APES chap 8 and 17

What was the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at 8:00 A.M.?

0.35 ppm

The world population growth rate is currently at approximately ________%

1.2

If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%.

1.4

A population with an annual growth rate of 7% doubles roughly every______ years

10

In which period was the concentration of photochemical smog highest?

11:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M

A population with an annual growth rate of 4% doubles roughly every_____ years

18

A population that doubles in size every 35 years has a growth rate of________ percent

2

A population with an annual growth rate of 3% doubles roughly every_____ years

23

A population that doubles in size every 14 years has a growth rate of________ percent

5

________ is a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions.

A scrubber

Demographically speaking, the effects of AIDS are most significant because ________.

AIDS sickens and kills the youngest and most productive members of society

Which of the following is an ozone depleting chemical?

CFCs

Not surprisingly, the nation with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) is ________.

China

Today, ________ has the worst acid deposition problem, primarily because of ________.

China; coal-fired electrical and industrial plants

What has the Clean Air Act's emissions trading program done about acid deposition in the U.S.?

Economic incentives have encouraged polluters to invest in technologies such as scrubbers.

Which was Thomas Malthus's argument?

He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation.

Which of the following statements about growth rate and population size is true?

If the growth rate remains steady, population size will continue to increase by greater increments with each generation.

IPAT stands for ________.

Impact, Population, Affluence, and Technology

Which of the following is a consequence of acid deposition?

It leaches important minerals from soils.

A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembled the letter ________.

J

Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. One key to the puzzle of Los Angeles smog is the fact that ________.

Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains

_____ death rates and _____ infant mortality rates are due in large part to technological advances, improved sanitation, and better medical care in developed countries.

Lower; lower

What happens when acids from acid deposition hit topsoil?

Plants and soil organisms are harmed.

Which piece of legislation set strict standards for air quality and pollution control?

The Clean Air Act

When birth rates decline, what happens?

The average age of the population grows older.

In 1900, there were approximately 1.75 billion humans on Earth; in 1950, there were approximately 2.3 billion; in the year 2025, approximately 8 billion people will inhabit the biosphere. In the period between 1900 and 2025, what has happened to the human population?

The intervals between population doublings are decreasing.

What is most likely to have caused the levels of ozone and photochemical smog to decline after 4:00 P.M.?

The production of smog declined as the amount of sunlight decreased.

Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true?

The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger.

The EPA tracks six "criteria" air pollutants. Which of these is true of the criteria air pollutants?

Total emissions of the six have declined by over 50% since 1970

A secondary pollutant is _______.

a pollutant that develops after a chemical reaction with chemicals normally present in the atmosphere

Which of the following factors would be most likely to lead to an overall increase in the level of photochemical smog?

a temperature inversion

The stratospheric ozone layer is important to ecosystems because it ________.

absorbs and scatters UV light

Forms from emissions of sulfur dioxide

acid deposition

Leaches plant nutrients from soils

acid deposition

Residence time is the ________.

average length of time a molecule of a substance spends in the environment

Carbon monoxide ________.

blocks oxygen transport in human blood

Which of the following is the chief cause of industrial smog?

burning fossil fuels

Most of the indoor air pollution in developing countries comes from __________.

burning fuelwood

This pollutant deprives organisms of oxygen by binding to the hemoglobin in red blood cells

carbon monoxide

Which of the following chemicals IS NOT a VOC (volatile organic compound)?

carbon monoxide

Lead enters the atmosphere as a particulate pollutant. This is a problem because lead ________.

causes central nervous system damage in humans

Bacteria and fungal spores are potential ________.

causes of "sick-building syndrome"

The ozone hole is largely a consequence of the use of __________.

chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants

Which two pollutants are the top two responsible for lung cancer in the United States?

cigarette smoke and radon gas

What does the y-axis show?

concentration of pollutants, in parts per million

Helmut Haberl and colleagues have compiled data on ________ as a measure of how human population growth impacts Earth's natural resources and ecosystem services.

consumption of net primary productivity

Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus hundreds of years ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans seem to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster? Aside from contraception, what can humans do to control population growth's negative effects on the environment?

discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas

What is most likely to have caused the increase in atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NO) between 4 A.M. and 7 A.M.?

exhaust from vehicles during morning rush hour

How does acid deposition originate?

fossil fuel combustion by cars, electric utilities, and industrial facilities

According to the IPAT model, which of the following would most likely reduce the environmental impact of a society?

greater use of birth control by most members of a society

Life expectancy in parts of southern Africa ________

has fallen dramatically since 1990

You have been hired by a rapidly growing small city to improve the air quality, which has deteriorated in the past 10 years. What would be a logical action to take?

