Ap psych
Which of the following correlation coefficients most likely represents the relationship between length of sleep deprivation and level of alertness? 1.35 .085 .01 -0.4 .1.25
-0.4
Assume that R represents a dominant gene in rats for normal running and that r represents a recessive gene in rats for an abnormal gait called waltzing. Mating a female Rr rat with a male RR rat will produce offspring that are
100% runners
Ben normally sleeps from 10:00 P.M. to 7:00 A.M. in which of the following time periods would he experience the LEAST amount of REM sleep? 10 to 11 PM 12 to 1 AM 1 to 2 AM 3 to 4 AM 6 to 7 AM
10:00 P.M. to 11:00 P.M.
In a normal distribution, approximately what percent of the scores occur within one standard deviation above and below the mean? 5% 16% 33% 68% 97%
68%
According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a ten-year-old child with a mental age of eight and a half years is
85
Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?
A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours
Which of the following is the best example of social inhibition? A child refuses to imitate the modeled behavior of an adult An intelligent, charming person acts look and sullen at a party A person who is very good at ring toss carnival games performs even better as a crowd gathers A person declines to contribute to a church group even though a gift is offered in return A person who is a poor bowler begins to bowl even worse than usual when several friends are watching
A person who is a poor bowler begins to bowl even worse than usual when several friends are watching
Which of the following is a possible reason why cats see better at night than can humans?
A) Cats have a higher proportion of rods to cones
Aaron Beck suggested that negative beliefs cause depression. To help change these negative beliefs, Beck used which of the following therapies?
A) Cognitive
A student who strongly believes that genetic influence is the major contributor to human personality is analyzing data gathered about identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited in adulthood. The student observes many striking similarities in personality and habits within the twin pairs but does not notice differences within the twin pairs that might argue against the student's belief. This student's behavior illustrates which of the following?
A) Confirmation bias
Which of the following would be used to measure the relationship between age and reaction time?
A) Correlation
Which of the following is associated with schizophrenia?
A) Enlarged, fluid-filled areas in the brain
Sigmund Freud once compared psychological development to the migration of population: "As time passes most of the group moves on, but some of the members remain at an earlier location." Which concept was Freud describing?
A) Fixation
Greg stays up all night during finals week studying for exams. As the week progresses, his muscles tighten and he develops a stiff neck. By the last day of finals, he is taking more frequent breaks, leaning back in the desk chair, and staring off into space. He arrives for the last test with a sore throat and a headache. Which of the following best describes Greg's response to stress?
A) General adaptation syndrome
Which of the following forms of therapy most likely involves a confrontational atmosphere between the therapist and the client?
A) Rational-emotive therapy
A college student experiences a loss of sensation in her right arm before exams. Doctors can find no physiological basis for her condition. This student is most likely experiencing which of the following kinds of disorders?
A) Somatoform
Which of the following is characterized by a periodic appearance of sleep spindles?
A) Stage 2 sleep
A student participates in a month-long sleep study designed to examine free-running circadian rhythms. If all time cues are removed, the student's total sleep-wake cycle is likely to __________
A) average about 25 hours
The psychological effects of alcohol are powerfully influenced by the user's __________
A) expectations
Alfred Binet's most important contribution to psychology was in the area of __________
A) intelligence testing
Language acquisition cannot be fully accounted for by associative learning processes for which of the following reasons?
A) language use is creative
Neurosurgeons cut the corpus callosum in the brain disrupting communication between the right and left hemispheres to __________
A) prevent the spread of epileptic seizures
The basic purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to __________
A) provide a set of diagnostic categories for classifying psychological disorders
The ability to choose specific stimuli to learn about, while filtering out or ignoring other information, is called __________
A) selective attention
According to the theory of fundamental attribution error, when explaining the failures of others, we usually underestimate the significance of __________
A) situational factors
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system most frequently results in which of the following? Acceleration of heart and breathing rates and dilation of pupils Stimulation of tearing, salvation and peristalsis Calming of the body Contraction of the muscles of the hands and feet Rating the perceptual threshold of olfactory and gustatory receptors
Acceleration of heart and breathing rates and dilation of pupils
Which classic study forms the basis for social (observational) learning? Ivan Pavlov...salivating dogs B.F. Skinnier... Key-pecking pigeons John Garcia... nauseous rats John Watson... Little Albert Albert Bandura... Bobo Doll
Albert Bandura...Bobo doll
Which of the following best describes the representativeness heuristic? An estimate of the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a typical example An estimate of the likelihood of an event based on how easily it can be recalled Biased decision making based on the way a question is framed The tendency to believe something after it has been discredited
An estimate of the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a typical example
Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by behavior that includes dishonesty, repeated trouble with authority figures, and an absence of remorse for these types of conduct?
Antisocial
Kevin laughs when others are injured by his thoughtless pranks and shows little regarding for the feelings or well-being of others. He has been in trouble with the police and other authority figures a number of times. Which of the following disorders would best describe Kevin's behavior? Dissociative identity disorder Antisocial personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder OCD Dependent Personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Phobic and panic disturbances are examples of which of the following kinds of disorder?
Anxiety
Which of the following best represents a humanistic explanation for an anxiety disorder? Lower than normal levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA result in higher levels of anxiety Irrational and maladaptive thought processes lead to increased levels of anxiety Anxiety is either classically or operantly conditioned Anxiety results from internal unconscious conflict Anxiety results when an individual experiences a gap between his ideal self and his real self
Anxiety results when an individual experiences a gap between his ideal self and his real self.
