AP2 Exam1

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

A liver cell responds to insulin by: Releasing glucagon. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Releasing insulin. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose.

false

Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels. T/F?

cortisol

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________. insulin aldosterone cortisol secretin

tyrosine kinase receptors

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? G proteins tyrosine kinase receptors intracellular receptors

True

Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension. T/F?

both type 1 and type 2

In ___ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal. Type 1 Type 2 Both Type 1 and Type 2

type 1

In ____ diabetes, no insulin is produced. Type 1 Type 2 Both Type 1 and Type 2

type 2

In ____ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin. Type 1 Type 2 Both Type 1 and Type 2

decreased insulin secretion

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased cardiac output decreased or difficulty breathing decreased sweating decreased insulin secretion

GH (growth hormone)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? thyroid hormones prolactin (PRL) oxytocin GH (growth hormone)

testosterone

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? thyroxine oxytocin testosterone growth hormone

True

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin. T/F?

cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. estrogen epinephrine cortisol testosterone

thyroid hormones and calcitonin

Name two hormones produced by the gland identified by letter B. thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormone (PTH) thyroid hormones and calcitonin calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) thyroid hormone and aldosterone

thymus gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. pancreas thymus gland thyroid gland adrenal medulla

increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______. increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) decreased secretion of catecholamines decreased secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)

blood glucose becomes high. pancreas releases insulin. insulin binds to receptors on target cells. cells take in glucose. blood glucose returns to normal.

Put these in order: 1. Pancreas releases insulin. 2. cells take in glucose. 3. blood glucose returns to normal. 4. insulin binds to receptors on target cells. 5. blood glucose becomes high.

hypophyseal portal system

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. hepatic portal system feedback loop hypophyseal portal system general circulatory system

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ

homeostasis.

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called negative feedback. positive feedback. diabetes. homeostasis. None of the above.

aldosterone

The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. cortisol insulin aldosterone glucagon

humoral stimuli

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________. hormonal stimuli endocrinal stimuli humoral stimuli neural stimuli

lack of enzymes the adrenal gland needs to make cortisol and aldosterone

Two adrenal glands make hormones that are essential for life. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______. negative feedback that inhibits estrogen production conversion of estrogens into testosterone lack of enzymes the adrenal gland needs to make cortisol and aldosterone increased testosterone secretion

False

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. T/F?

melatonin

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone? glucagon melatonin growth hormone insulin

thyroxine

What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image? thyroxine growth hormone mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids

Excess hormone levels result in Cushing's syndrome

What belongs at B?

Produces androgens

What belongs at C?

hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters

What belongs at D?

Liver cells.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Liver cells. Cells in the pancreas. Muscle cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. Intestinal cells.

Produces glucocorticoids

What does layer B do?

Produces gonadocorticoids

What does layer C do?

Produces epinephrine

What does layer D do?

ADH (vasopressin)

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? aldosterone cortisol ADH (vasopressin) angiotensin II

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? antidiruetic hormone (ADH) oxytocin cortisol thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH)

growth hormone

What hypothalamic hormone corresponds to pituitary hormone target A?

Prolactin

What hypothalamic hormone corresponds to pituitary hormone target B?

follicle stimulating hormone

What hypothalamic hormone corresponds to pituitary hormone target C?

thyroid stimulating hormone

What hypothalamic hormone corresponds to pituitary hormone target D?

Adrenocoricotropic hormone

What hypothalamic hormone corresponds to pituitary hormone target E?

cortex

What is at A?

Medulla

What is at B?

zona glomerulosa

What is at C?

zona fasciculata

What is at D?

zona retucularis

What is at E?

Produces aldosterone

What is does layer A do?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control secretion of oxytocin control secretion of thyroid hormones control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? control secretion of thyroid hormones control secretion of oxytocin control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? phosphorylation of intracellular proteins activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell increasing protein kinases

negative feedback

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? a circadian rhythm of release negative feedback thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

tropins

What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs? somatotropins somatostatins tropins growth hormones

alter cell activity

What is the primary function of hormones? alter cell activity influence metabolic activity of glands by electrochemical impulses activate extracellular enzymes cause allergic reactions

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it. transcription factors chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

hypothalamus

What label belongs at blank A?

pituitary gland

What label belongs at blank B?

thymus

What label belongs at blank C?

pancreas

What label belongs at blank D?

pineal glands

What label belongs at blank E?

thyroid gland

What label belongs at blank F?

adrenal glands

What label belongs at blank G?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

humoral

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? humoral neural hormonal paracrine

The pancreas releases insulin.

When blood glucose levels are high The pancreas releases glucose. The pancreas releases insulin. The pancreas releases glucagon. The liver releases insulin. The liver releases glucagon.

inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? inhibition of calcitonin synthesis activation of osteoclasts increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys

None of the listed responses is correct.

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? ADH prolactin oxytocin None of the listed responses is correct.

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces? medulla: glucocorticoids zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids zona reticularis: catecholamines zona fasciculata: gonadocorticoids

a decrease in blood glucose levels

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? a decrease in blood glucose levels release of insulin somatostatin hyperglycemia

insulin

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels? insulin glucagon gastrin somatostatin

IP3

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? IP3 cAMP tyrosine kinase DAG

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which testicular cell organelle is primarily responsible for producing the sex hormone testosterone? centrioles ribosomes mitochondria smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Graves' disease

You would predict that iodized salt would have no effect on any cases of ____________. cretinism Graves' disease endemic goiter myxedema

Synergism

__________ is the situation when one hormone exaggerates the effects of another hormone at the target cell? Activism Permissiveness Antagonism Synergism

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Body cells that respond to insulin include Muscle cells only. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Liver cells only. Intestinal cells only. Liver cells and muscle cells only.

enzymatic

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? hormonal humoral enzymatic neural

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene activates a protein kinase directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome phosphorylates a protein

sympathetic activation

All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreatic beta cells to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one? a rise in blood glucose levels acetylcholine release on the pancreatic cells sympathetic activation a rise in blood amino acid levels

True

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium. T/F?

Graves' disease

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland? endemic goiter Graves' disease myxedema cretinism

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

Cushing's disease

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." Cushing's disease pheochromocytoma Addison's disease

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are low: The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

A

Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) made? A-D

C

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored? Select from letters A-D.

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? posterior pituitary kidney hypothalamus anterior pituitary

prolactin

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? progesterone oxytocin prolactin estrogen

thyroid hormone

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?adrenocorticotropic hormone parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone antidiuretic hormone

thyroid hormone

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? cortisol insulin thyroid hormone

phosphodiesterase

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? protein kinase C phospholipase C phosphodiesterase adenylate cyclase

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3 activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which of following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload? oxytocin antidiuretic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone

Cushing's syndrome

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? Addison's disease cretinism Cushing's syndrome Graves' disease

B receptors

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? β receptors α2 receptors α1 receptors

heart palpitations

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? cool, dry skin heart palpitations slow heart rate low blood glucose

cortisol

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? insulin cortisol epinephrine

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? cortisol epinephrine aldosterone ADH (vasopressin)

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? cortisol oxytocin antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress? follicle-stimulating hormone prolactin adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following hormones regulates blood calcium ion levels? follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone insulin parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone glucagon