APUSH Henretta chap 1-31

committees if correspondence

-Network of communication set up in Massachusetts and Virginia

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

-led by Jane Addam

outwork

-work done outside the factory or office that provides it

Summer of Love

100,000 young people (hippies)gathered in Haight Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco to participate in counter cultural celebration of free love, drugs, peace, and happiness (counter-culture)

Executive Order 9066

112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Industrial Revolution and American Factory System"

Rachel carson

"Silent Spring", sparked a real environmentalist movement: which introduced the adverse environmental effects of DDT and the fact that it would kill the enviornment and there would be no birds to sing.- a silent spring

Miles Davis

#4 on Grimes' big six; trumpeter, composer, and bandleader; was influential on four decades of jazz (west coast w/ Gil Evans, hard bop/modal jazz w/ kind of blue, post bop (1963-68), jazz rock fusion; had an unmistakable sound because of use of harmon mute right against the microphone; great use of space; went to Julliard in New York

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

Report on the Public Credit

(1789) Alexander Hamilton's outlined plan for the federal govt. to borrown money to cover debts, and that would also convince american investors that they would always be paid back fully.

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Conscience Whigs

(1840s and 1850s) Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern "slave power".

American Renaissance

(1840s) The writing of the period before the Civil War, A burst of American literature, highlighted by the novels of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne; the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller; and the poetry of Walt Whitman. Emphasized emotion and inner feeling and created a more democratic literature, accessible to everyone. Women also contributed literary works.

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

(1903) Lone Wolf took legal action when his tribes land was taken away despite a treaty made that prevented this. The Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans were "an ignorant and dependent race" and "wards of the state" so therefore had no rights and the government was able to revoke all treaties made with Native American tribes.

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-2011) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Gerald Ford

(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Defense of Marriage Act

(1996) Defines marriage as man-woman. No state is forced to recognize same-sex marriage (unconstitutional exception to full faith & credit clause?)

spoils system

(AJ) system in which incoming political parties throw out former government workers and replace them with their own friends

Emancipation Proclamation

(AL) , Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

D-Day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Group of Eight

(G-8) A collection of powerful countries that confers regular on key global economic and political issues. It includes the United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia.

Whiskey Rebellion

(GW) In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion.

Three mile ISland

(March 28, 1979) (Carter) A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

National Socialist Party

(Nazi Party) was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

(UNIA) Association founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa.

Frances Perkins

(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister

Tea Act of May 1773

British act that lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it.

General William Howe

British general whose approch was to slowly move his army through the colonies, using the superior numbers of the British army to wear the colonies down

virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Townshend Act of 1767

British law that established new duties on tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters' colors imported into the colonies. The Townshend duties led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Built an American textile manufacturing industry and created the Lowell system

"To Secure These Rights"

Called for robust federal action to enusre equality for African Americans.

predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

flapper

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals.

Arts

Changed from romanticism to realism.

Rise of Sports

Changing workforce to more sedentary desk jobs created need for athletic training, hence YMCA adapted from Britain opened in Boston in 1851.

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott decision

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the United States Supreme court in the 1830s. He ruled in favor of the Cherokee during the case of Worchester vs. Georgia citing Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee land.

perfectionism

Christian movement of the 1830s that believed people could achieve moral perfection in their earthly lives because the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred.

Civil Rights Cases

Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendment protected people from governmental infringement of rights and had no effect on acts of private citizens

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil Rights Leader. Born in Atlanta. Developed a non-violent approach to social change after studying others like Gandhi. Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Gave the "I have a Dream Speech" at the March of Washington

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Civil War general for the Confederacy, known for the massacre at Fort Pillow, Tennessee where black Union soldiers who were surrendering were all killed.

Billy Graham

Cofounder Youth for Christ in 1945 and toured the United States and Europe preaching the gospel

nonimportation movement

Colonist attempted nonimportation agreements three times; in 1766, in response to the Stamp Act; in 1768, in response to the Townshend duties; and in 1774, in response to the Coercive Acts.

Co-education

Combined male and female education was more common in Midwest and West.

General George Washington

Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. Brilliantly led America to victory and freedom in the American Revolution. Became 1st US president

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

John Dickinson

Conservative leader who wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"; advocated for colonial rights but urged conciliation with England & opposed the Declaration of Independence; helped to write the Articles of Confederation.

World Wide Web

Consists of millions of different web sites, each of which contains information.

habeas corpus

Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately.

General Federation of Women's Clubs

Created around 1890 because there were so many women's clubs.

A. Phillip Randolph

Created the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Eli Whitney

Created the cotton gin

Cyrus McCormick

Created the reaper

American GI Forum

Created to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

kitchen debate

Debate between Nixon and Khrushechev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Declared formerly enslaved people to be citizens and grant them equal protection and rights of contract, with full access to courts.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Declared unconsitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract.

"New Look"

Defense policy, the Eisenhower administration stepped up production of hydrogen bomb and developed long range bombing capablities

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

Lewis Cass

Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s.

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

Designed to give the US a lead in using science and technology applicable to the military

Fidel Castro

Dictator of Cuba. Hoped to join the communist community

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Science and Faith

Doctrine of positivism: the belief that one could rely only on hard facts and observable phenomena. "survival of the fittest."

Stamp Act of 1765

Documents had to have proof (a stamp) that they were paid for.

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Ohiyesa (Dr. Charles Eastman)

Educated American Indian who founded thirty two Native American chapters of the YMCA and helped found the Boy Scouts of America.

Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Women's college

Either single sex teacher training colleges or private like Vassar, Smith and Wellesley

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy QSC PLH was a Filipino revolutionary, politician,and a military leader who is officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines and led Philippine forces first

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Works Progress Administration

Employing millions of unemployed people to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads.

Securities and Exchange Commission

Enforces federal security laws, proposing security rules, and regulation the securities industry.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Francis Drake

English, First man to survive circum-navigating the globe

"contrabands"

Escaped slaves

US Forest Service

Established in 1905 (Headed by conservationist Gifford Pinchot) added nearly 150 million acres of national forests, controlled their use, and regulated their harvest

Wagner Act

Established the National Labor Relations Board and addressed relations between unions and employers in the private sector.

Neutrality Act of 1935

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

Fifty-four forty or fight

Expression dictating the conflict over the Oregon territory with Great Britain

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

freeholds

Farms of 30-50 acres owned and farmed by families or male partners

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

James Madison

Father of the Constitution

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Favored aiding allies

Judith Sargent Murray

Female rights activist following the revolution who argued that the brain is not a sex organ. She wrote "On the Equality of Sexes"

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Panic of 1819

First major economic crisis of the United States.

dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy of President William Howard Taft, which favored increased American investment in the world as the major method for increasing American influence and stability abroad; in some parts of the world, such as in Latin America, the increased American influence was resented.

Negro Leagues

Formed by African Americans as a result of being excluded from participating professionally in the American and National baseball leagues, the most popular American sport.

States' Rights Democratic Party

Formed by white Democrats from the South. This brought into focus an internal struggle developing within the Democratic Party and its still-formidable New Deal coalition.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Founded during Freedom Summer. Banned from the "whites only" Mississippi Democratic Party.

