ap gov test unit 10

In New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that

'actual malice' must be proven to support libel against a public figure.

Slavery was banned by the __________ Amendment

13th

The expansion of civil rights to include protection from state governments was achieved through the adoption of the

14th Amendment.

Women finally received the right to vote in 1920 through the __________ Amendment.

19th

Which of the following scenarios, related to the First Amendment, best illustrates the "right . . . to petition the Government . . ." ?

A citizen calls a member of Congress to persuade her to vote yes on a bill.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates an action that would be protected by the free exercise clause in the First Amendment?

A person wears a necklace bearing a Christian cross to work.

Which of the following would most likely be protected by the First Amendment?

A student wears a black armband at school to protest government involvement in a war.

Laws that denied most legal rights to newly freed slaves and prohibited blacks from voting, sitting on juries, or even appearing in public places after the Civil War were known as

Black Codes

The Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy (1896) in 1954 was called

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.

The first major civil rights case to be considered by the Supreme Court was/were

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Which of the following constitutional clauses was most relevant in the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade (1973) ?

Due process clause

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that nondenominational prayer at school is unconstitutional in the case of:

Engel v. Vitale

Religious rights, both the right to freely exercise religion and the protection against the establishment of an official religion, are protected by the __________ Amendment.

First

The Supreme Court ruled that "lawyers in criminal cases are necessities, not luxuries" in the case

Gideon v. Wainwright.

The Supreme Court ruled that states could not abridge free speech protections in

Gitlow v. New York

According to Mary Ann Glendon, in her wonderfully intellectually stimulating article entitled Rights Talk, what have "rights" been extended to today? I. trees II. animals III. smokers IV. nonsmokers V. consumers

I, II, III, IV, and V

Which of the following constitutional amendments are considered to be the Civil War Amendments?

I, II, and III

In Engel v. Vitale (1962), which of the following provides the legal reasoning behind the Supreme Court's ruling?

It ruled that the state had no justifiable interest to compel students to listen to a nondenominational prayer led by public school teachers, finding a clear establishment clause violation.

In the majority opinion of a United States Supreme Court case, Justice Alito wrote, "we now turn directly to the question whether the...right to keep and bear arms is incorporated in the concept of due process. In answering that question, . . . we must decide whether the right to keep and bear arms is fundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty." Which Supreme Court case is most aligned with Justice Alito's reasoning to treat gun ownership for self-defense as a fundamental liberty?

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

The Supreme Court ruled that individuals arrested for a crime must be apprised of their constitutional rights in the case

Miranda v. Arizona.

The government's ability to block material from being published in the future, prior restraint, was ruled unconstitutional in which of the following Supreme Court cases?

New York Times v. United States

In __________, the Supreme Court found that segregation of rail transportation was constitutional because separate but equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Some of the ammunition to defeat the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment came from the Supreme Court's decision in

Roe v. Wade

Which of the following Supreme Court cases establishes that a woman has a due process right to make a decision whether or not to have an abortion?

Roe v. Wade (1973)

In 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott began with the intent of ending segregation on public transport. The catalyst for the boycott was a black person who was arrested for refusing to give up a seat to a white person. The name of this person was

Rosa Parks.

The Court ruled that obscenity must be 'utterly without redeeming social value' and appealing primarily to the 'prurient interest', and thus not be protected speech, in the case

Roth v. U.S.

In 1957, a number of black leaders, including Martin Luther King, Jr., established a new group to fight for civil rights based in the South called the

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

It ought to be possible, in short, for every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color. In short, every American ought to have the right to be treated as he would wish to be treated, as one would wish his children to be treated. But this is not the case. The Negro baby born in America today, regardless of the section of the Nation in which he is born, has about one-half as much chance of completing a high school as a white baby born in the same place on the same day, one-third as much chance of completing college, one-third as much chance of becoming a professional man, twice as much chance of becoming unemployed, about one-seventh as much chance of earning $10,000 a year, a life expectancy which is 7 years shorter, and the prospects of earning only half as much. This is not a sectional issue. Difficulties over segregation and discrimination exist in every city, in every State of the Union, producing in many cities a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety. Nor is this a partisan issue. In a time of domestic crisis men of good will and generosity should be able to unite regardless of party or politics. President John F. Kennedy, Report to the American People on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963 Which of the following pieces of legislation was most likely a result of the passage?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the United States Supreme Court stated that, "[s]elf-defense is a basic right, recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day" and that an individual's right to bear arms was "deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition."

