APUSH Chapter 1 Vocab

Mercantilism, 1650s- 1776

A set of policies that regulated colonial commerce and manufacturing for the benefit of the mother country. - Mercantilist policies meant the American colonies in the mid-17th century produced agricultural goods and raw materials that were shipped to Britain, where they increased the wealth of Britain through exportation or manufacture into finished goods that were sold to the colonies or other countries.

Church of England aka Anglican Church, 1534

A Protestant Church created by Henry VIII to replace the Roman Catholic Church. Henry was at odds with both Catholics who wanted to return the Church of England to the Pope, and Protestant Puritans, who wanted to reform the church. After much waxing and waning under Henry's successors, Protestantism won out in England- but never to the Puritans' liking. Many Puritans departed for America in the 17th and 18th centuries to found communities devoted to their religious ideals. The mainstream Church of England also took root in America, particularly in the southern colonies. It separated from the Church of England following the Revolutionary Was (1775-1783) and changed its name to the Episcopal Church

Calvinism

A Protestant religious doctrine of which the primary tenet was that person's salvation was predestined by God. - Founded by John Calvin of Geneva, Switzerland, during the Protestant Reformation, Calvinism required its adherents to live according to a strict religious and moral code. - The Puritans who settled in colonial New England were devout Calvinists.

Conquistador, 1500s-1600s

A term used to identify the Spanish conquerors who came to the New World and explored the lands, treated the natives harshly and brought diseases that wiped out many.

Caravel, 1400s

A type of small, agile sailing ship that became common in Spain and Portugal in the fifteenth century. Caravels allowed the Spanish and Portuguese to explore distant continents, including North and South America.

Paleo-Indians, 15000-13000 BC

Ancestors of modern American Indians. Paleo-Indians began migrating to North and Central America between 15,000 and 13,000 BC. It is believed by many archeologists that they migrated from Asia by crossing a land bridge called Beringia that once connected Siberia and Alaska.

Black Legend/Las Casas, 1552

Bartolome de Las Casas, formerly Bishop of Chiapas, began what became known as the "Black Legend" by publishing a powerful indictment of Spanish behavior toward Indians in the New World. - Las Casas charged the Spanish with being corrupt and cruel conquerors who exploited New World Indians by stealing their gold and silver, infecting them with disease, and killing them in great numbers. - Las Casas proposed importing slaves from Africa as a labor force to spare Indians.

Predestination

Christian belief that God possessed total knowledge of the future, including who would and would not be saved. Predestination was a fundamental belief of Puritan theology and held the idea that salvation could be gained by good works was invalid.

Protestantism

Christian movement that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 16th century Europe during the Reformation. Protestants believed that only Jesus Christ could the intermediary between God and human beings and they criticized the Catholic practice of following the Pope and praying to saints. they supported a return to simpler church services, and more emphasis on the teachings of the Bible. - Some of the first English settlers of the British colonies were Protestants escaping religious persecution.

The Reformation, 1517

Christian reform movement that started in 1517 with Martin Luther's criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church. The movement led to the establishment of a new Christian sect called Protestantism. The English Reformation began in 1534 when Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church. The Church of England became the official English church, form which many American denominations descended.

Separatists, 1620

Christian religious group that wanted separation from the Church of England. - The Pilgrims were a separatist group who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. - In contrast to the Puritans, Separatists held the Church of England so corrupt it was beyond reform. Consequently, they formally separated from it, which brought persecution and the decision to leave England.

Puritans, 1600s

Christian sect in post-Reformation England who wanted to purify the Church of England by abolishing catholic elements from it. - In contrast to the Pilgrims, they did not want to separate from the Church of England, but reform it within. Many Puritans came to the New World in the 17th century to found purified religious communities and were instrumental in founding Massachusetts and Connecticut. They believed in the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and tight- knit conformity.

Spain's Empire, late 1500s

Early colonists settled on Caribbean islands. By the end of the sixteenth century, their empire included the Caribbean islands, Mexico and southern North America. It also encompassed what is now Chile, Argentina, and Peru, and in 1580, Brazil as well.

English exploration

English claims in the New World were based upon John Cabot's 1497-1498 exploration of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Labrador and Henry Hudson's 1609-1611 exploration of the Hudson Bay, Hudson River, and the Hudson Strait.

New World, 1492-1600

European name for North America, South America, and the islands of the Western Hemisphere during the Age of Exploration and the following period of European colonization.

Missionaries, 1500s-1800s

Europeans or Americans of European descent who wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Jesuit priests from France and Franciscan monks from Spain brought Catholicism to North America. San Diego, California and San Antonio, Texas were two cities that originated as Spanish missions.

Joint-stock company, 1600s

Financial method created by the British to facilitate the colonization of the New World in the seventeenth century. Joint-stock agreements banded merchants together as stockholders, and allowed them to raise large amounts of money and share the risks and profits in proportion to their part of the total investment. - The London Company was a joint-stock company the founded Jamestown.

French colonization of Canada, 1608

First permanent settlement at Quebec in 1608, by Champlain. Canada had a smaller population than the English colonies, but had closer ties with Native Americans due to their use of trade and gifts. Trade and military centers were established at Quebec, Montreal, and agricultural estates along the St. Lawrence River.

