APUSH MIDTERM

Judith Sargent Murray

A prominent writer of plays, novels, and poetry, Judith Sargent Murray of Massachusetts was one of the first women to demand equal educational opportunities for women.

Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment to eliminate all legal distinctions ''on account of sex.''

lynching

Practice, particularly widespread in the South between 1890 and 1940, in which persons (usually black) accused of a crime were murdered by mobs before standing trial. Lynchings often took place before large crowds, with law enforcement authorities not intervening.

Americans opinions on French Revolution

They welcomed/encouraged it. They didn't want the US to be a part of the war though.

''strict constructionists''

Those who believed the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution.

The American Crisis

Thomas Paine essay read by George Washington to his men to inspire them to victory at Princeton and Trenton in response to the reduction to 3,000 men

Columbian exchange

Transatlantic exchange of plants, ideas, livestock, people, and diseases from Europe to North America. Introduced new markets to Europe, gave different types of plants not previously available. Altered millions of years of evolution. Created World Trade Routes.

National Recovery Administration

created to work with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions.

Seditious libel

crime of defaming colonial officials

Public sphere

the world of political organization and debate independent of gov't; expanded in 18th century

Shakers

utopian group that splintered from the Quakers Common ownership and shared rewards Strict celibacy Against vices "separate but equal"

Panic of 1837

Cause: jackson's activity with banks, embargo act A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Paper Money + people hogging the supplies effects

Caused an increase of prices

Cuban missile crisis

Caused when the United States discovered Soviet offensive missile sites in Cuba in October 1962; the U.S.-Soviet confrontation was the Cold War�s closest brush with nuclear war.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Allowed deportation of "Dangerous" people, and prosecution of any public assembly critical of government. It was also called "reign of witches" bc it was similar to the salem witch trials. JOHN ADAMS

popular sovereignty

Allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide the slavery issue for themselves; program most closely associated with Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois.

''standard consumer package''

Along with a home and television set, the car became part of what sociologists called �the standard consumer package� of the 1950s.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

Along with the Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteed the rights of citizenship to former slaves.

Judith Sargent Murray

Also known as 'the gleaner', wrote for the Massachusetts Magazine. studied alongside her brother since she couldn't go to college, essay 'equality of sexes' published.

The Second Middle Passage

Although the African slave trade was prohibited, the sale and trade of slaves within the United States flourished. The main business districts of southern cities contained the offices of slave traders, and auctions took place at public slave markets.

Platt Amendment

Amendment to Cuban constitution that reserved the United States right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island.

Treaty of Paris

America controls east of MI and north of Florida and get fishing rights off of Canada; US promises not persecute loyalists

first modern war

American Civil War; 1st time armies confronted each other with weapons created by the industrial revolution.

Ulysses S. Grant

American General who became leading Union general. Daring + logical + strategical. Aggressive commander.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views

Second Party System (1828-1854): Whigs

American System Strong federal government Mixed on slavery

Sojourner Truth

American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women, United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women, "Ain't I a Woman?" (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Naturalization Act of 1790

American citizen was only "free white persons"

Lyman Beecher

American clergyman, he disapproved of the style of preaching of the Great Awakening ministers. He served as president of the Lane Theological Seminary and supported female higher education.

XYZ Affair

American diplomats sent to Paris for treaty to replace old alliance. French demanded for bribes before negotiators could proceed. The French officials designated by XYZ.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American essayist, philosopher, poet leader of the Transcendentalist movement. Wrote "self reliance", which was very popular. exploration of finner capacities

West and Freedom

American freedom had long been linked to the availability of land in the West. Manifest Destiny In national myth and ideology the West would long remain "the last home of the freeborn American." The West was vital for economic independence, the social condition of freedom.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

The American Enlightenment

Americans sought to apply to political and social life the scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiment. Belief in Deism (the notion that because God set up natural laws to govern the universe, following the act of creation, God did not intervene in the world) embodied the spirit of the American Enlightenment.

the Nixon pardon

Among his first acts as president, Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon, shielding him from prosecution for obstruction of justice.

''hearts and minds''

Among other things, the Cold War was an ideological struggle, a battle, in a popular phrase of the 1950s, for the �hearts and minds� of people throughout the world.

Civil Rights Cases

An 1883 Court decision invalidating the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. . One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive-bloomers in the 1850's.

Ninety-Five Theses

An acquisition by Martin Luther, a German priest, that the church was corrupt and worldliness.

