ap psych test unit 5

Stan is the youngest in a very competitive family. As a result, he often does not get attention or succeed in family activities. Stan's classmates have noticed that he strives to win all classroom activities to make himself feel superior to his classmates. Which neo-Freudian would state that Stan's competitiveness is in response to his childhood experience? a) Alfred Adler b) Erik Erikson c) Karen Horney d) Carl Jung

a) Alfred Adler

This unethical study lead to the adoption of the National Research Act of 1974 and strict ethical guidelines for research on humans. a) Tuskegee Syphilis study b) Milgram's study c) Nazi twin study d) Bandera's Bobo Doll experiment

a) Tuskegee Syphilis study

These are chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site. a) agonist b) antagonist c) seratonin d) beta-endorphin

a) agonist

Loss of memory for events that occur after trauma to the brain. a) anterograde amnesia b) proactive interference c) absentmindedness d) retrograde amnesia

a) anterograde amnesia

The universal bank of ideas, images, and concepts that have been passed down through the generations from our ancestors refers to _________ . a) archetypes b) personality types c) eugenics d) intuition

a) archetypes

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of a) associative learning b) intrinsic motivation c) observational learning d) respondent behavior

a) associative learning

This occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment. a) associative learning b) classical conditioning c) reflexes d) conditioned learning

a) associative learning

Psychotropic medication that decreases anxiety and tension. a) beta-endorphin b) glutamate c) dopamine d) acetylcholine

a) beta-endorphin

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna. a) cardinal b) central c) tertiary d) secondary

a) cardinal

Everyone who knows him describes Tom as a caring person. No matter what the situation, he is always there to offer support to those who need it. According to Gordon Allport, Tom's display of caring would be an example of what trait? a) central b) loving type c) stable d) preferred

a) central

Unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest. a) confounding variable b) independent variable c) dependent variable d) confirmation bias

a) confounding variable

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse? a) dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse b) synapse, axon, dendrite, cell body c) axon, dendrite, cell body, synapse d) dendrite, axon, cell body, synapse

a) dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. a) high self-efficacy b) intrinsic motives c) an introverted archetype d) poor reciprocal determinism

a) high self-efficacy

Which limbic system structure regulates thirst and body temperature? a) hypothalamus b) medulla c) hippocampus d) amygdala

a) hypothalamus

Self-regulation is also known as ___________________ . a) internal locus of control b) external locus of control c) will power d) self-efficacy

a) internal locus of control

The MMPI is classified as a(n) a) objective or self-report inventory test b) experiment c) projective test d) interview

a) objective or self-report inventory test

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person. a) phlegmatic b) melancholic c) sanguine d) choleric

a) phlegmatic

Will received an "F" on his exam. He quickly pointed out to fellow classmates that certain exam questions were not covered on the review. Will is exhibiting which type of defense mechanism? a) rationalization b) displacement c) compensation d) sublimation

a) rationalization

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as _______ . a) size constancy b) shape constancy c) depth constancy d) color constancy

a) size constancy

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called a) sleep spindles b) circadian rhythms c) alpha waves d) delta waves

a) sleep spindles

When a difference between two groups is statistically significant, this means that a) the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation. b) the difference is statistically real but of little practical significance. c) the difference is probably is probably the result of sampling variation. . d) all of these statements are true.

a) the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation.

Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations? a) the sympathetic nervous system b) the limbic system c) the somatic nervous system d) the central nervous system

a) the sympathetic nervous system

Compared with structuralists, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of a) thinking b) fighting c) smiling d) exercising

a) thinking

Hormones, the chemical messengers of the endocrine system, travel through the bloodstream to affect other a) tissues b) synapses c) neurons d) axons

a) tissues

_____________ is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality. a) Gall b) Freud c) Hippocrates d) Wundt

b) Freud

Which of the following individuals developed his personality theory from treating people with symptoms that had no physical causes? a) Raymond Cattell b) Sigmund Freud c) B.F. Skinner d) Gordon Allport

b) Sigmund Freud

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? a) punishment and reinforcement b) acquisition and extinction c) continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement d) latent learning and insight learning

b) acquisition and extinction

This type of twin is produced when a zygote does not completely separate. a) rejoined b) conjoined c) fraternal d) dizygotic

b) conjoined

The transparent covering over the eye. a) retina b) cornea c) iris d) pupil

b) cornea

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? a) displacement b) denial c) repression d) rejection