Booker T Washington

Founder of Washington's Tuskegee Institute in 1881. (He was born into slavery.) Wrote autobiography "Up from Slavery". His style was avoid confrontation with whites and cultivate patronage and private influence.

Coercive Acts

Four British Acts of 1774 meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of three shiploads of tea. Known in America as the Intolerable Acts, they led to open rebellion in the northern colonies.

Kent State Shootings

Four Kent State students were killed by Ohio National Guard soldiers who were sent to put down mass student demonstrations against Nixon's 1970 Cambodian Invasion

FSM

Free Speech Movement, begun on University of California, Berkeley campus in 1965 to protest university rules on campus access of student groups promoting political dissent; first phase of white middle class protest movement of Sixties against authority and power structures

Four Freedoms

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Gave land to the Native Americans from the Louisiana Purchase if the gave up their ancestral holdings.

Ulysses S. Grant

General of the Union Army an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

individualism

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Blanche K. Bruce

Grew up in slavery in Virginia. Because name important Republican in Mississippi. Served one term senate

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

ethnoculture

Group of people that share a common language and culture

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Potsdam Conference

Harry Truman suggested confronting Stalin. Postsdam believed that a revived German Economy was essential

John F. Kennedy

He became president in 1960. He planned the Bay of Pigs. He avoided the Cuban missile crisis

John Collier

He founded the American Indian Defense Association in 1923. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs in 1933 he translated into policy his vision of a renewed tribal life. Collier cadged funds from the CCC, PWA, and WPA to construct schools, hospitals, and irrigation systems on Indian reservations

James Farmer

He was a cofounder of CORE. He worked to bring segregation to end through nonviolent methods such as sit-ins and freedom rides

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Allen Ginsberg

He was an American poet. He wrote in his Poem "Howl" about the destructive forces of conformity in the United States.

Edmund Andros

He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly.

headright system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

American System

Henry Clays 3 pronged system to promote industry.

Herbert Hoover

Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States. He was a professional mining engineer and was raised as a Quaker.

Naturalism

Human beings were not so much rational agents and shapers of their own destinies but blind victims of forces beyond their control.

laissez faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

Domino theory

If the French failed, all non-Communist governments in the region would fall like dominoes

Huey Long

Immensely popular governor and senator of Louisiana; provided tax favors, roads, schools, free textbooks, charity hospitals, and improved public services for Louisiana citizens; cost: corruption and personal dictatorship; formed national organization (Share Our Wealth)

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Fetterman massacre

In 1866, a tribe of Oglala Sioux under Chief Red Cloud, provoked by the building of the Bozeman Trail through their hunting ground in southern Montana, massacred a U.S. army unit commanded by Captain W. J. Fetterman.

Great Outdoors

In 1890 manufacturers sold 10 million bikes. (Victorian life claustrophobic and stuffy).

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Joesph McCarthy

In 1950 he told the American people that he had a list of all the Communist of America. Though he never showed the list

Warsaw Pact

In 1955, a military alliance for Eastern Europe that included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

In 1960 it facilitated student sit-ins.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

In 1996, this act transformed the welfare system in the U.S. It ended the federal guarantee of assistance to families with dependent children and allocated greater flexibility to the states in administering welfare. The act required the welfare recipient to work within 2 years, limited the time one can receive welfare to 5 years, required mothers to name the biological father of her children and seek child support from him, and permitted the welfare recipient to remain home to care for children only in two-parent families. This was significant because it promoted family stability and moved adults into the work force permanently.

Abu Ghraid Prison

In 2003 and 2004, military police from US army and CIA were found to have violated the human rights of prisoner

NSC-68

In April 1950, they delivered a report. The document marked a decisive turning point in the U.S. approach to the Cold War

Yalta Conference

In February 1945, Wilsonian priciples yielded to U.S.-Soviet power realities

Truman Doctrine

In a speech on March 12, he asserted an American responsibility "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure

US Park System

In search of renewal Teddy Roosevelt extended national forests (now call US Forest Service).

Nativist movements

In the 1920s a wide national consensus sharply restricted the overall inflow of immigrants, especially those from southern and Eastern Europe

vice-admiralty courts

In these courts, British judges tried colonials in trials with no juries.

Harriet Jacobs

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Entered a sexual relationship with Samuel Sawyer ("Mr.Sands")- he promised to buy her and her children's freedom

Hiawatha

Indian from the Iroquois tribe who was one of two men who persuaded five nations to unite and work together as a group.

Adolph Zukor

Innovative creator of Paramount as a major movie studio.

Bank of the United States

Institution proposed by Alexander Hamilton in order to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the U.S. government under the newly enacted Constitution

Unchurched

Irreligious Americans who probably constituted a majority of the population in 1800.

Townsend Plan

Is a pension plan that was never passed by Congress that was similar to Social Security.

National Association of Manufacturers

Is an advocacy group.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

It was signed by President Johnson on August 6, outlawed the literacy tests and other devices that prevented African Americans from registering to vote and, and authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register voters.

mixed government

John Adams's theory which called for three branches of government, each representing one function: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system of dispersed authority was devised to maintain a balance of power and ensure the legitimacy of governmental procedures

The Affluent Society

John Kenneth Galbraith's novel about America's post-war prosperity as a new phenomenon. Economy of scarcity --> economy of abundance.

Manifest Destiny

John O'Sullivan (1845): it is America's destiny to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans; land where Native Americans and Mexicans lived was considered unoccupied, or empty.

Porfirio Diaz

José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was a Mexican soldier and politician, who served seven terms as President of Mexico; a total of three and a half decades from 1876 and 1911.

Peace Corps

Kennedy launched a series of bold nonmilitary initiatives. This one embodied a call to public service

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger was a Nelson Rockefeller adviser and Harvard faculty member, who Nixon appointed his National Security Adviser in his 1968 campaign; Kissinger ultimately became Nixon and Ford's Secretary of State and received the Nobel Prize for the Paris Peace accords

War on Poverty

LBJ's campaign to alleviate poverty in rural and urban areas that post-WW II prosperity had bypassed; Medicare, Medicaid; Food Stamps; Head Start

Medicare/Medicaid

LBJ's follow-up to FDR's Social Security program; extended health care insurance to the elderly (Medicare) and to the indigent (Medicaid). Major victory over the conservative AMA, who opposed it as "socialized medicine."

1965 Immigration Act

LBJ's major reform of U.S. immigration laws; abolished the 1920 quota system; allowed for larger number of immigrants from Latin America and Asia

inflationary spiral

LBJ's refusal to raise taxes to pay for expanded costs of Vietnam led to increased government borrowing, driving up interest rates and, eventually, the prices of all goods and services--inflation

Gadsden Purchase

Land purchased by president Franklin Pierce in 1853 for the purpose of building a transcontinental rail line.

Public Works Administration

Large-scale public works construction agency in the United States.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet.

Roe vs. Wade

Law cannot prohibit abortion under any circumstances; reproductive rights.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Law created by Radical Republicans that was originally vetoed by Johnson but overridden by Congress; established harsher requirements for Confederate states; divided Southern states into military districts; required states to vote to ratify 14th amendment

Declaratory Act of 1766

Law issued by Parliament to assert Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that the simultaneous repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing in the imperial powers of Britain.

married women's property laws

Laws enacted between 1839 and 1860 in New York and other states that permitted married women to own, inherit, and bequeath property.

