dynamic leader, and glorification of war and the military

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

James Cook

A navigator and ship captain who explored and claimed land in Australia for England in 1770

Community controls

A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, & moral stability of a close-knit community

Existentialism

A philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world; popular on the European continent

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Populism

A political approach that seeks to disrupt the existing social order by solidifying and mobilizing the animosity of the "commoner" or "the people" against "privileged elites" and the "establishment"

Jacobins

A political club in Revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans

Jacobin club

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.

Socialism

A political ideology that pushed for greater social equality, state regulation of property, and a move toward more cooperation & sense of community

Neocolonialism

A postcolonial system that perpetuates Western economic exploitation in former colonial territories.

Spanish Inquisition

A program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom

Eugenics

A pseudoscientific doctrine that says selective breeding of humans can improve the general characteristics of a national population; helped inspire Nazi ideology of "race and space"

Chartist Movement

A push by the working class to obtain the right to vote for all men, and limit the workday to 10 hours

Totalitarianism

A radical dictatorship that exercises complete claims over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of econ, social, intellectual, & cultural aspects of society

Treaty of Paris (1763)

A resolution to the Seven Years' War; it gave a lot of territory over to the victorious British, notably the Ohio River Valley

Thermidorean Reaction

A response to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls

Jansenism

A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin & accepted predestination

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain & British colonies

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.

hundred days of reform

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.

"great purge"

A series of show trials in the late 1930s in which false evidence was used to incriminate party administrators and Red Army leaders under Stalin's watch

Tanzimat

A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a Western European model

Popular Front

A short-lived New Deal-inspired alliance of left wing political groups that launched a far-reaching program of social reform in France

Paris Commune

A socialist takeover of Paris in 1870. It was ultimately crushed by French army forces, but inspired later socialist revolts, such as the Russian Revolution of 1917

cottage industry

A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale in a market

Niccolo Machiavelli

A statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government in his most famous work, "The Prince"

Coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small minority force

RADAR

A system that uses reflected radio waves to detect objects and measure their distance and speed

Carnival

A time of reveling and excess in Catholic Europe preceding the time of Lent

Trench warfare

A type of fighting used in WW I behind rows of dug out defensive fortifications, mines, and barbed wire

Hyperinflation

A very rapid rise in the price level of goods; seen in Weimar Germany in the 1920s

neo-Europes

About 3/4 of total European investment went to a) other European countries AND b) what?

building public works projects

According to Adam Smith, what SHOULD be a responsibility of the government?

the Slavic Race

According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?

Black Africans

After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained who as slaves?

unofficial groups were seizing and executing alleged collaborators on their own

After the war, why did national governments quickly establish authority over questions of guilt and punishment for those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime?

all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that

Bretton Woods Agreement

Agreement in 1944 that linked Western currencies to the US dollar and established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to facilitate free markets and world trade.

Operation Torch

Allied forces invaded North Africa from the west, trapping Axis troops in the middle of Brits coming from the east. Helped take N. Africa, which will be used as a launching pad toward Italy

1st Battle of the Marne

Allied victory early in the war that halted the Schlieffen Plan and began a stalemate on the Western Front. Associated with the Parisian taxis used to shuttle troops to the battle

Leopold II

Along with Frederick Wilhelm II, this monarch issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, in part to support his sister, the queen of France.

Franco-Prussian War

Alsace and Lorraine were desired by the French at the outset of WWI. They had been lost after what previous war?

using their numerical superiority over the British settlers to take over political power

Although the Afrikaners were defeated in the Boer War, they regained power by

Truman Doctrine

America's policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under Soviet control.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe; architect of the D-Day invasions

Benjamin Franklin

American ambassador to Paris during the war. He was an overall intelligent Enlightenment thinker

Boston Tea Party

American colonists tossed East India Co. tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act

2.5

Amount, in billions of gold marks, the Germans were expected to pay the Allies in reparations each year

John Wesley

An Anglican priest who founded Methodism to spread a message of conversion & salvation for all

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

An English aristocrat who brought the practice of inoculation back to England from the Ottoman Empire in the 1720s

Concordat of 1801

An agreement between Pope Pius VII & Napoleon granting French Catholics the right to practice their religion, but allowing government control of the French Church

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement. Used economic-based arguments

Guillotine

An apparatus designed to make executions more humane and egalitarian

Dadaism

An artistic movement of the 1920s & 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct

Guild

An association of merchants or artisans that oversees the practice of a particular craft in that town

COMECON

An economic organization of Communist states intended to rebuild the East Bloc independently of the West

COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)

An economic organization of Communist states intended to rebuild the East Bloc independently of the West

Revisionism

An effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.