improve transportation options, including carpool lanes, buses, and light rail

According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________.

increases environmental impact

The most serious problem caused by population growth is ________.

increasing demand for resources

One problem that occurs as a consequence of CFC pollution is ________.

increasing skin cancer in humans

Photochemical smog differs from industrial smog in that it ________.

is formed only in the presence of sunlight

The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion due to greater numbers of people ________.

is not a problem if new resources can be found to replace depleted ones

Tropospheric ozone ________.

is produced through the interaction of UV light with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds

The natural rate of population change __________.

is the rate of population change due to births and deaths

Before the 1980s, gasoline combustion was a major source of this pollutant

lead

Radon ________.

may cause lung cancer when inhaled

Which of the following damaging pollutants is NOT closely tracked by the U.S. EPA?

mercury

Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. The Los Angeles smog problem is made much worse by ________.

nearby mountains and the warm sunshine, which cause inversion layers

This pollutant contributes to the formation of photochemical smog and acid deposition.

nitrogen dioxide

Fill in the blanks: ozone is made of __________ and is broken down by __________.

oxygen, chlorine

Pollutants in this category are classified according to diameter

particulate matter

Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. In the mid-1950s, a researcher in Los Angeles was able to create smog by setting up a large, clear chamber and using it to expose auto exhaust to sunlight. He was demonstrating ________.

photochemical reactions

A reaction between pollutants and atmospheric compounds that creates over 100 different chemicals

photochemical smog

Concentrations are elevated by hot, sunny days

photochemical smog

Most pronounced in cities prone to inversion events

photochemical smog

The population policies of most nations are based on the Cornucopian view held by many economists. These policies operate on the idea that __________.

population growth is not a problem as long as resources can be replaced when depleted

Which of the following are the three principal effects of a human population that determine its impact on the environment (the IPAT model)?

population, affluence, technology

A __________ pollutant interacts with a part of the atmosphere and becomes a __________ pollutant.

primary; secondary

In industrialized nations, the two most deadly sources of indoor pollution are ________.

radon and cigarette smoke

What is most likely to have caused the rapid increase in photochemical smog between 8 A.M. and 11 A.M.?

reactions of nitrous oxides (NOx) and VOCs with oxygen in sunlight

The Montreal Protocol ________.

resulted in significant reduction in the production of CFCs by signatory nations

__________ convert or remove airborne pollutants from smokestacks

scrubbers

The value of "S" can be added to the IPAT model. What does it represent?

sensitivity of an ecosystem to human factors

What does the S term represent, and how does it alter the Impact component in the IPAT model used to evaluate the total impact of human populations on the environment?

sensitivity, to denote how sensitive a given environment is to these pressures causing more damage for sensitive habitats

Which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present?

slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth

Which of the following is an unhealthy mixture of pollutants that forms over cities?

smog

Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades.

soap operas

Which of the following factors drives TFR down?

social and economic security

Point sources of air pollution are __________.

specific spots--such as a factory's smokestacks--where large quantities of pollution are discharged

Caused by halocarbons, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

stratospheric ozone depletion

Increases exposure of organisms to ultraviolet light

stratospheric ozone depletion

Montreal Protocol aimed to reduce emissions that cause this

stratospheric ozone depletion

Which of these describes the effects of carbon monoxide?

suffocation in mammals

A very high percentage of the emissions of this pollutant comes from coal combustion

sulfur dioxide

The primary causes of acid deposition are ________.

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus hundreds of years ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans seem to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster? Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. Some economists would argue that this is because ________.

technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources

Diminishing population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________.

the education of women

Malthus was responsible for ________.

the idea that without social restrictions, human population growth would lead to famine and war

Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. In the 1950s, Los Angeles became famous for its smog. One part of the problem was ________

the increase in the number of automobiles

Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. In 1958 trash collection programs were established, and backyard incinerators were banned in the hope of reducing smog. However, it was estimated that massive amounts of gasoline were evaporating from storage tanks, fuel pump nozzles, and delivery trucks. This was also considered a serious contributor to smog, and over the next 20 years several new rules, and several new devices, were put in place to alleviate it. There was still a great deal of smog, now identified as photochemical smog, despite the changes. The major remaining problem was ________.

the large distances traveled daily by solitary commuters

The "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environmental impact denotes ________.

the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures

Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. Part of the reason that people's eyes would sting was ________.

the smoke and particulates from the burning trash

This pollutant's chemical structure is three bonded oxygen atoms. Its concentration is strongly influenced by sunlight levels and air temperature

tropospheric ozone

What would do the most to reduce indoor air pollution in the developing world?

using solar energy to cook and heat homes

The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________.

were the result of poor farming techniques