Personal-liberty laws

Laws enacted in many northern states that guaranteed to all residents, including alleged fugitives, the right to a jury trial.

Jim Crowe

Laws that prevented African Americans from eating in the same restaurants patronized by whites or using the same waiting rooms at the bus stations.

Charles Grandison Finney and Lydia Finney

Leader in the second great awakening

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of Vietnam. The U.S. hoped to prevent his victory

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act

Legislation introduced by President George W. Bush and passed by Congress in 2001 that slashed income tax rates, extended the earned income credit for the poor, and marked the estate tax to be phased out by 2010

natural rights

Life, Liberty, Property

natural rights

Life, Liberty, and Property

Queen Liliuokalani

Liliʻuokalani, born Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha, was the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a southern state to form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Senator Eugene McCarthy

MN Democratic Senator who challenged LBJ for the Democratic Party nomination for Presidency based on his opposition to the Vietnam War; inspired movement of young supporters to "Go Clean for Gene". i.e., cut their hair and wear conventional clothing, so they could campaign effectively for him in conservative states like NH, where McCarthy got 43% of the vote and helped LBJ decide to withdraw from the race

Charles A. Lindbergh

Made the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic

Mineral-based economy

Manufacturers used steam engines instead of water power and fabricated metal products

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Marshall argued that such segregation was unconstitutional because it denied Linda Brown the "equal protection of the laws" guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Victorian Ideal of Domesticity

Masculine restraint and female moral influence

Market Revolution

Massive systems of canals and roads set in motion a massive migration of people to Mississippi River basin

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

War and Peace Democrats

Members of the Democratic Party that split into two camps over war policy during the Civil War. War Democrats vowed to continue fighting until the rebellion ended, while Peace Democrats called for a constitutional convention to negotiate a peace settlement.

Industrial Revolution

Merchants and manufacturers built factories and exploited a wide range of natural resources

Joseph Stalin

Met at the Yalta. He insisted the Russian national security required pro-Soviet rulers. Dictator of Russia during World War 2.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

classical liberalism

Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosophes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its political goals were self government (concept of the general will); a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire (free trade -- no government interference in the workings of the economy).

Herman Melville

Moby Dick; he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

American Indian Movement

Movement that embraced the concept of Red Power and staged escalating protests to draw attention to Indian concerns.

greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Four-Minute Men

Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short pro-war speeches at movie theaters, as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war and suppress dissent.

Little Turtle

Native American chief: He defeated Americans near Wabash River

Code Talkers

Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard; they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers and the courts may have been prejudiced against them.

separate sphere

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

southern strategy

Nixon and Republicans ' plan to defeat the Democrats by appealing to alienated and angry southern whites who opposed the pro-civil rights policies of Democrats; enabled Nixon to win in 1968 against Humphrey and Wallace; formed the basis for the "solid Republican South" for decades after

notables

Northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants who dominated the political system of the early nineteenth century.

convict leasing

Notorious system, begun during Reconstruction, whereby southern state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor under brutal conditions in mines and other industries.

Theodore Roosevelt

Often referred to as Teddy or TR, was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States, from 1901 to 1909.

Bay of Pigs

On landing on Cuba on April 17, 1961, the force of 1,400 was crushed by Castro's troops

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government

Free-soil Movement

Opposed the expansion of slavery in new states (particularly out west); subcategory of the Republican party who were also abolitionists; popular during the late antebellum period; Lincoln was the most influential person of this political party.

classical liberism

Opposed the tyranny of a centralized government.

American Civil Liberties Union

Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans' civil liberties.

Congress of Racial Equality

Organization that encouraged people to join the civil rights movement.

Liberty League

Organization that opposed the New Deal.

Dolores Huerta

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez; helped Mexican farmworkers gain better pay & working conditions

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

American or Know-Nothing Party

Originating in the anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic movements of the 1840s, party supporters wanted to mobilize native-born Protestants against the "alien menace" of Irish and German Catholics, prohibit further immigration, and institute literacy tests for voting.

Shelley v. Kraemer

Outlawed restrictive covenants in housing, but changed little about racial discrimination. Levittowns contributed to this court case, as they were primarily homogeneous.

New Lights

People who experienced conversion during the revivals of the Great Awakening

Forty-niners

People who went to California looking for Gold (They left in 1849)

Evangelicalism

Personal salvation which lets them be born again and helped them focus on a literal interpretation of the Bible.

redemptioner

Pioneered by German immigrants. A flexible form of indentured servitude that allowed families to negotiate their own terms upon arrival.

Charles Eliot

Pioneered use of liberal arts curriculum at Harvard College.

Lawrence v Texas

Policemen, entering a private home to follow through with a weapon tip, discovered two men, Lawrence and Garner, engaging in consensual sex. According to the Homosexual Conduct law, the two men were placed under arrest for engaging in homosexual relations. Result: The Texas law violates both of the men's 14th A. rights to engage in private conduct without intervention from the government. - violates the 14th and 4th A. - no legit state interest.

Classical Liberalism

Political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy.

squatters

Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

minstrelsy

Popular form of musical theater in the United States during the mid-nineteenth century, in which white performers blackened their faces and impersonated African Americans in jokes, skits, songs, and dances.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil

Baseball

Post Civil War boom. first played in NY around 1842 it began in military camps during civil war. National league launched in 1876. Most amateur players were clerks and white collared workers.

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson's domestic program, which included civil rights legislation, anti-poverty programs, government subsidy of medical care, federal aid to education, consumer protection, and aid to the arts and humanities.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong.

Hideki Tojo

Prime minister of Japan during World War II

Fourteen Points

Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations a Versailles. Among them were open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, and creation of the League of Nations.

Freedman's Savings and Trust Company

Private bank founded in 1865, had worked closely with the Freedmen's Bureau.

Collective Bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

George F. Kennan

Proposed that they only way to defeat the Soviet Union was to contain it and be patient

Tax revolt

Proposition 13 in California that slashed property taxes and forced painful cuts in government services

Sabbatarian values

Provoked opposition from workers and freethinkers. Men who labored 12-14 hours a day wanted freedom to spend their one free day as they wished

Civilian Conservation Corps

Public work relief program that operated to help the unemployed.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

assassination of RFK

RFK was shot and killed by a Palestinian assassin immediately after his victory speech in the 1968 Democratic Primary election in Los Angeles CA.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

transcontinental railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 goods to record levels.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Reduced agriculture production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and kill off excess livestock.

Long Drive

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

utopias

Reformers founded these ideal communities to realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from competition, communities designed to create perfect societies.

Nation of Islam

Refused a rejection of Christianity with a strong philosophy of self-improvement.

Old Lights

Religious faction that condemned emotional enthusiasm as part of the heresy of believing in a personal and direct relationship with God outside the order of the Church

Bretton Woods

Representatives from 44 countries met in New Hampshire to design a new international monetary system; resulted in the establishment of the IMF and the World Bank.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional

Comstock Lode

Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859.

Roosevelt Recession

Roosevelt that the economy had come back, but once he cut spending the companies failed, unemployment rose, and the stock market fell.

