Ap Hug Unit 6 Test

The map shows urbanized areas. Which of the following additional types of quantitative data will be most helpful to a geographer analyzing expansion of the urbanized areas shown on the map?

A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in population density over a ten-year period

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the concept of range in Christaller's central place theory?

A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car.

Which of the following is the most likely outcome of a citywide sustainable design initiative?

An increase in mixed land-use development, which improves the walkability of neighborhoods

The map shows major highways and the route of the Metrorail Silver Line around Tysons Corner, Virginia, an edge city outside of Washington, D.C. Using the information in the map and the data table, which of the following was the most likely positive result of the opening of the Metrorail Silver Line in 2014 ?

An increase in population and business activity as a result of improved connectivity

Which of the following best explains why New York City has more specialized stores than do smaller urban places in the United States?

Central Place Theory

Which of the following best illustrates how the world cities in the table are connected globally in ways that transcend national borders?

Chinatown and the United Nations being located in New York City.

Christaller's central place theory argues that which of the following patterns will occur?

Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region.

As old central business districts and industrial zones in more developed countries lost businesses and employment in the mid- to late twentieth century, suburban development expanded. Which of the following types of cities resulted from rapid suburban growth and the expansion of retail areas, office developments, business centers, and corporate headquarters to provide jobs and services in suburban areas?

Edge cities

Which of the following best explains the rapid development of edge cities in the United States Southwest in comparison with other regions of the United States?

Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives.

Which of the following site factors is most significant in explaining the expansion of urban areas of Tokyo and Los Angeles following the Second World War?

Flat, open plains along mountainous coastlines

Which of the following urban models best addresses the types of specialization in suburban business districts shown?

Galactic City

Which of the following best explains what the central business district data indicate?

Government policy makers and business partners have focused infrastructure efforts on creating a downtown work environment that is positive for economic development.

Which of the following best explains why geographers would expect two large urban areas in close proximity to one another to have extensive interactions, such as frequent airline flights between the cities?

Gravity model

Although gentrification can revitalize cities by rehabilitating residential areas, which of the following problems can be explained by the type of building renovations shown in the before and after images?

Higher rents causing displacement of existing residents

The census data shown would most likely be used by city government officials to analyze which of the following processes?

How public services are allocated to the city's demographic groups

Compared to the patterns shown in urban models of the United States and Canada, the Latin American city model best explains which of the following patterns?

Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine.

Which of the following statements best explains the growth pattern behind a majority of the world's megacities?

Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries.

The galactic city model was developed in response to the growth of suburbs and the need for a more complex model than the sector and concentric zone models. Which of the following is a strength of the galactic city model?

It depicts exurban nodes.

With regard to environmental sustainability, which of the following explains an advantage of urban light-rail networks in Europe and East Asia compared to most light-rail systems in United States cities?

Light-rail is integrated with fast commuter railroad networks and subways and extends out to multiple suburbs.

Which of the following best explains a geographic characteristic shared by megacities in the global periphery?

Megacities demonstrate unplanned growth patterns and often contain squatter settlements.

The model above represents zones that are present in many American cities. Which of the following design concepts of urban development is likely to have the most significant impact on the reduction of urban sprawl?

Mixed-use land development in zone 5 of the model

Many medium-sized metropolitan areas such as Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, or Charlotte, North Carolina, have added light-rail train systems to their public-transit networks. Which of the following best explains the goals of light-rail projects?

Reduce the ecological footprint of cities and reduce the air pollution created by vehicle exhaust

Based on the pattern shown in the model, which of the following is the most likely process by which rural-to-urban migrants in Latin America acquire housing upon arriving in a city?

Rural-to-urban migrants have to construct their own housing out of the available materials and on open land often found on the urban periphery.

Which of the following best explains the city planning trends shown in the data table?

Social development efforts have been made to improve the quality of life for city residents.

Which of the following models best represents an old colonial port zone and its surrounding commercial districts?

Southeast Asian city model

Which of the following phenomena can be explained using the urban data presented in the map and table?

Suburbanization and middle-class flight from the urban core

Which of the following is a general theory in geography that can be used to quantify and predict the interaction between two cities based on population sizes, distance between the places, the number of migrants moving from one place to the other, or the flow of trade goods between the two locations?

The Gravity Model

Which site factor best explains the linear pattern of urbanized areas extending between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York, and Boston?

The development of cities in the region was influenced by the abundance of deep-water harbors and waterfalls where the flat coastal plains met higher lands.

Which of the following is an infrastructure trend supported by the data shown in the table?

The economic growth and development of large metropolitan areas relates closely to the expansion of effective public transportation infrastructure.

While New Urbanism is seen as a more sustainable pattern for urban growth, which of the following is a negative consequence of New Urbanism?

The increase in mixed-use spaces may reduce the unique historic architecture of the area.

La Défense is an edge city constructed in the late twentieth century and characterized by high-rise office buildings. Which of the following best explains why La Défense is located on the outskirts of Paris?

The land at the center of Paris is filled with numerous historic buildings that residents do not want torn down.

Given the level of development of the countries and the population densities of the cities shown in the table, which is the most likely location for low-income migrants to take up residence in these urban areas?

The outlying areas

Which of the following is the most likely reason for cities to invest in remediation and redevelopment of brownfields?

The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure.

For urbanization in North American cities, which of the following is best explained by the model?

The spatial organization of the greater metropolitan area and the likely locations of different types of residences

Which of the following statements best explains how the world cities listed in the table function within the world's urban hierarchy?

The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization.