Roosevelt Corollary

An addendum to the Monroe Doctrine that held that the United States had the right to exercise an international police power in the Western Hemisphere.

the Freedman's Bureau

An agency established by Congress in March 1865 to establish schools, provide aid to the poor and aged, settle disputes between whites and blacks, and secure for former slaves and white Unionists equal treatment before the courts.

enclosure movement

An agricultural process that introduced more modern farming practices, such as crop rotation and the fencing of ''commons.''

Covenant Chain

An alliance formed by Sir Edmund Andros, in which the imperial ambitions of the English and Indians reinforced one another in New York.

''King Cotton diplomacy''

An attempt by the South to encourage British intervention by banning cotton exports.

''missile gap''

An belief that the Soviets had achieved technological and military superiority over the United States.

plantation

An early word for a colony, a settlement �planted� from abroad among an alien population in Ireland or the New World. Later, a large agricultural enterprise that used unfree labor to produce a crop for the world market.

inflation

An economic condition in which prices rise continuously.

The American Crisis

An essay by Thomas Paine read by George Washington to his troops shortly before crossing the Delaware River.

welfare reform

An example of a Republican policy embraced by Bill Clinton to neutralize Republican claims about Democrats.

Hurricane Katrina

An historically large storm that hit the city of New Orleans in August, 2005. The natural disaster's damage was amplified by the ensuing governmental ineptitude surrounding the rescue and recovery efforts.

''effective freedom''

An idea put forth by John Dewey that freedom was a positive, not negative concept -- the ''power to do specific things.''

the proslavery argument

An ideology of the justification for slavery that covered a broad range of sources, including the Bible and economic theory.

sinking of the Lusitania

An incident in 1915 wherein a British liner was sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland.

the caning of Charles Sumner

An incident in which Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner was assaulted on the floor of the Senate by South Carolina congressman Preston S. Brooks over Sumner's accusation that a distant cousin of Brooks's had taken ''the harlot slavery'' as his mistress.

Eaton affair

An incident in which Peggy Eaton, the wife of Andrew Jackson's secretary of war, was ostracized because she was the daughter of a Washington tavern keeper, and thus allegedly a woman of ''easy virtue.''

My Lai massacre

An incident in which a company of American troops killed some 350 South Vietnamese civilians.

Abolitionist Movement

An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.

Lord Dunmore's proclamation

An offer by the British governor and military commander in Virginia for freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines and bore arms for the king.

Olive Branch Petition

An offer to George III reaffirming Americans' loyalty to the crown and hoping for a ''permanent reconciliation.''

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. American Temperance Society Washingtonians

Yamasee uprising

An uprising in Carolina by Indians sparked by fears over trade debts owed to colonists.

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson campaigned against John Quincy Adams in 1828. A far higher percentage of the eligible electorate voted in 1828 than before, and Jackson won a resounding victory.

Election of 1824

Andrew Jackson was the only candidate in the 1824 election to have national appeal. None of the four candidates received a majority of the electoral votes. The election fell to the House of Representatives. Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams. Clay's "corrupt bargain" gave Adams the White House.

nativism

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic feeling especially prominent in the 1830s through the 1850s; the largest group was New York�s Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American (Know-Nothing) Party in 1854.

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

Anyone born or naturalized was American citizen (Citizenship Clause) "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law" (Due Process Clause) "nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" (Equal Protection Clause)

Social Darwinism

Application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of the survival of the fittest to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty.

Peace

Appomattox - April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant

North American Free Trade Agreement

Approved in 1993, the North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico allowed goods to travel across their borders free of tariffs; critics argued that American workers would lose their jobs to cheaper Mexican labor.

Fort Sumter

April 12th, 1861. Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War.

When did Washington become the 1st president?

April 30, 1789. In his speech, he said the success of the new government was to maintain political harmony. was president for 8 years.

agricultural expansion and decline

As the country expanded and returned to normal economic practices after the Civil War, Southern cotton had trouble regaining its dominance in the world marketplace, and Western farmers suffered economic distresses of their own.

conformity

As the historian Henry Steele Commager argued in a 1947 magazine article, the anticommunist crusade promoted a new definition of loyalty

Pequot War

As the white population grew, conflict with the Indians became unavoidable, and the turning point came when a fur trader was killed by Pequots. Colonists warred against the Pequots in 1637, exterminating the tribe.