Lord Dunmore

Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army

Teapot Dome

Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money

STOP ERA

Schlafly's organization helped thousands of women to go against the ERA

Eugenics

Science of human breeding arguing that mentally deficient people should be prevented from having children and proposed sterilization. They actually did it in CA and VA.

Anthony Comstock

Secretary for the Society for the Suppression of Vice secured a federal law that banned obscene materials from US mail.

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

U.S. v. Cruikshank

14th ammendment does not protect blacks from private acts of violence

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Second Hundred Years' War

1689-1815 started with the war of the league of Ausburg and ended at Waterloo with Napoleon involved America for the first time

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Shays's Rebellion

1787, Revolt against the raising of Taxes led by Daniel Shays and Job Shattuck

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865. help former black slaves after civil war

Minor v. Happersett

1875: Virginia Minor gets denied the right to vote and says it violates 14th amendment, brings to federal court. Decision: state decision on the right to vote.

Battle of Little Big Horn

1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Lacey Act

1906 US President without congressional approval to set aside objects of historic and scientific and national monuments.

Scopes trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Revenue Act

1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

Economic Opportunity Act

1964 act, part of LBJ's War on Poverty, established the following: Job Corps; work study;VISTA; local Neighborhood Youth Corps and Administration; controversial because it bypassed state and local government participation in administration; angered mayors and governors

Operation Rolling Thunder

1965 bombing campaign begun by LBJ to persuade North Vietnamese government to stop its subversion and armed resistance in South Vietnam; taken in retaliation against attacks on U.S. bases and personnel in South Vietnam; failed to discourage North Vietnam

Monica Lewinsky

1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000

Bill Clinton

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969

Contact with America

1994 Newt Gingrich designed this to capture control of congress from democrats, specific legislations that the republicans pledged to pass if the voters sent a majority to washington. Reform plans included real welfare reform, family tax cuts, job creation and limited tern for congressmen

Proposition 209

1996 California initiative that banned all affirmative action programs.

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States, Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Phillip II

336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great.

capetbaggers

Self-seeking interlopers who carried all their property in cheap suitcases.

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

fireside chats

Series of radio broadcasts made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the nation.

Federal Housing Administration

Set standards for construction and insures loans made by banks or other lenders for home building.

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001; he was very conservative and pro life

Hillary Rodham Clinton

She was born in Chicago, Illinois on October 26, 1946, and graduated from Yale Law School. She married Bill Clinton in 1975 and had one daughter, Chelsea, in 1980. During her husband's presidency, she headed a Task Force on National Health Care Reform as well as supported women's rights at home and abroad. She was elected to the United States Senate on November 7, 2000. She is currently the Secretary of State.

March to the Sea

Sherman's march from Atlanta, Georgia, to Savannah, Georgia which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea. They wanted to destroy the Southern economy and morale, leading to Southern surrender.

"hard war"

Shermans tactic of this is "when one nation is at war with another, all the people of one are enemies of the other"

Dunmore's War

A 1774 war led by Virginia's royal governor, the Earl of Dunmore

Battle of Long Island

A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured.

Platt Amendment

A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. The amendment was a condition for U.S. withdrawal from the newly independent island.

Zimmermann telegram

A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which Germany foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that in the United States entered war, Germany would help Mexico recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Port Huron Statement

A 1962 manifesto by the Students for a Democratic Society from its first national convention in Port Huron, Michigan, expressing students' disillusionment with the nation's consumer culture and the gulf between rich and poor, and a rejection of Cold War foreign policy, including the war in Vietnam.

Equal Pay Act

A 1963 law, which established the principle of equal pay for equal work. Trade union women were especially critical in pushing for, and winning, congressional passage of the law.

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

A 24 hour wait period and parental consent for minors in an abortion is constitutional under the 14th amendment but obtaining spousal consent is an undue burden

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

United Nations

A General Asembly, in which all nations would be represented and a Security Council composed of the five major Allied powers and the seven othernations elected on a rotating basis

Gordon Hirabayashi

A Japanese-American, he refused to accept being put in an internment camp during WWII and petitioned the Supreme Court in Hirabayashi v. The United States (1943)

Leo Frank

A Jewish man charged with the murder of Mary Phagan. Originally sentenced to death but Governor reduced to life in prison. Tom Watson led a public outcry and a group of angry men kidnapped Frank from jail and lynched him. His case led to rebirth of KKK in GA.

constitutional monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Vasco de Gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who tried to unite Native American tribes

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Rosa Parks

A black seamstress and the Montgomery NAACP's secretary who became famous for her refusal to stand on a bus when a white man wished to sit, and was subsequently arrested. This began a city-wide boycott of the bus system, which was highly detrimental to those companies and set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well.

Silent Spring

A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

proprietorship

A business owned and run by just one person

scorched-earth campaign

A campaign in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia by Union general Philip H. Sheridan's troops. The troops destroyed grain, barns, and other useful resources to punish farmers who had aided Confederate raiders.

Panama Canal

A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 191, the canal gave U.S. naval vessels quick access to the pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.

Established church

A church given privileged legal status by the government.

open door policy

A claim put forth by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

royal colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

Howard Jarvis

A conservatative anti-New Dealer and a genius at mobilizing grassroots discontent. Proposed Proposition 13, an intiiative that would toll back property taxes, cap future increases for present owners, and require that all tax measures have a 2/3 majority in the legistature.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Chicago Democratic Party Convention & demonstrations/riots

A convention held in Chicago in 1968, notable for the numerous antiwar demonstrators outside of the conventional hall who were tear-gassed and clubbed by police. Inside the convention hall, the delegates were bitterly divided over Vietnam.

counter culture/hippies

A culture embracing values or lifestyles opposing those of the mainstream culture. In the United States during the late 1960s, many young people created a counterculture that opposed the conservative social norms of Middle America. Hippies, people who opposed and rejected conventional standards of society and advocated extreme liberalism in their sociopolitical attitudes and lifestyles, became synonymous with 1960s countercultural youth.

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Report on Manufacturers

A document submitted to Congress, which set up an economic policy to encourage industry.

Dust Bowl

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry.

Hollywood

A famous case by HUAC where many of the top Hollywood writers, directors, and actors, were called to court to testify as being aligned with the Communist Party and its beliefs or not.

Nationaly War Labor Board

A federal agency founded in 1919 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime), endorsed equal pay women, and supported workers' right to organize.

War Industries Board

A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production, including allocation of resources, conversion of factories to war production, and setting of prices.

U.S. Fisheries Commission

A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish. Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.

joint- stock corporation

A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.

Quakers

A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

George McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Pennsylvania constitution of 1776

A governing document considered to be highly democratic yet with a tendency toward tyranny as the result of concentrating all powers in one set of hands.

Popular Front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Young Lords Organization

A group of activists sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans, both those in the United states and those on the island in the Caribbean.

Beats

A group of poets and writers

Kerner Commission

A group that was appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence and that recommended the elimination of de facto segregation in American society.

currency tax

A hidden tax on the farmers and artisans who accepted Continental bills in payment for supplies and on the thousands of soldiers who took them as pay.