Of the following, which theory of motivation emphasizes the urge for an optimal level of stimulation? Instinct Frustration-aggression Arousal Incentive Evolutionary
Arousal
A double-blind control is essential for which of the following?
Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms
A mother gives her child an orange for the first time. The child rolls it across the table and says, "ball." Which of the following Piagetian processes would account for this behavior? Seriation Accommodation Reversal Assimilation Conservation
Assimilation
If the variance of a set of scores is 100, the standard deviation will be __________
B) 10
Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest standard deviation?
B) 2, 7, 9, 22
A researcher studies the effects of the brain lesions in rats. This research study reflects which of the following perspectives?
B) Biological
Which of the following do individuals experience when their behavior is inconsistent with their attitude?
B) Cognitive dissonance
The correlations between the IQ scores of identical twins reared apart are lower than those of identical twins reared together. This difference is best explained by which of the following?
B) Environment plays an important role in determining IQ
Which component of the limbic system has an essential role in the formation of new memories?
B) Hippocampus
The psychologists who first developed encounter groups and sensitivity-training groups based their work on which of the following approaches to therapy?
B) Humanistic
Which of the following structures of the brain had been linked with the regulation of hunger and thirst?
B) Hypothalamus
Which of the following assessment tools is LEAST likely to be used by a psychoanalytically oriented psychologist?
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Which of the following is considered the fundamental building block of the nervous system?
B) Neuron
Which of the following is the dependent variable?
B) Participants' spelling test scores
The technique of assessing personality by asking a person to make up a story based on a picture presented by the researcher is an example of which of the following types of test.
B) Projective
Which of the following are most involved in the action potential of a neuron?
B) Sodium and potassium
Which of the following treatments is most frequently used to eliminate specific phobias?
B) Systematic desensitization
Which perspective was used by Raymond Cattell as a basis for his personality measure known as 16PF test?
B) Trait
An individual who sees and feels imaginary spiders crawling on his arms and legs is experiencing __________
B) a hallucination
A schema can be described as
B) a mental construct
The longer an individual becomes exposed to a strong odor, the less aware of the odor the individual becomes. This phenomenon is known as sensory __________
B) adaptation
Soloman Asch's findings on conformity might best be used to explain why __________
B) adolescents follow fads in dress and hairstyle
Prozac functions as an antidepressant medication because __________
B) blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin
The evolutionary perspective (sociobiology) argues that __________
B) humans are genetically programmed to ensure that there is a new generation of the species
A person who has brain injury is having difficulty seeing and hearing. These symptoms indicate that damage has occurred in the __________ and __________
B) occipital and temporal lobes
The human vestibular sense is most closely associated with the __________
B) semicircular canals
A teacher taught her students to take turned by giving them stars to trade for snacks at the end of the day. This technique is called
B) token economy
Which of the following will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity?
Barbiturates
Aversion therapy to eliminate undesirable behaviors is most likely to be used by which of the following types of therapists? Behavioral Psychoanalytic Cognitive Reality Humanistic
Behavioral
The school psychologist observes Johnny in class, noting the number of times he disrupts the class on a particular day. The school psychologist then instructs the teacher to ignore Johnny when he misbehaves and to praise him when he is good. This method of handling Johnny is an example of which of the following psychological approaches? Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic Psychoanalytic Biological
Behavioral
Which of the following therapeutic approaches is most likely to be criticized because it does not treat the underlying cause of the disorder?
Behavioral
The quotation below is consistent with the views of which of the following schools of psychology? "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief..." Existentialism Structuralism Humanism Gestalt Behaviorism
Behaviorism
A 14-month-old toddler is placed in an unfamiliar situation with the child's mother, who then leaves from the room for a time. When the mother returns, the child squirms and tries to get away from the mother when picked up, but also seems distressed when placed back on the floor. Mary Ainsworth would consider this evidence of which of the following?
C) A resistant or ambivalent attachment style
Research indicates that many animals are more likely to associate sickness with a taste they experienced in conjunction with the illness than with the tone or light. This finding supports which of the following claims?
C) Animals may be biologically prepared to learn some things over other things.
One perspective in clinical psychology proposes that adaptive and abnormal behaviors can be developed through similar processes. Which of the following terms best characterizes this approach to abnormal behavior?
C) Behavioral
Which Piagetian stage of cognitive development is characterized by mastery of conservation tasks?
C) Concrete operations
A researcher asks elementary, junior high, senior high, and college students to define the term "cheating," and analyzes differences in their definitions across age groups. This is an example of which type of study?
C) Cross-sectional
Which of the following explains the behavior of a normally law-abiding people who act destructively when they are part of a crowd?
C) Deindividuation
Which is a definition of discrimination that most directly applies to social psychology?
C) Differential treatment, usually negative, based on group membership
Which of the following is considered an explanation of why bystander intervention is less likely to occur if there is a large number of witnesses to a crime?
C) Diffusion of responsibility
An interaction between variables complicates the researcher's explanation of findings. Which of the following are most likely involved in this interaction?
C) Flavor of drink and time of consumption
Which of the following are the independent variables?
C) Flavor of drink and time of consumption
Rudolph spends hours painting his studio, even though he sells few pictures. Which of the following explains Rudolph's creative productivity?