Incan Empire

An empire in Modern day Peru conquered by Francisco Pizarro and conquistadors in the early 16th century

Grand Empire

An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and racial superiority

An historian is most likely to use this image (a German missionary school in Africa) as evidence that

Marxism

An influential political program that called for a working-class revolution to overthrow the capitalist state and establish a Communist state

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An international agreement signed by 15 countries in 1928 to renounce war as an instrument of foreign policy and settle disputes peacefully

Battle of Gallipoli

An offensive against the Ottomans by British, French, and ANZAC troops. Failed to secure the Dardanelles

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Whites

Anti-Bolshevik coalition in the Russian Civil War

NATO

Anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

Architect of Italian unification. He set up a nominally democratic government headed by King Victor Emmanuel II after bringing the Italian states together in 1860.

Modernism

Artistic and cultural movements of the late 1800s /early 1900s typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of expression

Socialist realism

Artistic movement that followed the dictates of the Communist ideals, enforced by state control in the USSR and East Bloc countries in the 1950s and 60s

Surrealism

Artistic style influenced by Freudian psychology, portraying images of the unconscious and attempting to call attention to the bankruptcy of mainstream society in order to change the world

Impressionism

Artistic style whose adherents looked to the world around them for subject matter and tried to portray their sensory "impressions" in their work

Erich Ludendorff

As German chief of staff in 1917, he resumed URSW in the hopes that Germany could starve Britain into submission and end the stalemate

Heinrich Himmler

As head of the Nazi SS corps, he was responsible for carrying out Hitler's "final solution" during the war

a reading revolution

As more books were made available, the old style of consuming information changed and Europe experienced

new Imperialism

As the British lost their early economic lead from industrialization, they turned to ______, causing a chain reaction of other European countries to follow suit.

Alfred von Schlieffen

As the German chief of staff in the 1890s, he drafted a plan should Germany find itself in a war with both France and Russia simultaneously

Leon Trotsky

As war commissar, he was responsible for helping to lead the Red Army, and to instill discipline and party doctrine within its ranks.

The Habsburgs

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Netherlands was controlled by the Spanish branch of which dynasty?

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austria's foreign minister and architect of the Congress of Vienna. He was very conservative, and tried to restore Europe to its pre-1789 status.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implemented Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implemented Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Kurt von Schuschnigg

Austrian chancellor who tried to resist Nazi encroachment, but could not prevent his country from being taken over by Hitler

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Austrian philosopher who later immigrated to England and brought with his logical positivist ideas. "Of what one cannot speak, of that one must keep silent"

Friedrich Engels

Author of "The Condition of the Working Class in England" and co-author of "The Communist Manifesto" with Karl Marx

Adam Smith

Author of "The Wealth of Nations" and father of capitalism

Thomas Malthus

Author of the "Essay on the Principle of Population" which argued that population was outgrowing food supply

Class-consciousness

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social & economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes

Baron de Montesquieu argued that the powers of government should be divided into ___ branches

Baron de Montesquieu argued that the powers of government should be divided into ___ branches.

The Catholic Reformation

Baroque art is linked to:

Jawaharlal Nehru

Became India's prime minister after India's independence. He believed in nonalignment.

Napoleon III

Became emperor of France in 1852; presided over the modernization of Paris. Ultimately would be captured and forced into exile as a result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.

Harry S Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Harry S. Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Enlightenment ideals of progress, reason, and individual rights

Before 1914, most people belived in

Logical Positivism

Belief that a concept is meaningful only if it can be empirically verified, and therefore rejects most of the concerns of traditional philosophy as nonsense; popular in English-speaking countries

Kulaks

Better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's campaign against the Catholic Church to undermine Catholics' loyalty to the pope in favor of the Kaiser

Reds

Bolsheviks and their supporters in the Russian Civil War

true

Both Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli married and had children after breaking from Catholicism.

Louis XVIII

Bourbon monarch who was made king in 1814 after Napoleon's defeat. He was the younger brother of Louis XVI and acted as a moderate reformer in his decade of rule.