Earth Day

A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

Credit Moblier

A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Jack Kerouac

A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plotless ramblings.

prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Title IX

A law passed by Congress in 1972 that broadened the 1964 Civil Rights Act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. By requiring comparable funding for sports programs, Title IX made women's athletics a real presence on college campuses.

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Phyllis Schlafly

A lawyer long active in conservative causes. Advocated traditional roles for women.

Mary McLeod Bethune

A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Tet Offensive

A major campaign of attacks launched throughout South Vietnam in January 1968 by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong. A major turning point in the war, it exposed the credibility gap between official statements and the war's reality, and it shook America's' confidence in the government.

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Companionate marriages

A marriage based on the republican values of equality and mutual respect.

Marshall Plan

A massive infusion of American capital to rebuild the European economy. It also urged the nations of Europe to work out a comprehensive recovery program based on US aid

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

caucus

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.

revival

A meeting to reawaken religious faith.

Task System

A method of organizing enslaved labor in which workers were given specific set of jobs to accomplish every day, after which they were allowed to spend their time as they chose

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

gold standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Vietnamization

A new U.S. policy, devised under President Nixon in the early 1970s, of delegating the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese in the Vietnam War. American troop levels dropped, and American casualties dropped correspondingly, but the killing in Vietnam continued.

women's liberation

A new brand of feminism in the 1960s, comprised of primarily younger, college-educated women fresh from the New Left, antiwar, and civil rights movements who sought to end to the denigration and exploitation of women.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

A pact between 12 nations- Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United States. An armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

A peace agreement that officially ended the Revolutionary War and established British recognition of the independence of the United States.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870.

Virginia Plan

A plan at the constitutional convention to base representation in the legislature on population.

Squatter Sovereignty

A plan promoted by Democratic candidate Senator Lewis Cass under which Congress would allow settlers in each territory to determine its status as free or slave.

William Byrd II

A planter, slave-owner and author from Charles City County, Virginia. He is considered the founder of Richmond, Virginia

National Women's Party

A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in the early twentieth century.

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

"consolidated government"

A powerful and potentially oppressive national adminstration

March on Washington

A quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial.

Black Panther Party

A radical nationalist group founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 by two college students, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Sunbelt

A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Herrenvolk republic

A republic based on the principle of rule by a master race.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution

A resolution passed by Congress in 1964 in the wake of a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin between the U.S. and North Vietnam. It gave the president virtually unlimited authority in conducting the Vietnam War. The Senate terminated the resolution in 1971 following outrage over the U.S. invasion of Cambodia in 1970.

Robert Smalls

A sailor and later a Union naval captain, he was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the Civil War.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

James Henry Hammond

A senator and slave owner form South Carolina who believed in the necessity of slaves in society and that blacks were inferior to the superior whites.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Missouri compromise

A series of political agreements devised by the speaker of the house Henry Clay.

Insular Cases

A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S. Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories: only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.

globalization

A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders.

Red Scare

A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities.

American colonization society

A society founded by Henry Clay and other prominent citizens in 1817

Slave Society

A society in which the institution of slavery affects all aspects of life.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

culture war

A split in the United States reflecting differences in people's beliefs about private and public morality, and regarding what standards ought to govern individual behavior and social arrangements.

Baron von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Chattel Principle

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.

Neomercantilist

A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughput the nation.

associated state

A system of voluntary business cooperation with government. The Commerce Department helped create two thousand trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry.

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

protective tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

New Left

A term applied to radical students of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguishing their activism from the Old Left - the communists and socialists of the 1930s and 1940s, who tended to focus on economic and labor questions rather than cultural issues.

Mormonism

A term defining the religious beliefs and practices of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith in 1830

amalgamation

A term for racial mixing and intermarriage, almost universally opposed by whites in he nineteenth-century United States

domestic slavery

A term referring to the assertion by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other female abolitionists that traditional gender roles and legal restrictions created a form of slavery for married women.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Stonewall Riot

A two day riot by Stonewall Inn patrons after the police raided the gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village in 1969; the event contributed to the rapid rise to a gay liberation movement.

United Farm Workers

A union for migrant workers.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

total war

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

Sentimentalism

A way of experiencing the world that emphasized emotions and a sensuous appreciation of God, nature, and people.

NOW

A women's civil rights organization formed in 1966. Initially, NOW focused on eliminating gender discrimination in public institutions and the workplace, but by the 1970s, it also embraced many of the issues raised by more radical feminists.

indentured servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

George Wallace

AL Governor who actively opposed desegregation and civil rights for African Americans in the name of "states rights"; ran for president three times during Sixties and Seventies

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

ARRA- Law with provisions concerning the standards for the electronic transmission of health care data; intended to create jobs and promote investment and consumer spending during the recession that followed the financial collapse in 2008. No Republicans in the House and only 3 Republicans in the Senate voted for this bill, arguing against the massive growth in federal spending

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

chattel slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

state's rights

According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution.

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port.

War Powers Act

Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Enforcement Laws

Acts passed in Congress in 1870 and signed by President U.S. Grant that were designed to protect freedmen's rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Authorizing federal prosecutions, military intervention, and martial law to suppress terrorist activity, the Enforcement Laws largely succeeded in shutting down Klan activities.

World Trade Organization

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Articles of Confederation

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states.

Federalist No. 10

Advocates for a large republic

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

"Remember the Maine"

After the U.S. battle cruiser Maine exploded in Havana harbor, New York Journal galvanized popular support for the U.S. war against Spain.

Newt Gingrich

After the disagreement in the federal government over the budget between Republican leaders and the president, Public opinion turned quickly and powerfully against the Republican leadership and against much of its agenda. This controversial Republican Speaker of the House, quickly became one of the most unpopular political leaders in the nation, while President Clinton slowly improved his standing in the polls.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

North American Free Trade Agreement

Agreement signed on January 1, 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

Alfred Mahan

Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States Navy admiral, geostrategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century."

Bakke v Univsertiy of California

Allan Bakke sued the U of C for rejecting him and letting minorities in instead of him.

Executive Order 8802

Also known as the Fair Labor Standards Act, this banned discrimination in the war industries.

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe.

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States; an advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

General Horatio Gates

American general at Battle of Saratoga. Formed a new Southern army after defeat at Charles Town. Lost to Cornwallis in Camden

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Containment

American officals developed a clear strategy toward the Soviet Union

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Alice Paul

American suffragist Alice Paul (1885-1977) was born into a prominent Quaker family in New Jersey. While attending a training school in England, she became active with the country's radical suffragists. After two years with the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), she cofounded the Congressional Union and then formed the National Woman's party in 1916.

Lyman Beecher

American temperance society co-founder

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Burlingame Treaty

An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.

Root-Takahira Agreement

An 1908 agreement between the United states and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.

Teller Amendment

An Amendment to the 1898 U.S. declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba. It assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.

William Penn

An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Billy Graham

An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. He would commonly appear at religious rallies and allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, causing thousands to attend his sermons. His prominence was so large that in 1996, he was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

Loyalty-Security

An Executive order by Truman. The order permitted officals ro investigate any employee of the federal government for "subversive" activities

Tanaghrisson

An Iroquois leader who played a pivotal role in the beginning of the French and Indian War when he killed Jumonville in front of George Washington, after they had become allies.

