APUSH CHAPTER 14

Sherman's Capture of Atlanta and March to the Sea

The 1864 capture of atlanta by ensured lincoln's re-election and increased desertions from the confederate Army. Next went on March to the Sea to destroy supplies for the south and weaken southern morale by destroying southern homes.

Union and Southern Leaders

Union: first McClellan, (then others), then Ulysses S. Grant South: General Robert E Lee

Fort Sumter

a fort in charleston SC that had been occupied by US military, south tried to take it over but couldn't, buchanan had trouble getting supplies to soldiers running out of food. lincoln tried to send a supply ship, confed. attacked it -- first shots of war. april 12 1861

Republican economic policy

1)issued income tax and exise taxes 2) sold bonds to common ppl and not just wealthy, 3) issued paper currency (greenbacks), 4) increased the tariff since the south was separated, 5) national banking system where banks could buy gov't bonds and issue US treasury notes backed by credit in banks.

Battle of Bull Run

July 1861 - union soldiers forced to retreat and showed that the war would not end quickly as both north and south thought

Battle Of Gettysburg

(July, 1863) Lee attempted to invade the north through pennsylvania but failed: ended south's last chance, but fighting persisted for 2 years

Confiscation Acts

(a conservative approach) lincoln declared that all slaves used by confederacy in the war considered free. slavery banned in DC and west by radical repubs.--> 2nd confis. act: same thing but allowed slaves/free blacks to be used in union forces. wasn't enforced very well

The confederate homefront

-Jefferson Davis (pres) had hard time keeping centralized control, hard to tax universally b.c secession was over states rights. - nonuniform paper currency = huge inflation that made currency virtually worthless -no formal political parties and had internal divisions - shortage of soldiers = earlier draft, but catered to the wealthy who could hire substitutes or be exempt if owned 20+ slaves. "rich man's war, poor man's fight" - farmland destroyed, manpower and food shortages

Role of African Americans

-most were free blacks/runaways: 10% of union army. -before EP, blacks enlisted by union but didn't fights: hard labor instead (later had them fight). -paid less than whites, rarely promoted, ppl assumed they wouldn't fight/would flee. -north confiscated slaves and put them in contraband camps. - blacks who fought had higher risk of death (would be killed before becoming confed. prisoner of war)

The War and Economic development

-sped up the economic development in the north, but mechanization of production / easier immigration kept wages low and sometimes took away jobs. - cut off northern markets for the South, production declined, destroyed railroads and land, massive shortages

The Role of the West

All western stated remained loyal to the union except TX, but lots of conflict between union and southern supporters. along KS/MO border guerilla warfare took place, by both north and south. The five civilized tribes in the West were divided between support for north/south, caused a sort of civil war among the tribes, indians fought on both sides.

Border States

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. had slavery but part of the union

Union Civil War Strategy

George McClellan's Peninsular Strategy: sail down potomac to a peninsula near richmond and take richmond, failed. plan: 1) The Anaconda Plan: Blockade Southern Ports to strangle the south economically 2) free slaves 3) seize MS River 4) March troops through GA and the Carolinas 5) capture Richmond

Battle of Vicksburg (1863): Significance

North regained control of the MS river and the union was able to reopen the river for trade. Stopped Midwesterners from calling for peace, discouraged European intervention (selling ships)

Union Party

The temporary 1864 coalition of republicans and War Democrats that backed Lincoln's re-election, excluding peace democrats and copperheads who opposed the war. Lincoln beat McClellan.

Battle of Shiloh (1862)

Union gained control of the MS river as far south as Memphis

The Appomatox Courthouse

Union had blocked all Lee's escape routes to the South and captured richmond, Lee met Grant at a private home in appomatox courthouse VA and surrendered on april 8, 1865. Lincoln assassinated 5 days later

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery in all of the US (1865)

Ulysses S. Grant "The Butcher"

aggressive strategies by his army of the potomac brought high casualties

Battle of Antietam: (1862) Significance

bloodiest battle in civil war, MD. discouraged england and france from helping confed. mcclellan didn't fight off lee sufficiently (fired, let lee flee), but still seen as union victory. showed MD (border state) would not join confed (poor conditions of soldiers), and encouraged Lincoln to issue EP.

Establishment of the Confederacy

even before Lincoln took office, southern nationalists enraged at his election. SC, hot spot for southern nationalism, seceded first, and 6 other states followed. 7 states met in montgomery AL formed confederacy, started to seize fed. property in the south. Buchanan declared no state had the right to secede, they never truly did in Lincoln's eyes.

Draft Riots

first the north/south had voluntary enlistment, but this didn't produce enough troops, so Congress had to pass a national draft law. Increased volunteers but also caused riots, especially w/ irish workers (north) who feared competition from free blacks.

Ironclads

iron platted battleships built by confederate forces and more powerful than any northern ship, the north began to counter by building up its own ships to overpower the southern naval force

The Role of Europe

it was officially "neutral" but had an inclination to side with the south, especially among the upper classes, and would have liked to have seen the US weakened (competition). the lower classes opposed to slavery sympathized with the north. Europe had been depended on Southern cotton, south tried to establish "King Cotton Diplomacy" but failed - europe had its own surplus and other markets. Did not intervene directly, but provided unarmed ships to the south.

morril land grant act

land given to states for public education, used in W to rival eastern universities

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

offered words of comfort and encouragement for the union, lincoln not confident in his speech and bashed by the press

The Emancipation proclamation

original plan: to compensate slave owners and move the slaved to africa after antietam: (jan 1 1863), all slaves in confederate/rebelling states = free, didn't included border states. showed northern intention to abolish slavery

Major Division in the South

over issue of states' rights, many resisted all attempts of the Confed. gov't to exert national authority (the draft, taxation, suspending civil liberties like lincoln), but did work towards centralization a bit: the food draft (soldiers seize food from farms), restrictions on industry, impressment of slaves.

Homestead Act of 1862

permitted purchase of 160 acre plot of land for a small fee after 5 year occupancy, anyone could become farmers

Lincoln's Suspension of Civil liberties

prohibited printing of some anti-union newspapers, suspended habeas corpus (speedy trial) for anti unionists to be held without charge, supervised voting in some states: mostly in extreme situations

Crittenden Compromise

proposal to protect slavery where it already existed in the south and to extend MO compromise line to pacific ocean (thru all territories), protected slavery in DC. failed b.c went against lincoln's ideal of not expanding slavery

The Trent Affair (1861)

two confederate diplomats slipped through the union blockade to Cuba where they boarded an English vessel. Commander charles Wilkes stopped the vessel, arrested the diplomats and took them back to the US unauthorized. This violated maritime law and hurt relationship w/ Britain - demanded release of prisoners, reparations, apology.

union vs. confederate advantages

union: stabler political system with one of the US's greatest leaders (vs weak new confed gov't), larger pop., more developed industry, superior financial institutions, better railroad system confederacy: homefield advantage, seemed more dedicated to the cause (defense), better commanders (Lee vs. McClellan) - union adv. surpassed confed.

Radical Republicans Vs. Conservatives

wanted to use the war to abolish slavery completely and immediately, while Conservatives wanted a more gradual Approach

Impact on Women

women had to go to work to support themselves and families: work on plantations, teaching and influx of women into nursing -US sanitation committee formed by dorothea dix for female nurses to work in field hospitals and provide more sanitary health care -men opposed female nurses, but it actually reinforced women's duties as part of repub. motherhood. - war = "liberating" b/c it allowed women to enter into previously unknown fields for them so they could prosper for themselves.