France

Britain's greatest rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was:

Quadruple Alliance

Britain, Russia, Prussia, & Austria

Royal Air Force (RAF)

British Air Force

David Lloyd George

British PM during WWI. During the Paris Peace Conference, he was concerned with maintaining the British Empire

Neville Chamberlain

British Prime Minister who gave in to Hitler's demands in 1930s in order to preserve peace

William and John Cockerill

British factory owners who brought trade secrets to the European continent to establish factories in places like Belgium

Appeasement

British policy granting concessions to Hitler in order to avoid war

Rudyard Kipling

British writer who wrote of "The White Man's Burden" and justified imperialism

signori or oligarchies

By 1300, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by either:

the idea gradually grew more accepted, though slightly dampened by the economic fallout from WWII

By the 1990s, the idea of women leading lives independent of men had undergone what type of change?

The Netherlands

By the early 17th century, which was the greatest commercial power in Europe?

that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

By the end of the 18th century, the elites who were born and raised in Spanish colonial society came to believe:

Marshall Plan

COMECON was a program created in response to which postwar policy?

Pugachev's Rebellion

Catherine the great tried to improve the conditions of the poor, but reverse course because of

Pugachev's rebellion

Cathierne the Great tried to improve the conditions of the poor, but reversed course because of

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Cornelius Jansen

Catholic bishop of Ypres who called for a return to the austere, strict Christianity of St. Augustine. Accepted predestination was outlawed by Rome

Weimar Republic

Civilian government in Germany that replaced William II and the imperial gov't in 1918. Forced to accept the Treaty of Versailles

impressionist

Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Mary Cassatt were all examples of ____ painters, in that they attempted to portray the world around them in a single fleeting moment of color and light

Atlantic Wall

Coastal defense built by Nazis surrounding coast of Europe and Scandinavia, designed to repel invasion by the Allies in Western Europe

First Continental Congress

Colonial delegates met at this gathering in Philadelphia to try to resolve conflicts with the British government peacefully

Big Science

Combination of theoretical work with sophisticated engineering in a large bureaucratic organization to increase funding for technological advancements

Matthew Perry

Commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa. Practiced gun boat diplomacy

Korean War

Communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. This war kept Korea divided. It further stimulated economic growth.

Josip Broz Tito

Communist chief of Yugoslavia who stood up to Stalin in 1948 and kept his country independent of the Soviet Bloc

Potsdam Conference

Conference in July 1945. Demands for free elections (refused by Stalin), turn attention to the defeat of Japan

Tehran Conference

Conference in November of 1943. Talked about strategies to win the war, Germany first then Japan, and advocated for a second front in France.

Battle of Trafalgar

Conflict at which Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet was destroyed by England. This made it impossible for France to invade England.

Seven Years' War

Conflict between Britain & France fought between 1756-1763 all over the world, particularly over colonies in the NW and India

Opium Wars

Conflict between Britain and China in 1839 over the opening of China to foreign trade; Britain wins and China weakens

Crimean War

Conflict from 1853-56 that featured an alliance of GB, France, Ottoman Empire, & Sardinia defeating Russia

Total war

Conflict in which all a country's resources go to the war effort. Distinctions between soldier & civilian are blurred, gov'ts plan and control the economy & social life

Seven Years' War

Conflict that succeeded the War of Austrian Succession. In this war, Austria tried to win back Silesia, while France took on Britain across the globe, notably the Fr. & Indian War in N. America

Klemens von Metternich

Conservative foreign minister of Austria and the architect of the Congress of Vienna

Fidel Castro

Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008

Jan Hus

Czech theologian who deinied papal authority, called for translations of the Bible into the local Czech lanugage, and declared indulgences useless - around 1400, before Luther

June 6, 1944

D-Day; A turning point of WW II at which Allied forces successfully opened up a front on French soil by taking the Normandy beaches

Soren Kierkegaard

Danish theologian who wrote that it was impossible to prove the existence of God, but that people must take a leap of faith and accept God

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534

Ho Chi Minh

Defeated the French army fighting in Vietnam in 1954.

Charivari

Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior & maintain moral standards

Afrikaners

Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa

- 1337-1453, intermittent fighting between England and France - Crecy - English longbows - French won because of Joan of Arc @ Orleans

Describe the Hundred Years' War

interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiqutiy and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions

Describe the Northern Renaissance

They believed that improved submarines could could starve Britain into submission before the U.S. could come to Britain's rescue

During WWI, why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the US to enter the war against them?