As migrants from rural areas continue to move to cities for jobs, cities face a variety of economic and social challenges. Which of the following economic or social challenges is best illustrated by the photograph shown of Mumbai, India?

There is a significant income gap between residents on the periphery of the city and residents in the city center.

Which of the following best explains the importance of stock exchanges in the cities of Mumbai, India and Shanghai, China?

These cities function as global economic centers in the semiperiphery.

Which of the following similarities best explains why cities such as Venice, Amsterdam, Hamburg, London, and Marseilles were early front-runners in urban development in Western Europe?

These port cities were centers of trade, serving as links in terms of capital and labor mobility.

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of world cities?

They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization.

Based on a comparison of commercial space and residential housing, the Burgess concentric zone model shown best represents which of the following patterns?

Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences

In more developed countries, suburban development during the mid-twentieth century focused on moderate single-family homes on small lots. In contrast, in the latter half of the twentieth century, many suburban areas were developed to contain large lots with single-family homes. Which of the following explains the importance of this change in the pattern of development?

Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars.

The urbanization and growth of the steel producing centers of the Ruhr Valley in Germany and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States can best be explained by the site characteristics of

large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers

New Urbanism is an example of sustainable urban development. This type of development is intended to

reduce the miles driven on personal vehicles

Transit-oriented development in Southeast Asian cities is an innovative strategy to minimize crippling traffic jams. One aspect of transit-oriented development is the use of dedicated rapid-transit bus lanes to more efficiently connect residential neighborhoods with activity nodes. An added benefit of this strategy that would appeal to advocates of sustainable city-development programs is the

reduction in carbon emissions

A movement that began in Italy as a reaction to the impact of globalization on the quality of daily urban life promotes

slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions

The photograph above shows high-density residential housing built in the early 2000s in Henderson, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas, developed to accommodate large increases in population in the area. Which of the following best explains the growth in population and housing shown in the image and the census data?

A cycle of rapid economic development and real estate investment

Which of the following would support an explanation of the availability of public services based upon a country's level of development?

Cities located in semiperiphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the periphery.

Which of the following is a central goal for planning concepts such as New Urbanism?

Creation of walkable cities that are environmentally friendly and contain a diversity of business, entertainment, and residential areas with large areas of green space

Which of the following exemplifies a smart-growth approach to urban planning?

Creation of walkable neighborhoods with mixed-use land and access to public transportation

Seoul is the largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 10 million. Busan is the second-largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 3.5 million. Which of the following best describes the impact of this population difference?

Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.

Traffic congestion is a common feature of major Southeast Asian cities. Which of the following is a possible solution that a city or regional government could implement to alleviate traffic congestion and improve the city's urban sustainability?

The government could significantly expand the availability and use of more environmentally friendly mass transit that utilizes renewable resources.

The map above shows percent change in population for counties in Texas from the 2000 to the 2010 census. The three largest metropolitan areas are Dallas-Fort Worth (Tarrant and Dallas Counties), Houston (Harris County), and San Antonio (Bexar County). Which of the following statements best explains urban growth in the period from 2000 to 2010 ?

The greatest percentage growth in population occurred in counties adjacent to the three largest metropolitan areas, indicating continued suburbanization.

The image shows a squatter settlement at the edge of a city in South Africa. What information regarding causes and effects does the image convey?

The image shows the living conditions of people in the squatter settlement, who are unable to acquire permanent housing within the city.

Which of the following statements explains the cost and distance relationship illustrated in the model in relation to the urban area's residential patterns?

The lower cost of land farther from the CBD makes it affordable to build single-family homes in zones 4 and 5 for middle-income and high-income residents who desire to move into less crowded areas.

Based on a comparison of the zones in the model shown, which of the following best explains how the model is limited in its representation of present-day urban land-use patterns?

The model does not account for the prices of agricultural land on the urban periphery, where land prices continue to decline.

According to the rank-size rule, which of the following is typically true of higher-order services, such as hospitals with a large number of medical specialties?

They have larger ranges and thresholds.

Which of the following best explains why countries such as Brazil, Burma (Myanmar), Kazakhstan, and Nigeria would construct a new capital city in a different location from the old capital city?

To build modern, planned cities and administrative centers

Which of the following best explains what the concentric zone model and bid-rent curve illustrate about patterns of urban areas?

Together they show how land prices rise exponentially closer to the central business district.

Most countries within western Europe and South America are highly urbanized. Which of the following statements best explains an important similarity or difference in the urbanization of these regions?

Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe.

Each year Paris, Milan, and New York City hold fashion weeks showcasing the latest in clothing design. These events provide major clothing designers with the opportunity to finance new brands and to collaborate. Fashion weeks receive a large amount of news coverage in online, print, and televised media, which influences consumers' preferences and purchasing decisions. Which of the following geographical processes best explains this impact on consumers?

World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture.

The construction of makeshift housing in a country within the periphery, as shown in the photograph, is often the result of

an increasing number of industrial jobs available in a city without adequate housing

The presence of media hubs, coalitions focusing on specific environmental challenges, and headquarters for multinational corporations in major cities help explain how such cities

are linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundaries

The growth of squatter settlements within urban areas in Latin America, as shown in the photograph, can be explained by rapid migration to cities and the

declining number of urban jobs

An advantage of the Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model over the Burgess concentric zone model and the Hoyt sector model of internal city structure is that the multiple nuclei model

easily incorporates construction of a new airport on the urban periphery

Policies that increase the quantity of housing units next to downtown employment locations in cities such as Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Canada are designed to reduce these cities'

ecological footprints