C) Intrinsic motivation
Which perspective views the human condition as a mixture of unconscious desires and conflicts?
C) Psychoanalytic
A researcher dabs color on a 16-month-old child's face and places the child in front of a mirror. Which of the following developmental milestones has been reached if the child realizes that there is something wrong with his face?
C) Recognition of self
A two-year-old child is frightened by a small dog. A few weeks later the same child sees a cat and becomes frightened. The child's reaction is most likely an example of which of the following?
C) Stimulus generalization
The human brain differs from the brains of most other animals by the relative amount of brain mass devoted to which of the following?
C) The cerebral cortex
A monkey is conditioned to flinch at the sound of a bell that was previously paired with a puff of air to a monkey's cheek. Which of the following explanations would be consistent with a cognitive interpretation of this conditioning?
C) The monkey interprets the bell as a signal that the air puff will follow
the humanistic perspective in psychology suggests that __________
C) all humans are by nature good
Individuals who accept personal responsibility for their life experiences may be characterized as having __________
C) an internal locus of control
John Garcia showed that when rats ingested a novel substance before becoming nauseated from radiation or drugs, they acquired a __________
C) conditioned taste aversion for the substance
Social facilitation theory focuses on situations in which the presence of others causes an individual's performance to __________
C) improve
Keisha was able to roll over at two months, crawl at five months, and walk at ten months. This sequence of development is most likely due to __________
C) maturation
A club president discovers that contributions of the club members drop when the total contribution is published rather than the contributions of individuals. This drop can be explained by the phenomenon of __________
C) social loafing
In the treatment of patients, which of the following psychologists made no attempt to offer formal diagnosis, advice, or interpretation of patients' unconscious motives? Carl Rogers Aaron Beck Albert Ellis Sigmund Freud Carl Jung
Carl Rogers
Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?
Cerebral cortex
Which of the following situations poses an approach-approach conflict for a person who listens only to classical music?
Choosing to study with one of two friends, both of whom listen to classical music while studying
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) includes which of the following? Detailed case histories and verbatim patient interviews for each type of mental disorder Tables of biological abnormalities for each type of mental disorder Discussion of the pros and cons of various treatment approaches for each type of mental disorder Classification and diagnosis of each type of mental disorder
Classification and diagnosis of each type of mental disorder
Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school, Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?
Cognitive
Janet believes her brother Ralph is depressed because he has a distorted view of reality: he has unrealistically negative thoughts. Which of the following theories comes closest to describing Janet's orientation to abnormal behavior? Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral Systems Cognitive
Cognitive
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion includes a component not discussed in the James-Lange theory. What is this component? Stimulus situation Arousal Facial feedback Cognitive labeling Subjective emotion
Cognitive labeling
A therapist who helps a client replace irrational thoughts with alternative patterns of thinking is using which of the following techniques? Cognitive restructuring Cognitive dissonance Systematic desensitization Extinction Aversive conditioning
Cognitive restructuring
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used in research on personality? Interviews Observations Inventories Projective tests Conservation tasks
Conversion tasks
For a language test with normally distributed scores, the mean was 70 and the standard deviation was 10. Approximately what percentage of the test takers scored 60 and above?
D) 84
Which of the following neurotransmitters is most directly associated with Alzheimer's disease?
D) Acetylcholine (ACh)
Rats in an experiment learned to associate sweetened water with a drug that causes immune suppression. Later, the sweetened water alone produced the immune suppression. This outcome is an example of which of the following?
D) Classical conditioning
Which of the following theoretical frameworks would argue most strongly that a healthy child will choose what is good for his or her own growth?
D) Humanistic
Which of the following is most likely to characterize the behavior of students who have high achievement motivation and are intrinsically motivated to play a musical instrument?
D) If permitted to choose their own pieces of music, they will select moderately difficult pieces that they can master if they practice them conscientiously.
Which of the following is NOT a gestalt principle of perceptual organization?
D) Intensity
An individual survives a period of captivity and exhibits behaviors that include anxiety, inability to concentrate, depression, edginess, and the re-experience of stressful events. These symptoms illustrate which of the following disorders?
D) Posttraumatic stress
Remembering how to roller skate involves which of the following kinds of memory?
D) Procedural
Which is the definition of discrimination that most directly applies to perception?
D) Recognizing an object as distinct from its surroundings
Which of the following terms is used in hunger and weight-control research to denote the concept that each person has a body-fat level that remains fixed and resistant to change?
D) Set Point
When Jason practices the drums, he tends not to hear the phone. Today he is expecting a call from a record producer and answers the phone each time it rings even when he is practicing the drums. Which of the following explains why Jason hears the phone today?
D) Signal detection theory
Which type of psychologist would be interested primarily in studying whether people behave differently in groups than they do when alone?
D) Social
Which of the following reflects the inborn and stable rudiments of personality, such as excitability?
D) Temperament
A central nervous system depressant that produces a false feeling of well-being and efficiency and results in slower reaction time to stimulation is __________
D) alcohol
Which of the following is most descriptive of antisocial personality disorder?