b) denial

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer? a) cross-culturalism b) extraversion c) loyalty d) honesty

b) extraversion

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking? a) temporal b) frontal c) occipital d) parietal

b) frontal

Depressed mood states are linked to ________ levels of serotonin and _________ level of norepinephrine. a) high; high b) low; low c) low; high d) high; low

b) low; low

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________. a) compartmentalization b) migration c) homesteading d) relocation

b) migration

The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of a) brightness b) pitch c) color d) pain

b) pitch

When old information hinders the recall of newly learned information. a) persistence b) proactive interference c) retroactive interference d) misattribution

b) proactive interference

Jane was asked to look at a series of ambiguous pictures and describe what she saw. This would be an example of which type of personality test? a) case study b) projective c) factored d) survey

b) projective

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is _____________ . a) positive reinforcement b) shaping c) negative reinforcement d) extinction

b) shaping

Vibrating molecules in the air are called _____________ . a) odor molecules b) sound waves c) photonic molecules d) light waves

b) sound waves

Sleep deprivation ____ the production of body fat by _____ levels of stress hormone cortisol. a) inhibits; increasing b) stimulates; increasing c) inhibits; decreasing d) stimulates; decreasing

b) stimulates; increasing

Suzy was tempted to cheat on her taxes, but quickly remembered that cheating is wrong and immoral. Freud would say that the thought of cheating was wrong came from the a) collective unconscious b) superego c) ego d) id

b) superego

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality? a) the unwillingness of professional journals to publish studies whose participants did not reflect different cultural backgrounds b) the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures c) the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines requiring a multicultural approach to all research d) the reality that many indigenous cultures were slowly disappearing from existence

b) the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time. a) 50 b) 70 c) 30 d) 90

c) 30

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? a) Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. b) Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. c) Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. d) Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

c) Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. a) Incongruence b) Egotism c) Congruence d) self-efficacy

c) Congruence

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? a) collective unconscious b) repressed memory c) Freudian slip d) archetype

c) Freudian slip

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? a) They use animal research instead of relying on research with humans b) They are more respectful of feminist psychology concepts c) They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions d) They are universal to virtually all cultures studied

c) They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions

Personality is defined as a) infrequent and often omitted behavior b) a perception based on past experiences and viewpoints c) a unique and consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and acting d) a universally accepted way of viewing behavior

c) a unique and consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce a) dopamine b) epinephrine c) acetylcholine d) endorphins

c) acetylcholine

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? a) prefrontal cortex b) cerebellum c) amygdala d) hippocampus

c) amygdala

According to the Eysencks' theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be ______________ . a) calm b) outgoing c) anxious d) stable

c) anxious

The process of imprinting involves the formation of a(n) a) theory of mind b) identity c) attachment d) primary sex characteristic

c) attachment

A study of the relationship between reasoning capacities and brain functions would be of most direct interest to a) psycho-social b) behaviorism c) cognitive neuroscience d) humanistic

c) cognitive neuroscience

The transparent covering over the eye. a) pupil b) retina c) cornea d) iris

c) cornea

A cochlear implant converts sounds into a) air pressure changes b) fluid vibrations c) electrical signals d) decibels

c) electrical signals

The three functions of memory are _________________. a) encoding, processing, and storage b) automatic processing, effortful processing, and retrieval c) encoding, storage, retrieval d) automatic processing, effortful processing, and storage

c) encoding, storage, retrieval

A mathematical formula that is used to describe the relationships among traits is called a) case study b) survey c) factor analysis d) longitudinal study

c) factor analysis

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? a) not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms b) pointing out their mistakes so that they learn not to repeat them c) giving them unconditional positive regard d) forcing them to be independent from a nearly age

c) giving them unconditional positive regard

Temperament refers to _____________ . a) conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, and extroversion b) characteristic ways of behaving c) inborn, genetically based personality differences d) degree of interversion-extroversion

c) inborn, genetically based personality differences

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. b) checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification c) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart d) playing the slot machine

c) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Personality is thought to be ____________ . a) a pattern of short term characteristics b) unstable and short term c) long term, stable and not easily changed d) short term and easily changed

c) long term, stable and not easily changed

The Oedipus complex occurs in the ________ stage of psychosexual development. a) latency b) oral c) phallic d) anal

