AP Psych Unit 5 Review

Dr. Lofter is a professor of cognitive psychology at a university. He has been collecting data from student performances on tests throughout the school year. Every other test is formatted as either a fill-in-the-blank test, which relies on recall, or a multiple-choice test, which relies more on recognition. At the end of the year, Dr Lofter publishes the research findings in a journal on cognitive sciences showing how students perform better on recognition tests than recall tests. Which of the following ethical violations did Dr. Lofter commit?

Dr. Lofter's students did not give informed consent to be a part of the research.

A corporation created what they referred to as an "intelligence assessment" to give to people who are applying for jobs with their company, which sells medical equipment. The assessment asked questions about popular culture, sports, and historical events that occurred in the United States. Which of the following might explain why the assessment results did not give the company a diverse pool of final candidates?

The assessment lacked validity by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics.

Alumni of a small high school where everyone knew each other were tracked down twenty years after their high school graduation. Alumni were shown photographs of other individuals they graduated with. First, they were asked if they recognized the person in the photograph. Participants responded "yes" 75% of the time. Next, they were asked if they knew the person's name. Participants could only correctly name the person in the photograph 25% of the time. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the recall condition?

The percentage of people identified by name

When asked to think of a "desk," many students think of the desks in their classroom rather than a large desk used by an executive. This illustrates that their school desks have formed their of a desk.

telegraphic utterance

Heritability of intelligence refers to

the amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics.

Research on the role of the amygdala in memory has found that

the amygdala help make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotional responses.

Miller's "magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to

the capacity of short-term memory.

A phoneme, such as the "c" in cows, is best described as a

unit of sound in a language.

Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score is best described as having which of the following qualities?

within the middle 68% of people who took the test

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance?

Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.

Mr. Flores is trying to convince his students that there are more effective ways to study. He has his students use two different strategies to remember a list of 20 random words over two consecutive weeks. During week one, the students repeat the words 5 times, and during week two, they create an analogy for each word based on its definition. The results of the study were posted on his classroom door as proof of how students should study. Which of the following memory storage concepts is Mr. Flores studying by having students create analogies during week 2?

Elaborative rehearsal

Memory researchers want to determine if using a mnemonic device will prevent participants from forgetting information. They present a list of nonsense syllables to participants that have been randomly divided into two different groups. One group is instructed to use an assigned mnemonic device to remember the words while the other group is instructed to just try to recall the words without using any memory aid. Participants are then asked to recall the nonsense syllables after one hour, one day, and one week. Which of the following research designs best describes this research?

Experiment

Scott gets soaked in the rainstorm because he does not think of using his backpack to shield himself from the rain. Which barrier to problem solving is evidenced here?

Fixation

People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent death rate than they are when told it has a 90 percent survival rate. Which psychological concept explains this difference in concern?

Framing

Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis relates to what aspect of the power of language?

How language determines thinking

Researchers were interested in whether there is a correlation between binocular cues and depth perception. Which of the following would be an operational definition of depth perception?

How many times a person accurately judges the distance of an object

Which of the following is not one of Robert Sternberg's components of creativity?

Incubation

What would be true of a thermometer that always reads three degrees lower than the actual temperature?

It is reliable but not valid.

Dr. Storck randomly assigned a group of adults to two groups. Group A was asked to memorize a list of 20 words that are all names of food items. Group B was asked to memorize a list of 20 random words, none of which were names of food items. A week later, Dr. Storck asked the participants to memorize a new list of 20 words, all of which were the names of different food items. He recorded how many words each group recalled accurately. The data he collected are shown in the graph. Which of the following best represents Dr. Storck's likely hypothesis?

People are less likely to remember new food words after they have previously learned a list of food words.

If approached on the street by a stranger and asked to make a guess about their IQ score, your best guess would be

100

People are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below

70

Which of the following individuals would best represent our understanding of fluid versus crystallized intelligence?

Alice is 25 and has discovered a new chemical element

Which of the following illustrates the serial position effect?

Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list.

Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students?

Asking them questions about the meaning of each word

Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? Responses

Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.

When someone provides his phone number to another person, he usually pauses after the area code and again after the next three numbers. This pattern underscores the importance of which memory principle?

Chunking

Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heuristic?

Deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd

Dr. Hayes is studying people's memories. She had a group of randomly selected participants learn a list of dates related to historical events. Group 1 had to recall the dates without any cues, and Group 2 was given a one-word cue to help them with their recall of the dates. Dr. Hayes then asked the participants to rank how strongly they agreed with the following statement: How confident are you that you remembered the dates accurately? Participants were given a range of numbers to choose from to rank their level of agreement, from 1 meaning they were not confident at all to 5 meaning they were absolutely confident. Which of the following measurement tools was Dr. Hayes using in this study?

Likert scale

Mr. Flores is trying to convince his students that there are more effective ways to study. He has his students use two different strategies to remember a list of 20 random words over two consecutive weeks. During week one, the students repeat the words 5 times, and during week two, they create an analogy for each word based on its definition. The results of the study were posted on his classroom door as proof of how students should study. Mr. Flores is attempting to get his student to encode the information into which of the following systems of memory?

Long term memory

The most widely used modern intelligence test was developed by

Louis Terman.

Which of the following statements concerning memory is true?

Memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information.

Which of the following is one of Robert Sternberg's types of intelligence?

Practical intelligence

Students who have faced many obstacles in educational settings were asked to participate in a study that required that they take a test. Many of the students scored poorly on the test. Which of the following ethical! issues arises because the students feel that their low test scores are reflective of their abilities, rather than their circumstances?

Risk to participants

A psychologist was interested in how people of different cultures choose a pet. They posted on social media a question that asked people to respond with what kind of animal would make a good pet. Which of the following psychological concepts would best characterize what the psychologist was examining?

Schemas

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia?

Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened.

Dr. Shay is designing a research study to demonstrate the serial position effect. They asked 10 of their friends to volunteer as participants in the study. Half of the participants were randomly assigned Group A and shown eight random words on a computer screen. After viewing the words, members of Group A were asked to recall as many words as possible. The other half of the students randomly assigned to Group B also viewed a set of eight random words. After viewing the words, students in Group B were asked to count backwards from one hundred, in increments of 3, before recalling any of the words. What is the design flaw of this study?

The participants in the study were not randomly selected.

The basketball players could remember the main points of their coach's halftime talk, but not her exact words. This is because they encoded the information

semantically.

Dr. Darcy was interested in whether the primacy or recency effect leads to better memory recall. He conducted a study to test the difference using two randomly assigned groups of participants and the results are presented in the graph. Which of the following statements is true based on this information?

The recency effect leads to better memory recall than the primacy effect.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is best described as follows:

These synaptic changes allow for more efficient transfer of information.

What is the benefit of standardizing an intelligence test?

To provide a basis for comparing scores against a pretested group

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic?

Using three dramatic news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how often business fraud occurs

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?

What time you had lunch yesterday

If Lanie is able to tell when her husband is upset by noticing subtle changes in his facial expressions, she might be said to have a high degree of

emotional intelligence.

Charles Spearman's g refers to

general intelligence

The Flynn effect refers to the

gradual increase in average intelligence score of the general population over the last several decades.

Carl damaged his cerebellum in a car accident. As a result, he would have the most trouble remembering

his new license plate number.

Researchers studying the effects of genes on intelligence have found that

intelligence is affected by many genes working together.

By waiting until the last minute to study for an exam, you are using an unrecommended strategy called

massed practice.

Achievement tests are to aptitude tests as

measurement is to prediction.

The original formula for a child's intelligence quotient compared a child's

mental age to his or her chronological age.

You are more likely to remember happy memories when you are presently happy than when you are sad due to

mood congruence.

Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve shows that

most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off.

Alice significantly underestimated how long it would take to write her term paper because of

overconfidence.

The purpose of Alfred Binet's early intelligence test was to

predict how children would do in school

Students who do well on college entrance exams generally do well in their first year of college. This helps establish that these exams have

predictive validity

Mave got a new car with the license plate "MAVNUM1." She is asked by the school parking clerk what her number is but can only remember her old one, "VANMOM1." Her inability to remember her new plate is most likely due to

proactive interference.

Howard Gardner found evidence of multiple intelligences in individuals who scored low on intelligence but had an area of exceptional ability—for example, to make complex calculations. These people have

savant syndrome.