D) an inability to feel empathy for others and a lack of remorse for actions that harm others
Material that an individual cannot remember but it on the "tip of the tongue" is __________
D) available, but not accessible
Contemporary definitions of abnormality might include all of the following criteria EXCEPT
D) gender
The overall purpose of psychoanalytic therapy is to __________
D) help the client in therapy gain new insight into himself or herself
The two components of Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion are __________ and __________
D) physiological arousal and cognitive assessment
The practice of solving problems by using a mental shortcut is an example of __________
D) the use of a heuristic
Early behaviorists believed that psychology should NOT focus on "the mind" because "the mind" is __________
D) unobservable
According to the psychoanalytic view, depression is caused by __________
D) unresolved experiences of loss from childhood
A test that fails to predict what it is designed to predict lacks __________
D) validity
In an experiment, which of the following variables refers to the outcome that is measured by the experimenter?
Dependent
Of the following, which is the best example of divergent thinking in problem-solving? Devising as many solutions as possible Ending the solution process with functional fixedness Arriving at a single, plausible solution Developing personal analogy Brainstorming within a category of associated solutions
Devising as many solutions as possible
A person leaves her current home, moves to a new location, takes on a new identity, and has little or no memory of her former life. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), which of the following diagnoses is most appropriate? Conversion disorder Panic disorder Bipolar disorder Dissociative fugue Schizophrenic episode
Dissociative fugue
One suspected cause of schizophrenia is the abnormal increase of which of the following neurotransmitters in the brain?
Dopamine
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with which of the following? A lack of genital arousal Dreams Tensed muscles Considerable tossing and turning Sleep apnea
Dreams
Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?
E) Alyse cannot remember any details of what happened right before her car accident
Of the following research methods, which can best establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
E) An experiment
Which of the following is the correct sequence of anatomical structures through which an auditory stimulus passes before it is perceived as sound?
E) Auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea
A psychologist is attempting to get Wade, an 8-year-old autistic boy, to make eye contact when she speaks to him. She gives Wade a piece of candy every time he looks at her face. This treatment illustrates which of the following therapeutic approaches?
E) Behavioral
John B. Watson was a pioneer in which of the following perspectives of psychology?
E) Behaviorism
Which is a definition of discrimination that most directly applies to classical conditioning?
E) Learning to respond differently top similar stimuli
After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar for cleaning his room, Sarah begins cleaning her own room. According to the social-learning theorists, Sarah's behavior is an example of which of the following?
E) Observational learning
The minimum intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least 50 percent of the time is known as the __________
E) absolute threshold
When Shelly first had cable television service installed, Public Broadcasting (PBS) was on channel 9. Her cable company then switched PBS to channel 16. Shelly now has trouble remembering that PBS is on channel 16 and not on channel 9. This memory problem represents __________
E) proactive interference
In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, living up to one's potential and striving for personal fulfillment are referred to as __________
E) self-actualization needs
All of the following are conditions that may lead to conflict within organizations EXCEPT __________
E) superordinate goals
Which of the following is evidence of the reliability of a new intelligence test?
E) the correlation between scores of participants who take two forms of the test is +0.90.
Two friends attribute their high math scores to their level of effort and ability in math and their low Spanish scores to their teacher's subjective grading and favoritism. In this situation these students are exhibiting __________
E) the self-serving bias
GRAPH: According the graph above, the greatest degree of attitude change is likely to be produced by which of the following forms of advertising?
Easy messages on the television and difficult messages in the newspaper
An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?
Eat a snack
An individual's ability to remember the day he or she fast swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory?
Episodic
Which of the following is the phase of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome wherein individuals are most vulnerable to illness, collapse, and even death? Appraisal Alarm Exhaustion Denial Resistance
Exhaustion
In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?
Experiences of psychological changes
Which of the following methods is used in studies designed to determine the primary components of intelligence?
Factor analysis
A researcher gave identical puzzles to five-year-old children in two groups, group A and group B. The children in group A were promised candy if they completed the puzzles quickly and well. The children in group B were not promised a reward but encouraged to do the best that they could. If the researcher argues that overjustification occurred, which of the following most likely happened during the experiment? Group A worked harder and better than group B Both groups worked equally hard and well Group B felt angry at not receiving the promise of a reward and therefore did not work at all Group A did not work as hard or as well as group B and would be less likely to spontaneously work on similar puzzles in the future Group B worked equally well as group A but would quickly argue that they would have done better if offered a reward
Group A did not work as hard or as well as group B and would be less likely to spontaneously work on similar puzzles in the future
A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following
Heart disease
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must first be met before belongingness and love become important? I. Safety needs II. Esteem needs III. Self-actualization needs IV. Physiological needs
I and IV
GRAPH: Match the Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV) in the table above with the appropriate terms in signal detection theory.
I. Miss II. False alarm III. Hit IV. Correct rejection
The precipitous decline of the impatient populations of state and country and mental hospitals since the 1950's can be attributed to which of the following? I. Declining incidence of severe mental illnesses II. A policy of deinstitutionalization III. New drug therapies
II. A policy of deinstitutionalization and III. New drug therapies
Which of the following lends the most support to the view that early explorers undertook explorations to gain wealth and fame? Arousal theorists Drive reduction theorists Humanistic theorists Incentive theorists Sociobiological theorists
Incentive therorists
Long-term potentiation is best described as the Interference effect of old memories on the formation of new memories Disruptive influence of recent memories on the recall of old memories Tendency of people to recall experiences that are consistent with their current mood Increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning
Increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning
A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of development?