Pontiac

An Ottawa Indian who wasn't ready to accept British control so he started Pontiac's War, a brief and unsuccessful war.

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Rural Electrification Administration

An agency established in 1935 to promote nonprofit farm cooperatives that offered loans to farmers to install power lines.

welfare capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Modernity

An increasingly market-driven society, freedom of individual to choose his or her own path. (This occurred as Industrialization changed society and included a decline in birth rate from 7 to 3.6 per family)

land banks

An institution, established by a colonial legislature, that printed paper money and lent it to farmers, taking a lien on their land to ensure repayment.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.

SDS

An organization for social change, founded by college students in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1960. At a national convention in Port Huron, Michigan, in 1962, the SDS rejected Cold War foreign policy, including the war in Vietnam.

Committee on Public Information

An organization set up by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I to increase support for America's participation in the war. The CPI was a national propaganda machine that helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.

multinational Corporations

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

Taft-Hartley Act

An overhaul of the 1935 National Labor Realations Act

Stono Rebellion

An uprising of slaves in South Carolina in 1739, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws. The largest slave uprising in the colonies.

scalawags

Ancient Scots-Irish term for worthless animals.

Secret Ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

Geronimo

Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona.

neo-Europes

Areas of comparable temperatures to that of Europe. Examples: South Africa and eastern highlands of Africa. Also, North America.

Federal Aid to Education

As part of LBJ's Great Society, he broke the long-standing taboo against federal regulation or financing of elementary and secondary education; bill targeting needs of schools with high concentration of students in poverty and with disabilities

Saddam Hussein

As president of Iraq, Saddam maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Immigration and Nationality Act

Barred homosexuals and people considered "subversive" from entering the U.S.; allowed deportation of an immigrant if he/she was a member of a communist organization, even if the person was a U.S. citizen

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Harry S. Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Football

Began in IVY league schools (Harvard,Yale, Princeton, Penn, etc). It was considered most controversial sport. Both baseball and football attracted business sponsorship as they grew.

Wilmot Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

toleration

the acceptance of different beliefs

Unions

the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context

tribalization

the adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.

Rome-Berlin Axis

the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)

Division of labor

the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

civic humanism

the belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government

feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

reconquista

the campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland.

Yellowstone National Park

the first national park in the United States

Selective Service System

the military draft in the Sixties; issued "2-S" deferments to full-time college students, so they didn't have to serve in Vietnam, while working class young men did

Women's suffrage

the movement aimed at equal rights for women, Daughters of American Revolution formed in 1890 devoted to celebrating memory of Revolutionary war heros.

tribute

the practice of collecting goods from conquered peoples

primogeniture

the practice of passing family land, by will or by custom, to the eldest son

trans-Saharan trade

the primary avenue for trade for West Africans--from the South to the north across the Sahara--which passed through the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires.

predestination

the protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born

Protestant Reformation

the reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic church

peasants

the traditional term for farmworkers in Europe

Colombian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

gentility

those of gentle birth; refinement Her family was proud of its gentility and elegance.

consumer revolution

time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth

Enviromentalism

twentieth century movement to preseve the natural world in the face of spiraling human ability to alter the world environment

Barry Goldwater

ultra conservative Republican Senator from Arizona whose right wing views gave birth to modern conservatism; suffered crushing defeat in 1964 election against LBJ

modernism

was an artistic and literary movement of the early 20th century that championed experimentation, technicality, primitivism, impersonalism, aestheticism, and intellectualism

Montgomery Bus Boycott

was inspired by similar boycotts that had taken place in Harlem in 1941 and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in 1953.

Energy Crisis

when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

Black Protestants

which two groups have no doubts that god exists?

William Llyod Garrison

white abolitionist who started his own paper called "The Liberator"

Women's Christian Temperance Union

women's prohibition organization led by Frances E. Willard

Dr. Benjamin Spock

wrote "Baby and Child Care". His approach to raising babies was child centered as opposed to parent centered. Imagined minor role of fathers in child rearing, although he later changed that.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, this act, also known as the GI Bill, provided veterans of the Second World War funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.

Valley Forge

Site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777-1778 during the American Revolutionary War.

Mechanics

Skilled craftsmen who invented and improved tools for industry

Benevolent Masters

Slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.

"Positive Good" Argument

Slavery is a necessary evil because economy makes slavery necessary

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

YMCA

Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities. Also a really annoying song that gets stuck in like everyone's head

Nikita Khrushchev

Stalin's successor who denounced Stalin. He called for peaceful coexistence, but went back and crushed the Hungarians

Professional sports teams

Started in W. PA by steel magnet Andrew Carnegie (Carnegie Steel) Homestead and Braddock leagues in Pittsburgh area.

Freeport Doctrine

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property

Eisenhower Doctrine

States that American forces would assist any nation in the region that required aid against overtarmed aggression from any nation controlled by International Communism

SALT

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks opened between U.S. and Soviet Union as part of Nixon and Kissinger's detente policy of coping with declining U.S. economy and military power

Social Security Act

System of transfer payments in which younger, working people support older, retired people.

Welfare State

System which the government undertakes to protect health and well-being of those in need.

Teenager

Teenagers, as an identifiable social group, emerged in the 1950s. Teenagers were seen both as a problematic, rebellious group, as well as a target for new products and cultural offerings.

Roosevelt Corollary

The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S. interests in Latin America.

My Lai Massacre & Trial

The 1968 execution by U.S. Army troops of nearly five hundred people in the South Vietnamese village of My Lai, including a large number of women and children.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

covenant of grace

The Christian idea that God's elect are granted salvation as a pure gift of grace. This doctrine holds that nothing people do can erase their sins or earn them a place in heaven.

covenant of works

The Christian idea that God's elect must do good works in their earthly lives to earn their salvation.

Republican Aristocracy

The Old South gentry that built impressive mansions, adopted the manners and values of the English landed gentry, and feared federal government interference with their slave property.

Warren Court

The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969), which expanded the Constitution's promise of equality and civil rights. It issued landmark decisions in the areas of civil rights, criminal rights, reproductive freedom, and separation of church and state.

Slaughter-House Cases

The Supreme Court's ruling that the 14th amendment applied to the federal government, not the states. Strengthened in US v Cruikshank

Tea Party

The Tea Party is a political movement that largely began in 2009 with protests that were sponsored both locally and nationally. In general the movement is considered conservative, favoring decreased taxes & decreased spending by the government. The focus is on fiscal conservatism. So far the Tea Party has endorsed Republican candidates.

Dawes Severalty Act

The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land.

National Defense Education

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Covenant Chain

The alliance of the Iroquois, first with the colony of New York, then with the British Empire and its other colonies. The Covenant Chain became a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American peoples

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion

Slavery follows the flag

The assertion by John C. Calhoun that planters could by right take their slave property into newly opened territories

abolitionism

The belief that slavery should be abolished. In the early nineteenth century, increasing numbers of people in the northern United States held that the nation's slaves should be freed immediately, without compensation to slave owners.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

The black church, long the center of African American social and cultural life, now lent its moral and organizational strengthen to the civil rights movement.