Assembly Power

Assemblies claim same power as House of Commons; strongest assembly in PA where wealthy Quakers ruled only unicameral legislature; often struggled w/ governors over politics; defenders of people's liberty

Embargo Act

Attempt to exert economic pressure by prohibiting all exports from the United States, instead of waging war in reaction to continued British impressment of American sailors; smugglers easily circumvented the embargo, and it was repealed two years later.

Embargo Act

Ban on American vessels sailing for foreign ports. War between France and Great Britain hurt American trade. The Embargo Act resulted in a crippled U.S. economy. Replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act

Rhode Island Founder/Foundation

Banished from Massachusetts in 1636, Williams established Rhode Island. Rhode Island was truly a beacon of religious freedom and democratic government.

Barbary Wars

Barbary states (northern Africa) preyed on shipping to protect vessels, pirates captured 13 ships and 100 Americans as slaves. Since Jefferson didn't increase pay for ransom, Tripoli started a war against US. Naval conflict ended with US winning at Tripoli harbor. It was the 1st encounter w/ Islamic world.

U.S.S. Maine

Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, resulting in 266 deaths; the American public, assuming that the Spanish had mined the ship, clamored for war, and the Spanish-American War was declared two months later.

New Netherland

Became New York. Was a lot of fur bearing animals and Native Americans willing to help. Great harbor for trading. Had a short time period where they were the top in trade during the 1600s

minimum wage laws

Beginning in March 1937, the Court suddenly revealed a new willingness to support economic regulation by both the federal government and the states. It upheld a minimum wage law of the state of Washington similar to the New York measure it had declared unconstitutional a year earlier.

Santa Fe trail

Beginning in the 1820s, a major trade route from St. Louis, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico Territory.

Panic of 1837

Beginning of major economic depression lasting about six years; touched off by a British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems, and speculation in land, canals, and railroads.

Reasons for no impeachment

Benjamin F. Wade a radical who, as temporary president of the senate, would become pres if johnson was removed. was disliked by some moderates. Others feared that conviction would damage the constitutional separation of powers between the congress and the executive.

Latin American Wars of Independence

Between 1810 and 1822, Spain's Latin American colonies rose in rebellion and established a series of independent nations. In 1822, the Monroe administration became the first government to extend diplomatic recognition to the new Latin American republics. In some ways, Latin American constitutions were more democratic than the U.S. Constitution. Allowed Indians and free blacks to vote

Slave Religion

Black Christianity was distinctive and offered solace to the slaves. Almost every plantation had its own black preacher. Slaves worshipped in biracial churches. Free blacks established their own churches. Masters viewed Christianity as another means of social control and required slaves to attend services conducted by white ministers. Many biblical stories offered hope and solace to slaves.

Phillis Wheatley in 1783

Black poet: wrote "My love of freedom"

Bunker/Breed's hill

British defeat Americans w/ heavy casualties; introduction of cannon and entrenchment above the city forced Howe's forces to flee

Thomas Gage

British general; "these people show a spirit and conduct against us that they never showed against the French"

Mitred Minuet 1774

British political cartoon shows 4 Catholic bishops gathering around Quebec Act while British officials oversee as devils

Impressment

British seized hundreds of American ships trading with the French West Indies- kidnapped American sailors (including ones with British origin) to serve in their navy.

Meschianza

British took part in extravaganzas including various balls and parties in winter of 1777 under Sir Clinton while GW remained encamped in Valley Forge

Debates brought up by not only educated elite but by artisans, small farmers, and laborers

Brought up the concerns of Universal male suffrage, religious toleration, and even the abolition of slavery

Mound Builders of the Mississippi River Valley

Built approximately 3,500 years ago along the Mississippi River

Key Events that Marked Move Towards Revolution

1. Continental Congress/ Association 2. Lexington and Concord 3. Common Sense 4. Declaration of Independence

How did the Great Awakening Challenge religious and social structure?

1. criticized commercial society 2. redrew religious landscape 3. emphasized role of individual judgment

what did horace mann believe his schools were doing

1. extending democracy 2. expanding individual opportunity 3. creating social order

3 types of regional slavery

1. tobacco based plantations in Chesapeake (little economic scale)2. rice based plantation in SC and GA (huge economic scale) 3. Non plantation slavery in NE/ middle colonies

New Groups that Emigrated post-England's Economic Improvement

50,000 convicts were sent to the Chesapeake to work in the tobacco fields. 145,000 Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants came to North America. 110,000 Germans

Family Assistance Plan

A ''negative income tax'' that would replace Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) by having the federal government guarantee a minimum income for all Americans.