Industry vs. inferiority
The five-factor theory of personality (The Big Five) does NOT include which of the following characteristics? Intelligence Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Intelligence
Which of the following areas of the body has the largest number of sensory neurons?
Lips
Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age?
Longitudinal
REM sleep, generally an "active state of sleep," is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?
Lowered muscle tone
Which of the following is a brain-imaging technique that produces the most detailed picture of brain structure?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Which of the following is a measure of central tendency that is most influenced by extreme scores? Median Standard deviation Mean Analysis of variance Mode
Mean
Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
Negative reinforcement
Which of the following did Alfred Adler suggest is the primary driving force in the development of personality? Resolving the electra complex Overcoming the inferiority complex Extinguishing reinforcement history Analyzing the collective unconscious Repressing the libido
Overcoming the inferiority complex
Which of the following is true regarding cross-cultural studies on attributional tendencies? The actor observer bias is universal People in collectivist cultures are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than people in individualistic cultures People in individualistic cultures are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than people in collectivist cultures People in collectivist cultures are more likely to base their attributions on their appearance than are people in individualistic cultures
People in individualistic cultures are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than people in collectivist cultures
Client: "I've been feeling totally worthless, like I never do anything right." Therapist: "I guess you feel that way a lot, don't you? That you're no good. It's hard to have feelings like that." Which of the following types of therapy would be likely to involve the exchange above? Rational-emotive behavior therapy Gestalt therapy Psychoanalysis Systematic Desensitization Person-centered therapy
Person-centered therapy
Which gland of the endocrine system controls the activity of other glands? Pancreas Thyroid Adrenal Pituitary Pineal
Pituitary
Computer-generated color images of the brain that provide information about glucose metabolism are produced by which of the following techniques? EEG EMG MRI PET CAT
Positron-emission tomography (PET)
INK BLOT: Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test?
Projective personality
Which of the following psychoactive drugs works by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin? Xanax Valium Lithium carbonate Clozapine Prozac
Prozac
This phenomenon of transference is a recognized component of which of the following therapeutic treatments?
Psychoanalysis
A moviegoer who cannot identify the name of a film star remembers the name when a friend reviews a list of stars. This incident illustrates which two concepts in human memory? Rehearsal and chunking The primacy and recency effects Constructive and reconstructive memory The sensory register and short term memory Recall and recognition
Recall and recognition
Behavior therapists emphasize which of the following in their treatment of clients?
Responses that have been reinforced in the past
Which of the following is true about rods and cones? Rods facilitate black and white vision and cones facilitate color vision Both rods and cones are most concentrated at the periphery of the retina Both rods and cones are most concentrated at the blind spot of the retina Rods and cones are distributed evenly throughout the retina
Rods facilitate black and white vision and cones facilitate color vision
A researcher shows a picture to a volunteer; the picture features a woman in the foreground and an older man, looking over her shoulder, in the background. The volunteer is asked to "tell a story" about the picture. The researcher assumes that the volunteer will project his own unconscious feelings into the story he tells. This is an example of which of the following tests? WISC MMPI Rorschach Inkblot Test TAT Stanford Binet Test
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Which of the following is most appropriate criterion for evaluating the predictive validity of an intelligence test?
School grades
A teacher who is mistakenly informed that a student is learning disabled begins to treat that student differently from others. The teacher does not call on the student in class to help her with challenging material. The student's grades gradually decline. This result is an example of which of the following?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
SCATTERGRAM: Which of the following scattergrams represents the data above?
Semester Average for Algebra against the Test Score for Statistics
After constant exposure to a stimulus, our nerve cells fire less frequently. This can be explained by which of the following? Weber's law Sensory adaptation Signal Detection Absolute threshold sensitivity The phi phenomenon
Sensory adaptation
Which of the following findings would support an interpretation of aggression as catharsis?
Societies that value aggressive sports are generally less aggressive than societies that do not value aggressive sports
The experience of an emotion, as described by the James-Lange theory, would follow which order? Stimulus, arousal, emotion Stimulus, emotion, arousal Emotion, arousal, stimulus Arousal, stimulus, emotion Arousal, emotion, stimulus
Stimulus, arousal, emotion
Which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm?
Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with their peers
Which of the following is a hormone that is most directly related to human sex drive? Acetylcholine Testosterone Angiotensin Dopamine Norepinephrine
Testosterone
The validity of a personality test is best indicated by which of the following? The correlation between test scores and some other relevant measure The correlation between test scores and IQ The inverse correlation of the variables being tested The number of people in the test's norming population
The correlation between test scores and some other relevant measure
A market researcher is interested in ascertaining which of two possible packages is more likely to entice buyers to purchase a new brand of chocolate-chip cookie. In this study, which of the following pairs represents the independent and dependent variables, respectively? Another brand of cookie; the new brand of cookie The new brand of cookie; another brand of cookie The new brand of cookie; two types of packaging The different types of packages; total sales for each of the packages
The different types of packages; total sales for each of the packages
Dr. Lewis decided to study the television viewing habits of her students and therefore demanded that they complete and return a survey regarding their viewing habits. Which of the following ethical principles was clearly violated in this study? The right to have a copy of the results The right to have a copy of the survey The right to be protected from unnecessary risk of harm The right to refuse to participate in a study The right to be informed of deception
The right to refuse to participate in a study
Two groups of participants in a study are presented a list of 20 words. The first group is told to count the number of capital letters in the words and the second group is told to think of the definition of each word. When both groups are asked to recall the word lists, which of the following is most likely to occur? Each group will recall the same number of words The first group will really more words than the second group The second group will recall more words than the first group Both groups will recall all of the words
The second group will recall more words than the first
Which of the following is true of individuals who experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they abruptly stop using a drug that they have been taking for a long time? They are physically dependent on the drug They are tolerant of the withdrawal effects They are in a state of reverse tolerance They are experiencing disinhibition They are demonstrating projective identification
They are physically dependent on the drug
Which of the following is generally true of participants in Lewis Terman's longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children? Their IQ dropped with age Their IQ increased with age They exhibit a higher than average incidence of mental illness They led happy and fulfilling lives They came from larger than average families
They led happy and fulfilling lives.