Greece

During recent recession, which country struggled to receive financial aid from the IMF and EU?

generally supported their foreign masters

During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France...

wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts

During the Hundred Years' War, the English Kings were supported by some French barons because the latter:

Danish Phase

During which phase did Christian IV lise to the armies of Albrecht von Wallenstein?

Cornelius Vermuyden

Dutch engineer who created new farmlands by draining swamps in the Dutch Republic & England

Cornelius Vermuyden

Dutch engineer who developed successful techniques to drain swamp lands

Theory of special relativity

Einstein's theory that time and space are relative to the observer and that only the speed of light remains constant

Edward Jenner

English doctor who developed a smallpox vaccine in the 1790s

William Shakespeare

English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English language. Wrote eloquently and sometimes humorously to capture the human condition.

James Cook

English explorer who claimed the east coast of Australia in 1770. He would later be killed in the Hawaiian islands in 1779, after charting much of the Pacific Ocean

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War. Turned England into a military dictatorship, briefly.

Thomas More

English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia

Mines Act of 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls, as well as boys under 10 years old

Charles I

English monarch who fought Parliament during English Civil War and was executed for treason. - married a Catholic princess and imposed Book of Common prayer upon Scots - not happy

James I

English monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Daniel Defoe

English novelist & economic writer who enthusiastically endorsed cottage industry as a way for people to supplement their family incomes

Battle of Peterloo

Enormous protest in Manchester that was broken up with violence, and represented the British govt's determination to repress dissenters who were pushing for more representation and liberal reform

Enclosure and land reclamation efforts - more agricultural- helped farmers grow more food for people to consume and buy - industry - and created a surplus, and because people were well-fed, they didn't get sick as often and population skyrocketed

Essay question: What was the relationship among agriculture, industry, and population in the 18th century?

- indulgences: people didn't agree with buying one's way into heaven - Protestants believed Church rituals were not important; believed in salvation through faith alone!! no "good works"

Essay question: explain two reasons why the Catholic Church faced criticism of its authority and practices in the 16th century

- showed human ideals - shift to realism - realistic human body (less stiff) - 3-D perspective - linear representation of distance and space on a flat surface - looked to the classical past for inspiration (Greece and Rome - e.g. gods/goddesses) - sense of proportion, even in nonhuman things - ideals of balance and harmony

Essay question: how did art reflect new Renaissance ideals?

Louis XIV addressed religious turmoil by revoking the Edict of Nantes, which granted Protestant toleration. He completely banned Protestantism - manly Huguenots (French Calvinists) in the country of france.

Essay question: how did the absolutist government of Louis XIV attempt to address a 17th-century European crisis?

- caravel: a ship that's smaller, quicker, and can hold more goods. replaces the Galley ship. Gives the Portuguese a distinct advantage when they first invent it in the 15th century - Ptolemy's geography: a second-century CE work that reintroduced the concepts of longitude and latitude, allowing cartographers to create more accurate maps

Essay question: how were Europeans able to complete their voyages succceessfully in the 15th and 16th centuries?

- spices! tons of uses from food to medicine - religious fervor - profits - glory - chart new waters

Essay question: what motivated Europeans to undertake ambitious voyages of discovery?

- salon: regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy - Naples entered a period of intellectual expansion after achieving independance from Habsburg rule

Essay question: what new practices and institutions enabled new Enlightenment ideas about society and human relationships to take hold?

- domesticated animals - new diseases (e.g. smallpox) that killed off a ton of the native population - conversion to Christianity through missionaries

Essay question: what was one way in which European conquest impacted the people of the New World?

- reading revolution: the transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was a commonplace thing and reading material was broad and diverse - Descartes believed that everything in one's life could be reduced to mind or matter - spiritual and physical.

Essay question: what were two new ideas about society and human relationships that emerged in the Enlightenment?

- switch from medieval scholasticism to Renaissance humanism: focus became more human than theologically based - switch from focused to broad liberal arts/humanist education with classes in reading, writing, science, speaking, philosophy, math, basically everything - spread of ideas - reading, writing, etc. for one's self wasn't just something for the privileged. everyone could read and write and express themselves

Essay question: what were two new ideas associated with the Renaissance

- nobles reached for power as absolutist rulers gained control - religious wars

Essay question: what were two of the common crises of 17th-century European states?

National Liberation Front

Established by the Algerian rebels and revolted against French colonialism in the early 1950s.

