APES Chapter 5 Vocab

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Optimal zone

Zone on a tolerance curve where organisms thrive

Biodiversity hot spot

a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction

Mutation

a random change in the genetic code resulting from a mistake in the copying process of DNA

Endemic species

a species whose habitat is restricted to a particular area; often endangered species because they are found nowhere else

Adaptation

a trait that improves an individual's fitness

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

an organism that has inserted genes of desirable traits

Directional natural selection

changing environmental conditions cause individuals with traits at one end of the normal range become more common than midrange forms

Genetic engineering

copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting it into a different species

Range of tolerance

extreme limits to the abiotic conditions a given species can tolerate

Ecosystem diversity

having a variety of different ecosystems within a given region

Genetic diversity

having a variety of different genes within a given speices

Species diversity

having a variety of different species within a given ecosystem

Species Evenness

how evenly the number of individuals are divided among a species' types

Mass extinction

large numbers of species go extinct over relatively short periods of time

Macroevolution

long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes through which new species are formed and other species are lost

Diversifying natural selection

occurs when environmental conditions favor individuals at both extremes of the genetic spectrum and eliminate or sharply reduce number of individuals with normal genetic traits

Evolution by artificial selection

occurs when humans determine which individuals breed in a species, typically with a goal of a particular set of traits

Evolution by natural selection

occurs when the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce due to certain traits that make individuals more adapted for survival than the rest of the species

Microevolution

small genetic changes that occur in a population, such as the evolution of different types of apples

Stabilizing natural selection

tends to eliminate individuals on both ends of the genetic spectrum and favor individuals with an average genetic makeup

Genotype

the complete set of genes in an individual

Zone of intolerance

the environmental conditions are so far removed from an organism's optimal range that the organism cannot survive

Species richness

the number of species within a given area of a group (e.g. number of different types of trees)

Realized niche

the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives as a result of limiting factors

Zone of physiological stress

when the range of environmental conditions is not comfortable for an organism; its body is not working at its optimal, only small numbers can survive these difficult conditions

Reproductive isolation

when two species are in the same geographic area, but do not reproduce because they recognize each other as being different species, or they have different reproductive seasons or rituals. They may also be separated by lifestyles.

Geographic isolation

when two species are physically in different locations so that they cannot reproduce

Speciation

when two species arise from one

Fundamental niche

The full range of environmental conditions and resources an organism can possibly occupy and use, especially when limiting factors are absent in its habitat.


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