AP European History Semester 1 Test Questions

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The building above is an example of

A building based on classical styles emphasizing ideals of perfection and balance

Which of the following was one if the central components of the Italian Renaissance

A glorification of individual genius

What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to?

A lengthy Civil War

Luther believed that the church consisted of

A spiritual priesthood for all Christian believers

Besides Galileo's discoveries in astronomy, what new scientific ideas and observations arose during the period 1450-1648?

Anatomical and medical discoveries presenting the body as an integrated system

In the 17th century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests

Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?

Desire for material profit

Mercantilist Theory postulated that

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

Empiricism

Which of the following was a consequence of the Columbian Exchange referenced by Diamond?

Europeans' expansion of the African slave trade

The Colloquy of Marburg

Failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of the Eucharist

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

Fundamental questions about the nature purpose and function of the universe

The Edict of Nantes

Granted French huguenots the right to Worship in 150 towns

The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the

Great commercial revival in Italy

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified

Which of the following characterizes Girolamo Savonarola?

He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority

Exploration and colonization of the new world in the 16th century impacted the European balance of power by

Increasing the power of Spain and Portugal

The European Voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the

Indian Ocean trade

Why did a woman's work recieve less compensation for a man's work?

It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It's synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and Heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth

In the 15th century, two rival Islamic Empires dominated the Middle East; the Turkish Ottomans and the

Persian Safavids

What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the 16th century?

The middle class

What was the fate of most people bought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance

Martin Luther's first response to The Peasants' War was

To side with the peasants

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

We came either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

Women were best suited to a passive role in Social relations

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, Commissioners for each of France's 32 districts

Which of the following themes is most directly reflected in this architecture from the 16th century?

Prestige and power

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

Prevent Charles V from increasing his power

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

Prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territory surrounding France

Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by

Prince Henry

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

Produced a musical Harmony of heavenly bodies

Galileo's response to the Bible based arguments of his accusers reflects the system of thought called

Humanism

The ideas expressed by Galileo in the excerpt above most directly contributed to which of the following developments?

Intellectuals began to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society and human institutions

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?

Islands off the coast of Japan

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed Antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

Securing reconciliation with the Protestants

The enlightened policies of Frederick the great included

Simplify Prussia's laws

What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists?

The patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers

In early Renaissance Italy, art

manifested corporate power

The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or

millets

Based on the above excerpt, the act of Supremacy best represents

An attempt by Henry VIII to impose religious reform from the top down and expand Royal Authority

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to

Clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

The calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

Confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?

It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line

Which of the following would best explain the reason for the difference of opinion between Machiavelli and Frederick II?

Machiavelli was a writer and a humanist during a time of conflict among Italian city-states, whereas Frederick II was an emperor at a time when the sovereign state had yet to be consolidated as the principal form of political organization across Europe

How did famines affect the European population in the 17th century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduce the population significantly

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

In the early sixteenth Century, anti-clericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?

The immorality of priests who are drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of Natural Science should be used to examine all aspects of life

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

In religious Affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

Was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

Henry VIII used the act of Supremacy to

Assert control of religious institutions such as monasteries

The approaches of humanist scholars such as Bruni led to which of the following developments by the early 16th century?

Christian humanists employing Renaissance learning in service of religious reform

Which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance?

Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

What was the outcome of the heightened Central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Growth in Armed Forces

Bartolome de La Casas asserted that the Indians

Had human rights

According to his agreement with the Spanish Crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?

He would be named Viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey

How did the Peace of Utrecht solve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's Grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish Thrones would never be United

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices

Luther viewed celibacy as

Opposed to human nature and God's Commandments

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century?

Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state

Which European nation, with the help of Genoese financers, merchants, and Navigators, initiated an exploration along the Atlantic coast of Africa in search of new sources of Gold, Silver, and copper?

Portugal

Copernicus's theory of the universe

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

The architectural style shown above best characterizes which of the following period in European history?

The Renaissance

How did the encomienda system function?

The Spanish Crown granted conquers the right to employee or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter

The guiding force behind Cardinal richelieu's domestic policies was

The subordination of all institutions to the monarchy

The most influential aspect of Rene descartes' theories of nature was that

The universe functions in a mechanistic fashion

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it

provided order, security, and safety to the populace

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

Machiavelli references Hannibal, a Carthaginian commander from the era of the Roman Republic, to support his argument. This is an example of which of the following 16th century developments?

An increasing Humanist focus on Greek and Roman texts as opposed to Christian texts

How did justification for slavery change from the 15th to 18th centuries?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion

After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?

Black Africans

How did the Turks expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?

It forced Europeans to search for alternative trade routes to China, bypassing the Overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire

The excerpt above most directly reflects to which of the following developments?

New astronomical ideas lead individuals to question Church authorities and ancient texts

What developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries allowed Galileo to raise the concerns he expresses in the passage?

New ideas and methods in science and astronomy began to emerge

Louis XIV selected councilors from the

Newly ennobled or upper middle class

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were

Off the coast of Asia

A striking feature of the salons was that

Philosophes, Nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus copernicus's hypothesis?

Protestants rejected copernicus's idea that the Earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring a hypothesis false in the 17th century

Which Powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

The junkers were

Prussian Nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state

What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman?

The Courtier

In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

Consolidation of serfdom

Political power in the Dutch Republic was

Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessman

What was Hernan Cortes' crucial advantage in his conquest of the mexica empire?

Cortes was able to exploit internal dissension within the mexica empire

Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?

Cosimo de Medici

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

Debuted marriage as a contract for Mutual support, and married Partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community

The dissolution of the English monasteries

Resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that

the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of World Trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor Outpost that produce few products desired by other civilizations

In general, what was voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good Monarch was the best one could hope for in government

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print?

Johann Gutenberg

In music, the baroque-style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

How did the Peace of Westphalia Mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious Faith came to an end

What aided did Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther understood the power up the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper class women?

Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper class women

Oliver cromwell's protectorate was ultimately a

Military dictatorship

Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over Indian Ocean trade?

Muslim controlled port cities

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace

How did Frederick William the great elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

She confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs

What mistaken belief did the count Duke of Olivares Hold that brought disaster to Spain?

Spain must return to the Imperial tradition of the 16th century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, western-style city on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg

How did the Spanish respond to the Trap set up by the Inca King Atahualpa?

The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him

Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtu?

The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will

According to Diamond's argument, the most important factor for the success of European colonization of the Americas lay in

The biological and environmental advantages held by Europeans

One International impact of the religious reform evidenced in the act of Supremacy in the 16th and early 17th centuries was

The effort by Hapsburg rulers to restore Catholic Unity across Europe

What characteristic of political thought during the Italian Renaissance is raised by Bruni's oration?

The emphasis on secular models of individual and political behavior

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?

The monarchy established intendants with Broad administrative and financial Authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy

How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leaders of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

The power of the ruler with absolute and prevented Civil War

Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to

The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773

Which of the following did Francesco Petrarch believe?

The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement

Bruni's oration best illustrates which of the following elements of the Renaissance?

The revival of classic literature and ancient texts

The concept of the reading Revolution refers to

The shift from Reading religious texts allowed as a family to reading diverse text individually

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their Authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans

Italian humanists stressed the

study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that

women's sphere of activity was private and domestic


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