Armenians

Ethnic group in the Ottoman Empire who were largely Christian. When they supported Russians invading that territory, the Ottomans killed and deported them in large numbers, resulting in an ethnic cleansing

Russia

Europe's largest country, which lagged behind Western European countries in industrial output. It was an exporter of raw materials, but slow to build factories on a large scale until the early 1900s

Shore method of trading

European ships dealt directly with African slave traders offshore, rather than maintaining expensive fortified trading posts on the African continent

opium addiction and military aggression

Europeans used ___ and ____ to blow a hole in the wall of Chinese seclusion and open the country to foreign trade and foreign ideas.

railroads

Europein investors funded a lot of _____ in the neo-Europes, stimulating trade and opening new economic opportunites

Blood sports

Events that involved inflicting violence, usually on animals, that were popular during the 18th century with the European masses

inductive: you need to collect data before you make hypotheses deductive: make a hypothesis then collect your data

Explain inductive vs. deductive reasoning

Leviathan (Hobbes): people need an absolute sovereign because they're too dumb to do things by themselves Two Treatises (Locke): all men have natural rights of life, liberty and property

Explain the difference between Two Treatises of Government and Leviathan

- indulgences were outlawed at the Council of Trent - arresting of heretics throught Roman Inquisition - list of prohibited books - ban protestant ones, especially

Explain two ways the Catholic Church responded to the spread of Protestant ideas in the Catholic Reformation.

jingoism

Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of an aggresive foreign policy

Jingoism

Extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Beer Hall Putsch

Failed Nazi coup d'etat in 1923 inspired by Mussolini's successful March on Rome. Sent Hitler and other Nazis to jail

the core of the family was nuclear

Family relations in Western Europe in the 16th century were similar to modern ones in that:

General Francisco Franco

Fascist leader who won the Spanish Civil War in 1939, in part because of the support of Germany and Italy while his republican opponents had almost no international support

Yalta Conference

Feb. 1945 strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, at which the Allies planned the postwar world

Septembre 1, 1939

Fighting in Europe in WWII began with the invasion of Poland on what date?

Battle of Yorktown

Final conflict of the American Revolutionary War at which General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington

Ludwig van Beethoven

First and greatest romantic composer who used contrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict & inspiring resolutions in his music

Victor Emmanuel II

First king of a united Italy

to expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?

the possibility of buying land

For those who returned to their home country, _________ was of central importance?

Walter Gropius

Formed the Bauhaus after exploring with clean, light buildings of glass and iron. Stressed functionality and quality

Olaudah Equiano

Former slave who won fame by publishing his autobiography in England

Jean-Baptiste de la Salle

Founder of the Christian Brothers schools first in France, and then spread across Europe and the world

Theodor Herzl

Founder of the Zionist movement

Triple Entente

France, Russia, and Great Britain, all of whom will form the core of the Allied Powers in WW I

Germaine de Stael

French champion of Romanticism, who encouraged the adoption of the spontaneity and enthusiasm of Germans in her study "On Germany". An early advocate of feminism and critic of Napoleon

Dunkirk

French city that served as the site of British troops stranded in France, and their miraculous rescue by sea

Jean-Paul Satre

French existentialist who argued there are no God-given, timeless truths. "Existence precedes essence": humans are born and then try to define what they are on their own

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French after leading a coup d'etat against the Directory

Louis XIII

French king who helped his trusty dude Richelieu decrease Protestantism

Madame du Coudray

French midwife who wrote the textbook "Manual on the Art of Childbirth" to address complaints of incompetent midwives

Henri-Philippe Petain

French military commander who had to deal with mutinies within his ranks in 1917. Promised no more grand offensives to placate troops

Marquis de Lafayette

French nobleman who volunteered to serve in General Washington's army and became a close confidant of the general

Henri Bergson

French philosopher who believed that immediate experience & intuition were as important as rational & scientific thinking for understanding reality

Georges Clemenceau

French president during WWI. He wanted to punish Germany harshly to prevent any future aggression from their longtime rival.

Adolphe Thiers

French president of the 3rd republic, beginning in 1870. He crushed the Paris Commune tried to bring stability to the new government in the aftermath

Napoleonic Code

French set of laws promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as the restriction of rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws

Ego

Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society

Freud's term for our inborn basic drives

Genoa

From which state was Columbus?

feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunitiea

GB chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it

the Catholic Church

Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in

lawyer

Gandhi had studied overseas to become a

to try and drive the unwelcome foreigners away

Generally, the initial response of African and Asian rulers to aggressive Western expansion was

Rocket

George Stephenson's early locomotive was named what?