Sea Island experiment

A ''rehearsal for Reconstruction'' in an attempt to make self-reliant, productive citizens of former slaves on an island off the coast of South Carolina.

Sea Island Experiment

A ''rehearsal for Reconstruction'' in an attempt to make self-reliant, productive citizens of former slaves on an island off the coast of South Carolina. Issue of whether land ownership should accompany black freedom.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

A 1794 battle in which 3,000 American troops under Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle's forces.

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

A 5-4 Court majority ruling that the Constitution did not require equality of school funding.

Lawrence v. Texas

A 6-3 majority declared unconstitutional a Texas law making homosexual acts a crime.

Freedmen's Bureau

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865 Food, shelter, medicine for freed blacks and displaced whites Education of blacks and colleges Viciously attacked and ridiculed by Northern racists and bitter Southerners

North Carolina Regulator

A North Carolina uprising (1764-1771) where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials

Moral Liberty

A Puritan concept meaning ''a liberty to that only which is good.''

moral liberty

A Puritan concept meaning ''a liberty to that only which is good.''

William Penn's Vision

A Quaker, he envisioned a colony of peaceful harmony between colonists and Indians and a haven for spiritual freedom.

Worcester v. Georgia

A Supreme Court decision holding that Indian nations were a distinct people with the right to maintain a separate political identity.

United States v. Wong Kim Ark

A Supreme Court ruling awarding citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on American soil.

Liberia

A West African nation founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society to serve as a homeland for free blacks to settle

Title IX

A ban on gender discrimination in higher education.

Coxey's Army

A band of several hundred unemployed men led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey demanding economic relief.

Force Act

A bill authorizing President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect customs duties.

Lemuel Haynes

A black member of the Massachusetts militia and later a celebrated minister. He urged that Americans ''extend'' their conception of freedom to include blacks.

Silent Spring

A book by Rachel Carson that exposed the environmental costs of economic growth.

Cahokia

A city near present-day St. Louis that was a fortified community created by ''mound builders,'' which had a population between 10,000 and 30,000 in the year 1200.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

A court order requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court to explain the cause

Salem witch trials

A crisis of trials and executions in Salem, Massachusetts, that came about from anxiety over witchcraft in 1692.

Bradwell v. Illinois

A decision rebuffing the claim that the written legal code and Constitution gave women equal rights.

Slaughterhouse Cases

A decision that rejected the claim by butchers that their right to equality before the law had been violated.

Patterson v. McLean Credit Union

A decision wherein the Supreme Court barred a black employee who suffered racial harassment while working from suing for damages under the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

ethnic nationalism

A definition of a nation as a community of descent based on a shared ethnic heritage, language, and culture.

telegraph

A device that made possible instantaneous communication invented by Samuel Morse in 1844.

slave religion

A distinctive version of Christianity adopted by slaves in the face of hardship. A blend of African traditions and Christian belief, slave religion was practiced in secret nighttime meetings on plantations and in ''praise meetings.''

''wall of separation''

A division freeing politics and the exercise of the intellect from religious control.

preemptive war

A doctrine that states the United States retains the right to use its military power against countries that might pose a threat in the future.

''virtual representation''

A doctrine which stated that the House of Commons represented all residents of the British empire, whether or not they could vote for members.

Lecompton Constitution

A document drafted by a pro-southern convention but never submitted to vote that attempted to admit Kansas as a slave state.

Exposition and Protest

A document in which the South Carolina legislature justified nullification.

Flushing Remonstrance

A document signed by a group of English citizens who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of Stuyvesant.

Protective Tariff

A duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.

peculiar institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Muller v. Oregon

A famous brief citing scientific and sociological studies to demonstrate that because they had less strength and endurance than men, long hours of labor were dangerous for women, while their unique ability to bear children gave the government a legitimate interest in their working conditions.

Roosevelt and conservation

A federal policy to conserve natural resources. Under Roosevelt's leadership, millions of acres were set aside as preserves and national parks were created.

Freedom Rides

Bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

Slavery in the West Indies

By 1600, huge sugar plantations worked by slaves from Africa were well-established in Brazil and in the West Indies.

Tocqueville on Democracy

By 1840, more than 90 percent of adult white men were eligible to vote. Democratic political institutions came to define the nation's sense of its own identity. Tocqueville identified democracy as an essential attribute of American freedom.