The Second Amendment

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the United States Supreme Court stated, "that the [Constitution] protects the right to possess a handgun in the home for the purpose of self-defense" and that the Second Amendment applied to the states through which of the following constitutional clauses?

The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following cases decided whether a state could compel children to attend school beyond eighth grade even if it violated the students' sincerely held religious beliefs?

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Among the devices used in Southern states to prevent blacks from voting, were

a and b only.

A warrantless search without probable cause can be made of

all of the above

The establishment clause has been said to

all of the above

Among the tactics used by the civil rights movement were

all of the above.

In Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), the Supreme Court ruled that certain forms of speech were not protected by the First Amendment such as

all of the above.

In Miller v. California (1973), the Supreme Court redefined obscenity, concluding that a work was obscene if it

all of the above.

Laws enacted by Southern states that resulted in segregation by race were also known as

all of the above.

Once passed, the Civil Rights Act of 1964

all of the above.

In a case referred to as Brown II, the Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated school systems must

be dismantled with "all deliberate speed."

Personal rights and freedoms that the federal government cannot abridge by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation are called

civil liberties

The positive acts governments take to protect individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals are called

civil rights

In Schenck v. U.S. (1919), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could ban certain types of speech in times of war if they constituted a

clear and present danger to society.

The Eighth Amendment prohibits

cruel and unusual punishment

Racial discrimination that results from practice rather than law is called _____ discrimination

de facto

In 1969, the Supreme Court fashioned a new test for deciding what types of speech could be regulated by the government. The new test made it more difficult to limit speech due to the requirement of imminent harm. The new test was called

direct incitement

The clause contained in the 14th Amendment that has been ruled to make some of the Bill of Rights protections applicable to the states is called the __________ clause.

due process

In 1914, the Supreme Court ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used at trial. This became known as the

exclusionary rule.

In Texas v. Johnson (1989), the Supreme Court ruled that __________ was/were speech protected by the First Amendment.

flag burning

Former slaves were granted citizenship as well as the 'privileges and immunities' thereof, and states barred from depriving anyone of "life, liberty or property without due process of law" through the __________ Amendment.

fourteenth

Under the __________ Amendment, the police may search things in plain view, the person arrested, and things under the arrestee's immediate control

fourth

The Bill of Rights was intended to

limit the powers of the national government to infringe on the liberties of citizens

The amendments that highlight the Anti-Federalist fears of an ever expanding, too-powerful national government are the __________ amendments.

ninth and tenth

The First Amendment states that "Congress shall make no law abridging freedom of speech." The Supreme Court has ruled that it is constitutional to restrict some types of speech, such as

obscenity

In Reno v. ACLU, the Court ruled that the 1996 Communications Decency Act violated the First Amendment because it was a content-based blanket restriction. Congress' intent was to protect minors from pornography on the Internet. In response, Congress

passed a new law requiring credit card numbers and access codes for access to sites 'harmful to minors.'

The judicial doctrine that government cannot prohibit speech or publication before the fact is called

prior restraint

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that

schools could take race into account but not by strict numerical quotas.

The process by which the Supreme Court has chosen to apply the specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights to the states is called

selective incorporation

The passage of the Constitution that has generated more litigation than any other is

the 14th Amendment

According to Edward DeGrazia in his scintillating article entitled Girls Lean Back Everywhere, when should/could music be suppressed

when it is used to incite others to criminal behavior