Joseph Goebbels

German Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Karl Dönitz

German admiral who played a major role in the naval history of World War II. He briefly succeeded Adolf Hitler as the head of state of Germany. He began his career in the Imperial German Navy before World War I

Luftwaffe

German air force

September 1, 1939

German armies invaded Poland to start World War II

Spring Offensive of 1918

German attack on the Western Front. Initially it was successful due to numerical superiority following Russian withdrawal from the War. Halted at the 2nd Battle of the Marne

Bauhaus

German interdisciplinary school of fine & applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators

Heinrich von Treitschke

German nationalist historian who asserted that "every virile people has established colonial power", showing nationalist and Social Darwinian tendency

Karl Marx

German philosopher who co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" and spread his vision of "scientific socialism" throughout Europe

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who questioned the conventional values of Western society, believing that reason, progress, & respectability stifled self-realization and excellence

Werner Heisenberg

German physicist who formulated the "uncertainty principle" saying that the nature of the universe is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable, lacking any absolute objective reality

Gustav Stresemann

German president who compromised with France in 1923 to end the Ruhr crisis

Enigma

German secret code during the war; broken by British cryptographers using a system called Ultra

Schlieffen Plan

German strategy heading into the war - attack France 1st and Russia 2nd instead of both at the same time. Violated Belgian neutrality

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation by first posting his 95 Theses on the church in Wittenberg in 1517

Franziska Tiburtius

German woman physician

Albert Einstein

German-Jewish scientist & author of the theory of special relativity; only the speed of light is constant - time and space are relative to the observer. Matter & energy are interchangeable

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy. The first two will make up the core of the Central Powers in WW I

Red Shirts

Giuseppe Garibaldi's band of 1,000 patriotic guerrilla freedom fighters in Italy

Works Progress Administration

Gov't agency that constructed infrastructure in order to put people to work.

Guest worker programs

Government-run programs in western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.

Quadruple Alliance

Great Britain, Russia, Austria, & Prussia

Philosophes

Group of French intellectuals who said they were bringing the light of knowledge to the world.

Holy Alliance

Group of conservative rulers that became a symbol for the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements in 19th-century Europe

Luddites

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England, smashing machines they believed were putting them out of work

Alexander Ypsilanti

Hero of Greek independence in the 1820s. He was a general in the Russian army who helped organize revolts against the Ottomans, but died before Greece won its independence

Hitler's "storm troopers" or "brown shirts"; a paramilitary group used violence to intimidate political opponents

Mein Kampf

Hitler's autobiographical book outlining his ideology as well as his future plans

Hitler's personal elite bodyguard; would grow after the Night of Long Knives and would eventually take over responsibility for carrying out concentration camp system

He claimed to be able to heal their hemophiliac son

How did Grigori Rasputin endear himself to the Russian royal family?

he formed a tacit agreement with the troops that there would be no more grand offensives

How did Henri-Phillipe Petain maintain order among French troops by late 1917??

he encouraged the development of commercial agriculture

How did Muhammad Ali pay for his ambitious plans?

He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.

How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630's?

Austro-Hungary was a multi-ethnic empire. German-speaking people were the minority among Hungarians, Magyars, Czechs, etc. Sense of "national unity" took hold in these groupings rather than in Austro-Hungary as a whole

How did nationalism weaken the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when it strengthened so many other countries during the same time period in the late 19th century?

improved transportation + communciation, standard measurements, mandatory enlisting in the army, public schools, capital city, flag, national anthem, "Uncle Sam"-like figure, holidays, statues

How did nations encourage a feeling of national belonging amongst their citizens?

They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?

It frustrated the hopes of all the different social classes

How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups?

they extablished research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

required all foreign merchants to live in the southern port of Guangzhou and to buy and sell only to licensed Chinese merchants

How did the Qing/Manchu Dynasty control trade with Europe in the 1800s?

it encouraged European nations to let go of their former colonies

How did the United states respond to the decolonization movement in the first years after the Second World War?

Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Military schools increasingly educated a new noble class of army officers obedient to the king

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the 17th century?

it is a deeply Christian poem but also harshly criticizes some church officials

How does the Divine Comedy demostrate the tensions of the 14th century?

How many of Henry VIII's children later became English monarchs?