According to David McClelland, which of the following is true of individuals who have a strong need for achievement? They seek out tasks that are moderately difficult They are not likely to persist on any task They seek out tasks that are easy They seek out tasks that are nearly impossible They are less likely to pursue success in their occupations
They seek out tasks that are moderately difficult
Which of the following is true of persons with schizophrenia? They have multiple personalities They are typically cured if they take appropriate medication They are often unable to understand simple statements They typically experience onset in late adolescence of early adulthood
They typically experience onset in late adolescence of early adulthood
Keisha recently lost the sight in her left eye. In which of the following situations would Keisha NOT be able to judge depth? Looking down a railroad tract as it disappears into the distance Looking out a train window at passing scenery Throwing a ball to a friend Watching two people approach from different distances Watching a crowd of children at play in a school yard
Throwing a ball to a friend
Which of the following represent, respectively, superordinate and subordinate categories for the basic-level category of "automobile"?
Vehicle, convertible
Research suggest that ability to cope with stress in everyday situations is closely related to a person's Annual income Ability to predict and control potential stressors Verbal intelligence Direct experience in competitive sports Low calorie diet
ability to predict and control potential stressors
A child believes that all birds can fly, yet comes to realize that a penguin is a bird. Which of the following terms was used by Jean Piaget to refer to this developmental process of changing one's ways of thinking in order to incorporate new information? Accommodation Egocentrism Formal operational thought Assimilation Concrete operational thought
accommodation
A test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to
allow a student to be exempted from a college course
The ability of the human visual system to barely detect a candle flame at a distance of about 30 miles on a clear, dark night is an example of An absolute threshold A difference threshold A just noticeable difference Weber's Law Fechner's law
an absolute threshold
Processing every possible combination of the letter DBRI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of
an algorithm
Noam Chomsky hypothesized that humans learn language through Conditioning and reinforcement An innate language acquisition device General cognitive development Interpersonal communication Trial and error
an innate language acquisition device
Sabrina plays on a rugby team and collects antique dolls. Peter is on a football team and loves to cook. Both Sabrina and Peter demonstrates a high degree of
androgyny
John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe
anterograde amnesia
Maturation differs from learning in that developmental changes due to maturation Are relatively independent of environmental factors Follow no predictable pattern Can take place only in an enriched environment Cease after early childhood Require practice
are relatively independent of environmental factors
A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the
area of the hypothalamus
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's
attachment
According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, one of the five stages experienced by people facing death is
bargaining
When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the
bipolar cells
Rhoda sometimes experiences periods of major depression. At other times, she is extremely talkative and active, appears to be in a euphoric mood, goes days without sleeping, and reports that her thoughts are racing. The most likely diagnosis of Rhoda's condition is Bipolar disorder Dissociative identity disorder Delusional disorder Major depressive disorder Schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
The semicircular canals, located in the inner ear, provide important information about the Apparent distance of sound Air pressure of the surrounding area Body posture and head position Frequency of sound waves Amplitude of sound waves
body's posture and head position
The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the
cochlea
Tension from an inconsistency between an individual's attitudes and behaviors is Cognitive dissonance Altruism Deindividuation Information propinquity Constancy
cognitive dissonance
A group of students perceived a stationary point of light in a dark room as a moving object. When asked later how far the light had moved, their responses increased in similarity as they heard each others' estimates. This outcome was a demonstration of Obedience Social facilitation Conformity Visual Masking Motion parallax
conformity
In rational-emotive therapy, the therapist helps clients by
confronting clients with their faulty logic
A man who experiences sudden blindness on witnessing the death of his wife is probably suffering from a
conversion disorder
A bundle of nerve fibers that interconnects the two brain hemispheres is the Association areas Thalamus Corpus callosum Sylvain fissure Optic chiasm
corpus callosum
A normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a
decrease in his fluid intelligence
Although it can produce undesirable side effects, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be most effective in the treatment of Depression Schizophrenia Panic disorder Psychogenic amnesia Multiple personality
depression
For several weeks -- ever since she did not receive a raise that was given to several colleagues -- Enid has lacked energy, has been unable to go to work, and has expected bad things to happen every day. Of the following, she is most likely experiencing
depression
One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it
did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings
In experimental psychology, a significant difference refers to a
difference not likely due to chance
The more people present at a scene, the less likely it is that anyone will help a person in need. This phenomenon is a manifestation of
diffusion of responsibility
A person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibiting Response learning Discrimination learning insight learning Extinction Generalization
discrimination learning
GRAPH: Which of the following scatterplots depicts the most predictive negative correlation between two variables?
