AP European History Semester 1 Test Questions
The building above is an example of
A building based on classical styles emphasizing ideals of perfection and balance
Which of the following was one if the central components of the Italian Renaissance
A glorification of individual genius
What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to?
A lengthy Civil War
Luther believed that the church consisted of
A spiritual priesthood for all Christian believers
Besides Galileo's discoveries in astronomy, what new scientific ideas and observations arose during the period 1450-1648?
Anatomical and medical discoveries presenting the body as an integrated system
In the 17th century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests
Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?
Desire for material profit
Mercantilist Theory postulated that
Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
Empiricism
Which of the following was a consequence of the Columbian Exchange referenced by Diamond?
Europeans' expansion of the African slave trade
The Colloquy of Marburg
Failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of the Eucharist
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
Fundamental questions about the nature purpose and function of the universe
The Edict of Nantes
Granted French huguenots the right to Worship in 150 towns
The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the
Great commercial revival in Italy
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified
Which of the following characterizes Girolamo Savonarola?
He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority
Exploration and colonization of the new world in the 16th century impacted the European balance of power by
Increasing the power of Spain and Portugal
The European Voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the
Indian Ocean trade
Why did a woman's work recieve less compensation for a man's work?
It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It's synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and Heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth
In the 15th century, two rival Islamic Empires dominated the Middle East; the Turkish Ottomans and the
Persian Safavids
What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the 16th century?
The middle class
What was the fate of most people bought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?
They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance
Martin Luther's first response to The Peasants' War was
To side with the peasants
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
We came either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
Women were best suited to a passive role in Social relations
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants, Commissioners for each of France's 32 districts
Which of the following themes is most directly reflected in this architecture from the 16th century?
Prestige and power
France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to
Prevent Charles V from increasing his power
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the
Prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territory surrounding France
Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by
Prince Henry
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
Produced a musical Harmony of heavenly bodies
Galileo's response to the Bible based arguments of his accusers reflects the system of thought called
Humanism
The ideas expressed by Galileo in the excerpt above most directly contributed to which of the following developments?
Intellectuals began to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society and human institutions
What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?
Islands off the coast of Japan
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed Antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
Securing reconciliation with the Protestants
The enlightened policies of Frederick the great included
Simplify Prussia's laws
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists?
The patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers
In early Renaissance Italy, art
manifested corporate power
The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or
millets
Based on the above excerpt, the act of Supremacy best represents
An attempt by Henry VIII to impose religious reform from the top down and expand Royal Authority
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to
Clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
The calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a
Confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line
Which of the following would best explain the reason for the difference of opinion between Machiavelli and Frederick II?
Machiavelli was a writer and a humanist during a time of conflict among Italian city-states, whereas Frederick II was an emperor at a time when the sovereign state had yet to be consolidated as the principal form of political organization across Europe
How did famines affect the European population in the 17th century?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduce the population significantly
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
In the early sixteenth Century, anti-clericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?
The immorality of priests who are drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of Natural Science should be used to examine all aspects of life
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
In religious Affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
Was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes
Henry VIII used the act of Supremacy to
Assert control of religious institutions such as monasteries
The approaches of humanist scholars such as Bruni led to which of the following developments by the early 16th century?
Christian humanists employing Renaissance learning in service of religious reform
Which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance?
Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors
What was the outcome of the heightened Central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
Growth in Armed Forces
Bartolome de La Casas asserted that the Indians
Had human rights
According to his agreement with the Spanish Crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?
He would be named Viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey
How did the Peace of Utrecht solve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's Grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish Thrones would never be United
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices
Luther viewed celibacy as
Opposed to human nature and God's Commandments
Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century?
Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state
Which European nation, with the help of Genoese financers, merchants, and Navigators, initiated an exploration along the Atlantic coast of Africa in search of new sources of Gold, Silver, and copper?
Portugal
Copernicus's theory of the universe
Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
The architectural style shown above best characterizes which of the following period in European history?
The Renaissance
How did the encomienda system function?
The Spanish Crown granted conquers the right to employee or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter
The guiding force behind Cardinal richelieu's domestic policies was
The subordination of all institutions to the monarchy
The most influential aspect of Rene descartes' theories of nature was that
The universe functions in a mechanistic fashion
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it
provided order, security, and safety to the populace
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
Machiavelli references Hannibal, a Carthaginian commander from the era of the Roman Republic, to support his argument. This is an example of which of the following 16th century developments?
An increasing Humanist focus on Greek and Roman texts as opposed to Christian texts
How did justification for slavery change from the 15th to 18th centuries?
Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion
After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?
Black Africans
How did the Turks expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?
It forced Europeans to search for alternative trade routes to China, bypassing the Overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire
The excerpt above most directly reflects to which of the following developments?
New astronomical ideas lead individuals to question Church authorities and ancient texts
What developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries allowed Galileo to raise the concerns he expresses in the passage?
New ideas and methods in science and astronomy began to emerge
Louis XIV selected councilors from the
Newly ennobled or upper middle class
At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were
Off the coast of Asia
A striking feature of the salons was that
Philosophes, Nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus copernicus's hypothesis?
Protestants rejected copernicus's idea that the Earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring a hypothesis false in the 17th century
Which Powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
The junkers were
Prussian Nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman?
The Courtier
In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the
Consolidation of serfdom
Political power in the Dutch Republic was
Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessman
What was Hernan Cortes' crucial advantage in his conquest of the mexica empire?
Cortes was able to exploit internal dissension within the mexica empire
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?
Cosimo de Medici
Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?
Debuted marriage as a contract for Mutual support, and married Partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community
The dissolution of the English monasteries
Resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth
According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that
the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government
Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?
About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized
Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of World Trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?
Europe was a minor Outpost that produce few products desired by other civilizations
In general, what was voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good Monarch was the best one could hope for in government
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print?
Johann Gutenberg
In music, the baroque-style reached its culmination in the work of
Johann Sebastian Bach
How did the Peace of Westphalia Mark a turning point in European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious Faith came to an end
What aided did Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
Luther understood the power up the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works
How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper class women?
Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper class women
Oliver cromwell's protectorate was ultimately a
Military dictatorship
Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over Indian Ocean trade?
Muslim controlled port cities
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?
Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
How did Frederick William the great elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
She confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs
What mistaken belief did the count Duke of Olivares Hold that brought disaster to Spain?
Spain must return to the Imperial tradition of the 16th century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, western-style city on the Baltic called
St. Petersburg
How did the Spanish respond to the Trap set up by the Inca King Atahualpa?
The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him
Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtu?
The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will
According to Diamond's argument, the most important factor for the success of European colonization of the Americas lay in
The biological and environmental advantages held by Europeans
One International impact of the religious reform evidenced in the act of Supremacy in the 16th and early 17th centuries was
The effort by Hapsburg rulers to restore Catholic Unity across Europe
What characteristic of political thought during the Italian Renaissance is raised by Bruni's oration?
The emphasis on secular models of individual and political behavior
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?
The monarchy established intendants with Broad administrative and financial Authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy
How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
The political leaders of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
The power of the ruler with absolute and prevented Civil War
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773
Which of the following did Francesco Petrarch believe?
The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement
Bruni's oration best illustrates which of the following elements of the Renaissance?
The revival of classic literature and ancient texts
The concept of the reading Revolution refers to
The shift from Reading religious texts allowed as a family to reading diverse text individually
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their Authority as rulers of an independent state?
They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans
Italian humanists stressed the
study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that
women's sphere of activity was private and domestic