Common Sense

Hugely popular pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, which championed independence for the colonies

the Edict of Nantes

Huguenots were granted religious toleration by Henry IV in

championed the "Aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities

In "On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Artur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and

the true strength of the French nation

In 1789, Abbe Sieyes considered the Third estate:

the nobility

In 17th-century Poland, the most significant political influence was exercised by:

Patriots

In 18th century English colonies: those who fought for independence from England

France

In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from

France

In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from ____, which brought the U.S. into the fold shortly thereafter as Vietnamese Communist insurgents threatened to take over the country

the consolidation of serfdom

In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1600, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by:

colonial issues to divert popular attention from the class struggle at home and create a false sense of national unity

In Germany and Russia, conservative political leaders manipulated

He was struck by how competitive people were in London

In Primary Source 22.1: First Impressions of the World's Biggest City, how did the anonymous man from the country view life in London?

By allowing in only immigrants who can pass a literacy test

In Primary Source 24.2, how does Henry Cabot Lodge suggest the United States restrict certain immigrant groups that he deems undesirable?

War and its ideals will be idolized by Futurists

In Primary Source 26.2 "The Futurist Manifesto," what does Filippo Tommaso Marinetti have tos ay about war?

enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women could

Uninspiring economic conditions

In addition to the emergence of married career women, why else have European birthrates declined?

passive resistance

In attempting to obtain Indian independence, Gandhi and his followers practiced ____ to achieve their aims

the Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity

In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietsche argued that

emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce

In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century?

Revolution of 1905

In response to Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and the massacre of Bloody Sunday, the pent up discontent of the Russian people resulted in this uprising

the creation of a Jewish national state in Palestine where European Jews could settle and live free of social prejudice

In response to radical anti-Semitism, Jewish political movement called Zionism emerged among European Jewish communities, advocating for

natural philosophy

In the 1500s ____ ____ was based on Aristotle's ideas. Fundamental questions of the universe

natural philosophy

In the 1500s ______ ______ was based on Aristotle's ideas. Fundamental questions of the universe.

the Persian Safavids

In the 15th Century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East; the Ottoman Turks and :

Interest payments on debt

In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on

interest payments on the debt

In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on

-France -Spain -Central Europe -Russia

In the 17th century, which governments were absolutist?

-England -Netherlands

In the 17th century, which governments were constitutionalist?

vegetables

In the 18th century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and:

economic growth

In the 1950s and 1960s, what became the basic objective of all Western European governments?

the British colonial empire

In the Eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

Germany

In the Treaty of Versailles' war guilt clause, Allies declared that _____ was entirely responsible for the war.

modern mass media such as cinema and radio

In the early 20th century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by

He deemphasized the anti-capitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism

In the late 1920's, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voaters?

an advocate of improved public sanitation

In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as

took over much of the East Indies from Portugal

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India company:

internal monologues to explore the psyche

In twentieth century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses

France

In what country was the First Battle of the Marne fought?

Sarajevo

In which city was Archduke Franz Ferdinand shot in June 1914?

Paris

In which city were talks held to formulate a peace settlement following WWI?

Czechoslovakia

In which country did the Velvet Revolution occur?

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian nationalist who started a mass movement preaching nonviolent "noncooperation" with the British.

Johannes Kepler

Individual who first provided mathematical formulas supporting Copernican theory and planetary motion.

Robert Owen

Influential Scottish factory owner and utopian socialist. He tried to show that factories could be profitable even when treating and paying workers well.

Great Rebellion (1857)

Insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed

John Kay

Invented the flying shuttle (loom)

John Kay

Inventor of the flying shuttle, which allowed weavers to work more quickly on their looms

Edmund Cartwright

Inventor of the power loom to weave thread. His machine would replace handlooms until the 1820s

Guglielmo Marconi

Inventor of the radio

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the spinning jenny, which worked up to 24 spindles at a time to spin more thread

Richard Arkwright

Inventor of the water frame, a machine that made spinning more efficient by working using waterpower to work several hundred spindles at once

Tewfiq

Ismail's weak son who took over his father's throne

Edict of Nantes

Issued by Henry IV; allowed for some Protestant worship in France

Karlsbad Decrees

Issued in 1819, they required German states to outlaw liberal political organizations and clamp down on liberal or radical reformers

Declaration of Independence

Issued in July 1776, this compiled list of grievances against the English government also said that all men are created equal with rights to life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness

Black Shirts

Italian Fascist members of Mussolini's combat squads who attacked anyone who disagreed with their party.