dots centered closely around a line with negative slope
Contemporary definitions of abnormal behavior typically characterize such behavior as all of the following EXCEPT
due to inappropriate child-rearing practices
Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that
each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for the study
According to information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves
encoding
The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to
establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response
The common tendency to assume that the beliefs, values, attitudes, or actions of one's own group are superior to those of other groups is called Deindividuation Group think Observer bias Ethnocentrism Reactance
ethnocentrism
A researcher conducts an experiment to test the claim that new drug Y is more effective than standard drug X in inhibiting arousal. The researcher randomly assigns participants to receive drug Y or drug X and subsequently measures arousal. In this experiment, participants receiving drug Y constitute the Dependent variable Confounding variable Experimental group Control group Placebo group
experimental group
Montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb luck, anyway." Montgomery's judgment of his situation most clearly reflects
external locus of control
A child has learned that her grandparents ignore rather than reward her tantrums. Which of the following operant principles are the grandparents using to control the child's behavior? Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Delayed reinforcement Extinction Stimulus substitution
extinction
An individual's fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been
extinguished
A fifty-two-year-old woman notices a decrease in her ability to solve familiar problems quickly and to form new concepts, although she still feels confident in recalling and using familiar information. This is most likely due to a decline in Mental age Concrete operational thought Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence Pre operational thought
fluid intelligence
Cognitive theorists emphasize the
formation and modification of schemas
An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of
free will
A young couple was having a picnic outdoors when a sudden rainstorm approached. They became soaked, because they did not think of using their plastic tablecloth for protection from the rain. Their oversight best illustrates Ill-structured problems Insight Divergent thinking Functional fixedness Incubation
functional fixedness
When members of a group who tend to agree on an issue become more extreme in their opinion after the issue is discussed, which of the following has taken place? Deindividuation Depersonalization Groupthink Group norming Group polarization
group polarization
Psychotic disorders frequently involve perceptions of nonexistent sensory stimulation, such as voices. Symptoms such as these are called
hallucinations
A therapist who uses systematic desensitization to help a child overcome a white rabbit phobia will probably begin treatment by exploring the child's early ego formation Having the child imagine being in a room full of rabbits Having the child list a hierarchy of white, fuzzy objects Analyzing the child's recent dreams for evidence of rabbit themes
having the child list a hierarchy of white, fuzzy objects
Stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to
hear sounds
The section of the brain considered most vital to the initiation of feeding behaviors is the Hippocampus Hypothalamus Superior olive Suprachiasmatic nucleus Substantia nigra
hypothalamus
Classical conditioning is most efficient when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Immediately follows the conditioned stimulus Follows the conditioned stimulus by a few minutes Immediately precedes the conditioned stimulus Precedes the conditioned stimulus by a few minutes Is presented at the same time as the conditioned stimulus
immediately follows the conditioned stimulus (CS)
When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are
in the middle of the list
Hypnosis is best described as a state of
induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual
Wolfgang Kohler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of
insight
A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of
instinct
For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the
left cerebral hemisphere
People who have experienced severe damage to the frontal lobe of the brain seldom regain their ability to
make and carry out plans
The strongest support for the hereditary basis of personality comes from research techniques that use Comparisons of photos of the physiques of young male siblings Rater's estimates of the similarity between mother and child in personality characteristics such as shyness Measurements of behavioral similarities of identical twins reared apart Clinical case studies of the frequency of a personality trait in a family Correlations of test score profiles of brothers and sisters from the same family
measurements of behavioral similarities of identical twins reared apart
In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is
mediate among the id, the superego, and reality
When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel if that channel
mentions the participant's name
The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called
natural selection
A person closes a window to shut out traffic noise. The reduction in noise leads the person to close the window every day. This is an example of Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Omission training An appetitive stimulus
negative reinforcement
Questions 96-98 are based on the passage below. A researcher studying the effect of noise level on concentration randomly assigns student participants to either a noisy room or a quiet room to take a problem-solving test. The researcher subsequently compares the two groups' test scores using a t-test and concludes p = 0.05. The independent variable in this study is the
noise level
The performance of the group of which an IQ test is standardized sets the
norms against which the performance of later test takers can be evaluated
A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jena Piaget, the baby's action shows development of
object permanence
Dan always returns after leaving home to see if he locked the door. He always locks the door, but he thinks about whether or not he locked the door until he has checked. Dan's behavior is an example of A specific phobia Avoidant personality disorder Hypochondriasis Conversion disorder OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
An example of an episodic memory is the memory of One's high school grad The capital of a state What the musical notes C sounds like How to type A mood that is triggered by experience of a particular scent
one's high school graduation
A researcher asks a young child what she did yesterday. The child replies, "I goed to the park." This is best described as an example of Overregularization of grammar rules contradictory morphemes The deep structure of language Incorrect pragmatics Semantic error
overregularization of grammar rules
In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain
perceptual organization
Questions 96-98 are based on the passage below. A researcher studying the effect of noise level on concentration randomly assigns student participants to either a noisy room or a quiet room to take a problem-solving test. The researcher subsequently compares the two groups' test scores using a t-test and concludes p = 0.05. The dependent variable in this study is the
problem-solving test scores
Dr. Williams is a therapist who believes that his client's depression is caused by internalized anger and other intrapsychic conflicts. Of which psychological perspective is Dr. Williams most likely a proponent? Biopsychological Evolutionary Humanistic Behavioral Psychoanalytic
psychoanalytical
The first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as
psychophysics
Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the