English common law

The centuries old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the monarch's subjects.

Munn v. Illinois

The court case giving states rights to regulate rail roads

patronage

The dispensing of government jobs to persons who belong to the winning political party.

Declaration of Independence

The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Coastal Trade

The domestic slave trade with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act

The first federally funded health-care legislation that provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses.

Robert Walpole

The first official prime minister, whose foreign policy was to ignore continental conflicts and he forgave the debt of the South Sea Company which made the people confident in the government

Harvey Milk

The first openly gay man to be elected to public office in the United States.

Voluntarism

The funding of churches by their members.

popular sovereignty

The idea that political power belongs to the people

American exceptionalism

The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.

Republican motherhood

The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them to exemplary republican citizens.

League of Nations

The international organization bringing together world government to prevent future hostilities, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I. Although the League of nations did form, the United States never became a member state.

National Interstate and Defense Highways Act

The largest public works project in American history when it was passed; authorized $25 billion to build 41,000 miles of roads, greatly assisting the burgeoning car culture of the 1950

YAF

The largest student political organization in the country in the 1960s; its conservative members defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam.

Ghost Dance movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

King cotton

The leading American export and a crucial staple of the nineteenth-century economy

Manumission

The legal act of relinquishing property rights in slaves.

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

Great Migration

The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car

The most prominent black trade union that called for a march on Washington in 1941.

Rust Belt

The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

rights Liberalism

The notion that individuals require state protection from discrimination.

Hundred Days

The period between Napoleon's return from exile and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII.

black nationalism

The philosophy of black nationalism signified many things in the 1960s.

internal improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

soft power

The reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems.

Commonwealth system

The republican system of political economy created you states government by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to provide business whose projects would improve the general welfare.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

franchise

The right to vote

Cuban missile crisis

The risk of nuclear war was greater during this time than at any other time in the Cold War, prompted a alight thaw in U.S.-Soviet relations

silent majority

The segment of U.S. society to whom President Richard Nixon appealed - the "unblack, unpoor, and unyoung." President Nixon first used the term, derived from the title of a book by Ben J. Wattenberg and Richard Scammon (called The Real Majority), in a 1969 speech when he described those who supported his positions but did not publicly assert their voices, as did those involved in the antiwar, civil rights, and women's movements.

Demographic transition

The sharp decline of birthdate in the United States beginning in the 1790's that was caused by changes in cultural behavior including the use of birth control.

Inland System

The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.

competancy

The state of having legal contractual capacity.

household mode of production

The system of exchanging goods and labor that helped eighteenth-century New England freeholders survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce

detente

The term given to the easing of conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Nixon administration by focusing on issues of common concern, such as arms control and trade.

Crime of 1873

The term used to refer to the passage of the Coinage Act of 1873. It fully embraced the Gold Standard. Western mining interests and others who wanted silver in circulation called the Act the "Crime of '73"

Betty Friedan's "Feminine Mystique"

The title of an influential book written in 1963 by Betty Friedan critiquing the ideal whereby women were encouraged to confine themselves to roles within the domestic sphere.

Keynesian Economics

Theory to as why economic output is influenced by aggregate demand.

Regulators

These were vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the western parts of North and South Carolina. They violently protested high taxes and insufficient representation in the colonial legislature.

Glass-Steagall Act

This act separated investment and commercial banking activities.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

This is the health care reform law. Focuses on reform of the private health insurance market; providing better coverage for those with pre-existing conditions; improving prescription drug coverage in Medicare.

The Other America

This novel was an influential study of poverty in the U.S, published by Michael Harrington & it was a driving force behind the "war on poverty." 1/5 of U.S was living below poverty line.

National Women Suffrage Association

This organization, formed in 1890 by Elizabeth C. Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, to coordinate the ultimately successful campaign to achieve women's right to vote.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, national origin, and sex.

Pietism

This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

realism

This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

House Un-American Activities Committee

Took the concept of disloyalty farther. Was launched in 1938 helpwd sparked the Red Scare

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

National Recovery Administration

Tried to bring industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

Cold War liberalism

Truman and the Democratic Party forged it. Preserved the core programs of the New Deal welfare state, developed the containment policy to oppose Soviet influence throughout the world, and fought so called aubversives at home

Fair Deal

Truman propsed it. It included national health insurance, aid to education, a housing program, expansion of Social Security, a higher minimum wage, and a new agricultural program. It called attention to civil rights

Manhattan Project

U.S. nuclear weapons project.

George Armstrong Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)

Second great awakening

Unprecedented religious revival that swept the nation between 1790 and 1850.

Gang-Labor System

Used the labor of all field hands on the same task at the same time

Jimmy Carter

Used to be a navel officer, a peanut farmer, and the governor of Georgia. Won the democratic presidential nomination in 1976, had Senator Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota as his running mate

Benevolent Empire

Various protestant denominations developed missionary organizations in order to Christianize citizens of the United States and the world, and to create a Christian nation

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Sedition Act of 1918

Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.

Tariff of Abominaions

Was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States. It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy

Public Activism of Women

Was promoted through churches and religious groups. Missionaries offered medical care and education.

Robert Morris

Wealthy Merchant who spent large amounts of money that he contributed to the Continental Army and arranged foreign loans.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Emmeline Wells

Women's right advocate. Served as president of Mormon church.

Steven Crane

Wrote "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets" about life of a slum girl who died.

Philipsburg Proclomation

a 1779 proclamation that declared any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain

naturalism

a 19th century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was

Veterans Administration

a Federal agency that administers benefits provided by law for veterans of the armed forces

ethics and government act

a US federal law that was passed in the wake of the Nixon Watergate scandals and the Saturday night massacre

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Renaissance

a cultural transformation in the arts and learning that began in Italy and spread through much of Europe

Secularism

a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations

war power act

a federal law intended to check the presidents power to commit the US to an armed conflict without the consent of the US congress

town meeting

a gathering of local citizens to discuss and vote on important issues

matriarchy

a gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the female line

patriarchy

a gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the male line

"Redemption"

a heroic name that still sticks today

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Machine tools

a nonportable power tool, such as a lathe or milling machine, used for cutting or shaping metal, wood, or other material.