Huguenots, late 1700s

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 had freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

Enclosure Movement, 1700s

In England, landowners evicted serfs and rent-paying tenants from the land so they could raise sheep since the wool prices were high. - These evicted tenants roamed the countryside with nowhere to go and many came to the Chesapeake colonies as indentured servants.

Vinland, 1000 AD

Name given by Vikings to an area of North America coast between Newfoundland and Cape Cod. The Vikings were the first Europeans to reach North America, five hundred years before Colombus' voyages.

Freehold, 1600s-1700s

Ownership of land and possession of the title or deed. Freeholder had the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their property. Used in New England in the 17th and 18th centuries because founders wanted to avoid the majority of land being held by an elite, which had been the case in England.

Pueblo Revolts, 1680 and 1696

Pueblos revolted in the Southwest when Spaniards tried to suppress native religious rituals. The revolt was successful; they captured Santa Fe and drove Spaniards from the region. Spaniards reconquered the Pueblos twelve years later and put down a second revolt in 1696. - The consequence of the two revolts was the realization by Spaniards that colonial policies had to be changed to stop ongoing conflict with the Pueblos. - They then allowed Pueblos to own land, stopped forced Indian labor, and tolerated native religious rituals.

Slavery in West Africa/Trade Slaves, early 1500s

Slavery had existed in West Africa for many centuries, but the majority of slaves were considered members of the society that had enslaved them and many slaves had the right to marry and their children were often free. Within West African slaves, a small group were "trade slave" who were not seen as members of the society that had enslaved them and who were sold from one African kingdom to another. - In the early 16th century, European demand for trade slaves changed the nature of slavery in Africa as African princes and warlords sought more and more captives to sell to European traders.

Requerimiento, 1514

Spanish colonial document that conquistadors were required to read, from 1514 onward, to all native peoples. The document offered peace and freedom to Indians if they converted to Christianity and war and enslavement if they refused. Since Indians could not understand a document read in Spanish even if they wanted to convert, the __________ was used as a justification for conquest.

Missions, 1500s-1800s

Spanish colonial settlements in the New World manned by priests and soldiers. Missions were set up by the Spanish in North and South America to lay claim to the areas and convert native peoples to Catholicism. French Jesuits and English Protestants also set up missions in North America - Early missions include Mission San Antonio (present day San Antonio, Texas), Carmel Mission (present day Monterey, California) and Mission Santa Barbara.

Mestizo, 1500s

Spanish for "mixed", the offspring of white European and native people, usually a white man and an Indian woman. Almost 90% of Spanish settlers in sixteenth-century Mesoamerica were white men who took Indian women as wives or mistresses creating a substantial mixed-race population.

Outwork, 1700s

System of manufacturing used by the English woolen industry; also called "putting out". In the 16th and 17th centuries, merchants bought wool and employed landless peasants to spin and weave it into cloth which was then sold in English and foreign markets.

Encomienda, 1500s-1600s

System of tributary land use and ownership used by the Spanish in the New World. It gave those who obtained licenses the right to exact labor and tribute (payment) from the natives in specific areas. Settlers did not receive actual land grants, but control of the labor in the territory in effect gave them control of the lands.

Northwest Passage, late 1400s-early 1600s

Term given to a rumored route from Europe to the Indies by way of the North Atlantic. European monarchs during the late fifteenth to the early seventeenth century sent explorers to discover such a route. The explorers landed at various areas of the North and South America coastlines and mistakenly thought they were India.

Chesapeake, 1600s-1700s

The English colonies and later states of Maryland and Virginia, on the Chesapeake Bay.

Catholicism

The religion professed by members of the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic Church had a hierarchical structure that placed the Pope at the head of the church. It emphasized obedience to church superiors and absolution from sin through confession. - Most of the first European immigrants to the New World were Protestants who believed the Pope to be and unnecessary intermediary between God and His chosen; these believers depicted Catholics as enemies of other Christians.

The Iroquois aka the League of Five Nations, late 1500s-1700s

The federation of tribes occupying northern New York: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Seneca, the Onondaga, and the Cayuga. The federation was also known as the "Iroquois" or the League of Five Nations, although in about 1720- the Tuscarora tribe was added as a sixth number. - Was the most powerful and efficient North American Indian organization in the 1700s. Some of the ideas from its constitution were used in the Constitution of the US.

Roanoke, 1587

The first attempt at permanent English settlement established in what is now North Carolina, known as the "Lost Colony" because all colonists had disappeared three years later when supplies were brought in from England. - A month after settlement the first child of English parents was born. The baby, Virginia Dare, was named after the colony.

Cortez, 1521

The most brutal of the conquistadors. In 1518, led a military expedition of 600 men into Mexico searching for gold; unleashed smallpox epidemic on the Aztecs; treated the natives brutally. Cortez conquered the Aztec empire in 1521.

Bering Land Bridge, 33000-8000 BC

The piece of land now under water that connected Asia with North America exposed many thousands of years ago during a global ice age. The bridge enabled nomadic hunters and gathers to make their way into the previously uninhabited continent of North America. These settlers were the ancestors of the American Indians.

Colombian Exchange, 1492 onward

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people and ideas that began when Colombus arrived in the Caribbean, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres.

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

The treaty by which the Spanish Pope in 1493 drew a line down the map of the world to divide the New World between Spain and Portugal. Spain received the lands west of the line; Portugal received lands to the east. The line of demarcation north to south through the Atlantic Ocean... crossing the tip of Brazil.