punishment is delivered soon after the behavior
Han Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain
reactions to stress
The frustration-aggression hypothesis views aggression as Unconscious Physiological Innate Reactive Cognitive
reactive
In an emergency situation, the adrenal glands secrete hormones that cause all of the following EXCEPT Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Increased blood sugar level Reduced mood swings Reduced blood flow to digestive system
reduce mood swings
According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to
reduce tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts
In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent
response, reinforcement
Learned helplessness is most likely to result when
responses have no effect on the environment
A student who obtained a percentile rank of 75 on an achievement test is best characterized as having
scored higher than 75% of the test takers
Jamal receives a Full Scale IQ score of 125 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. This score indicates that he Scored correctly on 125 items on the test Scored exactly at the mode of the test Scored exactly at the median of the test Scored more than one standard deviation above the mean of the test
scored more than one standard deviation above the mean of the test
Intense artificial light is most successfully used as therapy for
seasonal affective disorder
The most definitive characteristic of the experimental method is that it
seeks to establish cause-effect relationships
Most professionals from the United States rate themselves better in performance and competence than their average peer. This is an example of Self actualization Objective self awareness Enlightened self schemas Self serving bias The fundamental attribution error
self-serving bias
According to Erik Erikson's theory of development, the key concern of early adulthood is Establishing a career Leaving the parents' world Raising children Sharing intimacy with another Building an identity
sharing intimacy with another
Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with
sickness
When Stanley Milgram asked psychiatrists to predict how far participants would go in administering shock in his original demonstration on obedience to authority, the psychiatrists Made accurate predictions Significantly overestimated the level Significantly underestimated the level Accurately predicted male responses but underestimated female responses Declined to play a role in the research based on their ethical objections
significantly underestimated the level
According to research on attraction, people are most likely to be attracted to others who are
similar to themselves in many ways
The thalamus processes information for all of the following sense EXCEPT
smell
Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wear over one eye primarily because
some depth perception is lost
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT
spicy
When a teacher compares the performance of her students on the even-and-odd numbered questions in a multiple-choice test, she is determining Equivalent form reliability Split half reliability Face validity Concurrent validity Construct validity
split-half reliability
The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response is called Acquisition Generalization Extinction Discrimination Spontaneous Recovery
spontaneous recovery
In "Baby X" studies, researchers alternately dressed an infant in typical boys' or girls' clothing. Adults who were asked to play with the infant treated in the baby in boys' clothing in a generally rougher manner than when asked to play with the same infant dressed in girls' clothing. This behavior is the result of Stereotyping Androgyny Indulgence Neglect Framing
stereotyping
In Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments, subjects were LEAST likely to deliver maximum levels of shock when the
subjects observed other subjects who refused to obey the experimenter's orders
In neurons, neurotransmitters are released at the axons cell bodies dendrites receptor sites synaptic vesicles
synaptic vesicles
The rules of grammar are rules of
syntax
Questions 96-98 are based on the passage below. A researcher studying the effect of noise level on concentration randomly assigns student participants to either a noisy room or a quiet room to take a problem-solving test. The researcher subsequently compares the two groups' test scores using a t-test and concludes p = 0.05. The researcher's conclusion that p = 0.05 most likely indicates
that the difference between the two groups is statistically significant
Gender typing is best described as The realization that gender is stable, regardless of superficial behaviors such as dress A preferential interest of a female child in the attention of a mother A child showing ambivalence toward both the mother and father adolescents integrating social, sexual, intellectual and ethnical aspects into self identity The acquisition of the roles associated with distinctions between male and female
the acquisition of the roles associated with distinctions between male and female
The news of a plane crash causes a couple to cancel their plane reservation and drive 1,000 miles in their car instead, even though they know that fatal automobile accidents are much more common than airplane accidents. The couple's decision mainly involves The overconfidence effect Confirmation bias Belief bias The availability heuristic The representativeness heuristic
the availability heuristic
Jessie and a friend are driving in rush-hour highway traffic when a car suddenly cuts in front of them in order to reach an unmarked exit ramp. Jessie's passenger points out that the circumstances may have required the other driver to do so, while Jessie loudly criticizes the personal qualities of the other driver. Jessie's response is best explained by Cognitive dissonante theory The fundamental attribution error A self fulfilling prophecy The mere exposure effect Social inhibition thoery
the fundamental attribution error
Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following?
the injection of heroin by an addict to avid withdrawal symptoms
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, children at the first level of moral reasoning make judgments about right and wrong on the basis of Cultural norms Social conventions Religious beliefs The likelihood of punishment The approval of siblings and same sex peers
the likelihood of punishment
The process of remembering several pieces of information by mentally associating an image of each with a different location is a mnemonic device known as The key word method The method of loci The peg word system The link method Chunking
the method of loci
Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold?
the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential
The gate control theory attempts to explain how The brain analyzes patterns by analyzing changes in brightness over broad areas Filtering of excess information results in reduced response to constant stimulation The nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain Differing regions of the tongue are more sensitive to different taste
the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain
When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as
the phi phenomenon
Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's developmental theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's
theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females
Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that
there is an inherent language acquisition device
Metacognition refers to
thinking about thinking
The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to
transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
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Psychologists who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for
underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation
One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the
universality of facial expressions across cultures