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Proposition

a petition asking for a new law

Union League

a pro Union organization based in the North and was assisted by northern blacks; this political network educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates; they built black churches and schools and fought to protect black communities from white retaliation

Counter-Reformation

a reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders

Islam

a religion that considers Muhammad to be the God's last prophet

Christianity

a religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ himself was divine

heresy

a religious doctrine that is inconsistent with the teachings of the church

gag rule

a rule instated in Congress that automatically suppressed discussion of slavery/abolition. also prevented Congress from enacting any new legislation pertaining to slavery. lasted 1836 - 1844

Crusades

a series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between 1096-1291 to reverse the Muslim advance and win back the holy land where Christ had lived

republic

a state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of people

political machine

a strong party organization that can control political appointments and deliver votes

South Atlantic System

a trade system that brought wealth to Europe, economic, political tragedies to Africa. Everyone getting rich off slaves, tobacco and sugar.`

consumer credit

a type of credit granted by retailers that is used by individuals or families for satisfaction of their own wants

Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts

a. The Alien Act authorized the deportation of foreigners

Nixon's China Trip

after secret negotiations between Kissinger and Chinese leaders, Nixon shocked and fascinated the world with his unexpected decision to go to Communist China in 1972 and hold talks with Mao Zedong and other Chinese leaders; Nixon hoped to drive a wedge between Communist China and Soviet Union to enhance U.S. standing in world

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Sand Creek massacre

an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Environmental Protection Agency

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Chicago Moratorium Committee

anti=war group that organized resistance and protest at the 1968 Chicago Democratic Convention

anti-war demonstrations

beginning on college campuses in 1964 and continuing in ever larger numbers, citizens protested the U.S. policy and tactics in South Vietnam

Middle class

broad group of people in contemporary society who fall socio-economically between the working class and upper class

Buffalo Bill Cody

buffalo hunter; star of a wild west show

William J. Levitt

built new communities in the suburbs after WWII, using mass-production techniques

The rise of High School

by 1900 71% of children between ages of 5-18 attended school. Most were co-educational.

Women and public sphere

by late 19th century in towns and cities women became main family shoppers and creation of department stores had tea rooms etc for socialization.

Pearl Harbor

caused US to join the war. resulted from tension that Japan wanted more land, while US banned sale of weapons to Japan

Zoot Suits

clothing worn by teenagers and considered to be unpatriotic

whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

corrupt bargain

deal in which Henry Clay threw his support in the Election of 1824 to John Quincy Adams in exchange for being named Secretary of State

Continental Association

delegates agreed to form this, with town setting up committees of observation to enforce the boycott, in time these committees became their towns' de facto government

Black Codes

designed to force slaves back to plantation labor.

John Wesley Powell

explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of 100th meridian

Greenwich Village

famous site in NYC for sexual rebellion. Heterodoxy Club -- open to any woman who pledged not to be "orthodox in her opinions". Began to call themselves feminists. This was a very small group.

Indian Reorganization Act

federal legislation that dealt with the status of Native Americans.

gay liberation

following in the footsteps of the civil rights movements for Blacks and Latinos, and the women's liberation movements, homosexuals in the late 1960's began to advocate for equal rights for gays

school bussing

following up on the 1954 Brown decision ordering desegregation of schools with "all deliberate speed", federal judges ordered southern and northern school districts to use busing to transport students to more racially balanced schools; policy met with fierce resistance everywhere, especially in northern white working class neighborhoods; sparked "white flight" as white families moved to nearby suburbs beyond the court's reach

William T. Sherman

general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south

freedom of information act

generally provides that any person has the right to request access to federal agency records of information except to the extent the records are protected from disclosure

Labor theory of value

heory that stipulates that the value of a good or service is dependent upon the labor used in its production

Evolution

idea that species are not fixed but every changing (no creation by God). Associated with Charles Darwin who wrote Orgin of Species and proposed theory of natural selection. (Genetic mutations help us survive).

Artisan republicans

ideology that celebrated small-scake producers, men and women who owned their own shops (or farms), and defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by, and dedicated to the welfare of, independent workers and citizens.

watergate

implicated president Richard Nixon in illegal behavior severe enough to bring down his presidency

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

important start to modern feminism; established by JFK in 1961; recommended equal pay for equal work

Cambodian Invasion

in the Spring of 1970, two years after Vietnamization began and U.S. military forces began to withdraw from Vietnam, Nixon, frustrated with the slow course of the Paris Peace talks, decided to begin bombing North Vietnamese supply trails in Cambodia and, finally, invade the eastern part of the neutral country to capture North Vietnamese supply depots and command outposts. Failed On all fronts and provokes firestorm of rage in U.S, college campuses for widening the war; Kent State demonstrations and killings followed

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Waltham-Lowell system

labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th century.

USA Patriot Act

law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties

Jacob Leisler

led an anti-Catholic revolt in New York in 1689

Fourteenth Amendment

made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

American Temperance Society

members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking distilled beverages

American Women Suffrage Association

moderates who remained allied to the Republican Party in hopes that once Reconstruction had been settled it would be time for the women's vote.

pan- Africanism

movement that began to nourish the nationalist spirit and strengthen resistance, emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide

Operation Rescue

one of the most active pro-life organizations; demonstrated outside of clinics, tried to dissuade women from entering abortion clinics. It was a christian organization.

guilds

organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into, and the practice of, a trade

National Trade Union

organizations to call attention to the plight of poorly paid female workers. Rose Schneiderman union organizer for garment workers.

VISTA

part of LBJ's War on Poverty; domestic equivalent of Peace Corps; volunteers worked in neglected rural and urban areas providing services and education

Job Corps

part of LBJ's War on Poverty; provided job training for unemployed minority youth

assassination of MLK/riots

part of the Tragedy of 1968; MLK was shot by James Earl Ray in Memphis TN, where he was helping a strike of sanitation workers; he was 39 years old; news of his murder sparked worst urban riots in US history, especially in Washington, D.C. where 12 people were killed, thousands were injured, and billions of dollars of property damage

tenancy

period of a tenant's temporary holding of real estate

Head Start

preschool education program for minority children; part of LBJ's War on Poverty; judged a success at preparing kids for elementary school

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

affirmative action

procedures designed to take into account the disadvantaged position of minority groups after centuries of discimination

Deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

natural selection

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

maternalism

refers to public encouragement and suppoort for women to have and raise children, often viewing this as their main purpose in life

Wade-Davis Bill

required an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state's adult white men, new governments formed only by those who had never taken up arms against the Union, and permanent disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders.

Quartering Act of 1765

required colonists to provide room/board for british soldiers; the law was laxly enforced

temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol

deregulation

simlated competition and cut prices but it also drove firms out of buisiness and hut unionized workers

"rain follows the plow"

slogan coined by Nebraskan to sell idea that cultivating plains would increase rainfall

animism

spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world

Paris Peace Talks

starting in May 1968, the U.S. and North Vietnam had been holding talks on peace in Vietnam; lasted until 1974, when a final agreement was reached leading to withdrawal of all U.S. forces and North Vietnamese pledge not to invade the South; South Vietnam fell to North Vietnam the following year, 1975

land-grant colleges

state educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands

Sharon Statement

statement of conservative principles written at William F. Buckley's Sharon CT mansion in 1960; birth of modern conservative movement and YAF

nullification

states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional

Equal Rights Ammendent

states equality of rights under law shall no be denied or abridged by the U.S. or any State on the basis of sex.

Silent Majority

term Nixon used to describe the group of Americans who did not oppose the Vietnam war and who supported the government and "law and order"; he asked them to support his plan for patience as he negotiated a settlement of the Vietnam War while American and Vietnamese continued to die

credibility gap

term used in Sixties to describe the contradictions between claims by those in authority(frequently the U.S. government and military in Vietnam), or one's parents--and the facts as known by objective observers

labor feminists

term used to describe advocates for equal pay for equal work, good working conditions, maternity leave

Treaty of Versailles

the 1919 treaty that ended that ended World War I. The agreement redrew the map of the world, assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war, and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.

Charles Townshend

the Chancellor of the Exchequer had a large hand in creating policy concerning the American colonies