c) phallic

During which psychosexual stage does the defense mechanism of identification emerge, allowing the superego to develop? a) anal stage b) oral stage c) phallic stage d) genital stage

c) phallic stage

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as __________ . a) pharmacology b) physiology c) phrenology d) psychology

c) phrenology

The ______ theory explains how we hear sounds above 1000 Hz. a) frequency b) volley c) place d) adaptive

c) place

The successful functioning of children who have experienced the surgical removal of an entire cerebral hemisphere best illustrates the value of a) ACh antagonists b) cognitive neural prosthetics c) plasticity d) phrenology

c) plasticity

A baby cries hysterically when he can't reach a toy, not stopping until immediate gratification is given by his caregiver. Freud would suggest that this child's immediate gratification is based on the a) inferiority complex b) moral principle c) pleasure principle d) reality principle

c) pleasure principle

The ego defense mechanism in which a person who is confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioral stage is called ___ . a) maniacal b) repression c) regression d) rationalization

c) regression

These are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions and are involved with our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field. a) lens b) cones c) rods d) optic chiasm

c) rods

According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions? a) contempt b) fear c) shame d) disgust

c) shame

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? a) the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages b) advocating for analytical psychology c) suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality d) the idea that men have womb envy

c) suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the a) sleep spindles b) dopamine reward system c) suprachiasmatic nucleus d) the "zzzzz" cells

c) suprachiasmatic nucleus

Of the following options, which is NOT one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)? a) the easy baby b) the difficult baby c) the secure baby d) the slow to warm up baby

c) the secure baby

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors a) oppose each other b) are random samples c) vary together d) show statistically significant differences.

c) vary together

Midbrain structure where dopamine is produced - associated with mood, reward, and addiction. a) thalamus b) substantia nigra c) ventral tegmental area (VTA) d) sulcus

c) ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion? a) "I'm laughing because I am happy" b) "I'm smiling because I am nervous" c) "I run because I'm afraid" d) "I'm anxious because I perspire"

d) "I'm anxious because I perspire"

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? a) Anna Freud b) Abraham Maslow c) Margaret Mahler d) Karen Horney

d) Karen Horney

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? a) How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality b) Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents c) Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood d) Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

d) Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures. a) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) b) Rorschach test c) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) d) TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

d) TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Carl Rogers said the the __________ is (are) an innate drive that motivates all human behavior toward growth. a) unconscious b) central traits c) ego d) actualizing tendency

d) actualizing tendency

These are enough like a natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site & block its effect (they block a neurotransmitter's natural function). a) protagonist b) agonist c) dud d) antagonist

d) antagonist

The constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us to a) adjust the size of the pupil b) focus the light on our retina c) sensory adaptation of feature detectors d) dilate the pupil

d) dilate the pupil

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as a) serotonin b) dopamine c) epinephrine d) endorphins

d) endorphins

According to Albert Bandura, reciprocal determinism is the interaction of thinking, behavior, and a) verbal skills b) stability c) conditions d) environment

d) environment

In a prolonged, stressful situation the parasympathetic nervous system may over respond and cause: a) an increase in heart rate b) an adrenaline rush c) exhaustion d) fainting

d) fainting

Which of the following would most likely be associated with the effects of GABA? a) eating b) waking up c) fight or flight d) falling asleep

d) falling asleep

What perspective in psychology emphasizes the potential for good that innate to all humans? a) behavioral b) neurocognitive c) evolutionary d) humanism

d) humanism

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using? a) moving with people b) extroversion c) detachment d) moving against people

d) moving against people

The Big-Five traits are conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and a) optimism b) happiness c) pessimism d) openness to experience

d) openness to experience

Chemical messengers that provide information about the reproductive status of a potential mate. a) vertigo b) umami c) olfactory bulb d) pheromones

d) pheromones

The id operates on the ______ principle. a) reality b) moral c) guilt d) pleasure

d) pleasure

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck? a) agreeableness versus unpleasantness b) neuroticism versus emotional stability c) introversion versus extraversion d) psychoticism versus superego control

d) psychoticism versus superego control

Information from the taste buds travels to an area of the a) parietal lobe b) occipital lobe c) frontal lobe d) temporal lobe

d) temporal lobe

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. a) humanistic b) Freudian c) biological d) trait

d) trait

Sigmund Freud believed that a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are determined by a) central and secondary traits b) self-actualization c) secondary traits d) various unconscious influences

d) various unconscious influences