vibrant

Italian Renaissance art had ___ colors due to oil-based paints

classical forms

Italian Renaissance art was a revivial of

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy. Led a failed revolution in 1848 that briefly established a republic in Rome.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot and leader of the Red Shirts whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state

Benito Mussolini

Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and created Fascism

Florence Medici

Italian renaissance art was centered in ____(city) under the ____ Family

St. Laurence Seaway

Jacques Cartier became the first European to explore what body of water?

an ordinary man's aimless wanderings through the streets and pubs of Dublin

James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and

December 7, 1941

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which brought the US into World War II, happened on this date

Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped on August 9, 1945

"Emile, or On Education"

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's famous work outlining his view of proper education

Battle of Orleans

Joan of Arc helped turn the tide of the Hundred Years' War at which battle when the French were under siege?

a blank slate

John Locke believed that the human mind at birth was ________ & shaped by experience

tabula rasa

John Locke's philosophy that man was born with a blank slate, and are molded by environment

a blank slate

John locke believed that the human mind at birth was ____, and was shaped by experiance.

Louis Blanc

Journalist who urged workers to agitate for universal voting rights and take control of the state peacefully. He also pushed for the gov't to set up workshops to guarantee full employment

"Secret Speech"

Khrushchev denounced Stalin for abuses of power in front of Communist delegates at the 20th Party Congress in 1956

Leonid Brezhnev

Khrushchev's successor. Under him the USSR began a period of limited re-Stalinization and economic stagnation. He talked about Stalin's "good points" and downplayed his crimes. Launched a massive arms buildup to catch up to, and ultimately surpass, the American arsenal.

Victor Emmanuel III

King of Italy who gave Mussolini legitimacy as dictator

Jean Jacques Dessalines

L'Ouverture's lieutenant and leader of the Haitian revolt after his mentor's death. He defeated French forces and declared Haitian independence.

Battle of the Bulge

Last-ditch effort by Nazis to repel Allied advance into Germany

Hundred Days of Reform

Launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet foreign challenge

Enabling Act

Law pushed through the Reichstag that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years

Mustafa Kemal

Leader of Turkish nationalists who overthrew the last Ottoman sultan and held off Western forces trying to dismember their country after WW I

V. I. Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks. His slogan of "Peace, Land, & Bread" galvanized many Russians against the Provisional Gov't. First premier of the USSR

George Washington

Leader of the Continental army on behalf of the American Continental Congress

Heinrich Himmler

Leader of the SS and given task of organizing and executing the Holocaust

Josef Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin. Believed in building up socialism in one country

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin. Believed in building up socialism in one country

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 law to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of econ. disintegration; replaced war communism

latitude

Lines of _______ are horizontal on the map and tell one's distance north or south of the equator.

portraits of patrons - more individualistic and realistic view of a man perspective shading (chiaroscuro)

List some new Italian Renaissance art techniques

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes

List the social classes of the Spanish colonies from most to least powerful.

the sun king

Louis XIV was known as:

Otto von Bismarck

Machiavellian Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule using war to bring the German states together.

Moses Mendelssohn

Major philosopher of the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment

Russification

Making ethnic groups into more loyal Russians by enforcing policies of one language and one religion under Czar Alexander III

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes and work sheds

Congress of Vienna

Meeting held at the end of the Napoleonic Wars to create a general peace for Europe by redrawing the map and reestablishing monarchs unseated by the French armies

Diet of Worms

Meeting of the leadership of the Holy Roman Empire, under the leadership of Charles V, during which Luther refused to recant his beliefs

Young Turks

Members of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century.

Serbians

Members of the "Black Hand" who went to Sarajevo, Bosnia to assassinate Franz Ferdinand were of this nationality

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance among the USSR and its Communist satellite states

Impressionism

Monet, Renoir, and Pissarro pioneered which style of painting?

severe problems in Italian villages and relatively slow industrial growth

More and more Italians left the country right up to 1914, reflecting

Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Mary Cassatt

Most famous impressionist painters

Battle of Sadowa

Most important conflict in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that saw Prussia win decisively

a westernizing autocrat

Muhammad Ali's grandson, Ismail, was what type of ruler?

Caravel

Name the Arab ship with lateen sails; faster and more cargo than galley. improved by Europeans

Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain

Name the Quadruple Alliance.

France, Great Britain, Russia

Name the three members of the Triple Entente

Destroy Britain's economy

Napoleon's aim in establishing the Continental System as to:

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