Property Requirements for Voting

By 1860, all but one state had eliminated property requirements for voting.

balanced government

A government whose structure reflects the division of society between the wealthy and ordinary men.

Virginia Company

A group of London investors who sent ships to Chesapeake Bay and granted land to them.

Iroquois Confederacy

A group of five Northeast Indian nations- the Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga- that formed the Great League of Peace, bringing a period of stability to the area; each year a Great Council, with representatives from each group, met to coordinate behavior towards outsiders

neoconservatives

A group of intellectuals who charged that the 1960s had produced a decline in moral standards and respect for authority.

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. liberation of women from traditional family roles and demands of males 1840 Married to all

Missouri controversy

A incident stemming from the suggestion by New York congressman James Tallmadge that the introduction of further slaves be prohibited and that children of those already in Missouri be freed at age twenty-five.

Land Bridge

A land link between Asia and North America that was intact between 15,000 and 60,000 years ago; most Native Americans are said to have descended from ancestors who crossed this land link (Beringia)

Incas

A large Indian society centered in modern-day Peru; it had a population of 12 million and was linked by roads and bridges that stretched 2,000 miles along the Andes

''information revolution''

A large expansion of the public sphere and an explosion in printing. The application of steam power to newspaper printing led to a great increase in output and the rise of the mass-circulation ''penny press'' priced at one cent per issue.

English Toleration Act

A law of 1690 that allowed all Protestants to worship freely.

''The Significance of the Frontier in American History''

A lecture given by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 arguing that the western frontier had forged the distinctive qualities of American culture: individual freedom, political democracy, and economic mobility.

Nationalists

A member of a political group advocating or fighting for national independence, a strong national government, etc.

James D. Lynch

A member of the group that met with General Sherman, organized Republican meetings, great and influential speaker

''moral suasion''

A method of reformers attempting to convert people to their cause by highlighting the moral implications of the opposing viewpoint.

juvenile delinquency

A mid-1950s panic occurred as a result of works such as J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye.

Kansas Exodus

A migration by some 40,000-60,000 blacks to Kansas to escape the oppressive environment of the New South.

Crispus Attucks

A mixed Indian-African white colonist who died in the Boston Massacre and was hailed as the first martyr of the American Revolution.

''welfare capitalism''

A more socially conscious kind of business leadership.

''Am I Not a Man and a Brother?''

A motto adopted by abolitionists to highlight the reality that blacks in bondage were no different than the whites in power over them.

Red Power movement

A movement which led to many Indian tribes winner greater control over education and economic development on their reservations.

Denmark Vesey

A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

rock-and-roll music

A musical style derided as alarming, overly sexualized, and provocative.

coal miner's strike of 1902

A paralyzing strike that was ended when President Roosevelt threatened a federal takeover of the mines.

''open immigration''

A partially accurate term referring to the restriction on citizenship from abroad to free white persons.

Camp David peace treaty

A peace agreement between Egypt and Israel facilitated by Jimmy Carter.

blacks education

"education is the best next thing to liberty" blacks began to become educated, a desire to read the bible, the need to prepare for economic market place, and take part in politics. education didnt just take place in classrooms. Reconstruction witnessed the creation of the first black colleges fisk university in tennessee, hampton institute in VA, and Howard university in the nations capital

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

Frederick Douglas

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Battle of San Jacinto

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

Martin van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

secular communitarian

A person who plans or lives in a cooperative community

''Cotton is King''

A phrase referring to the social, economic, and cultural importance of cotton the South.

Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)

A planned slave rebellion in Richmond led by Gabriel, a slave. The plan leaked out just before the march, and authorities rounded up the participants and executed thirty-five of them, including Gabriel.

paternalism

A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights.

gradual emancipation

A process established in Northern colonies that left up to them the boundaries of liberty for blacks.

''scientific management''

A program that sought to streamline production and boost profits by systematically controlling costs and work practices.

open immigration

- any white man could claim american citzenship as long renounced hereditary titles in other nations

George Mason

- author of VA Dec of Rights -"we have been too democratic" but dont go to "opposite extreme"

why bill of rights important

- changed the language of liberty -restated idea that national govt is big threat -separated church and state

3 types of people defined in constitution

- indians(considered member of indv tribes) - the "people" (only they got American freedom -other persons(slaves)

Limiting democracy

- states had rights to set voting qualifications -wanted rich elite men to hold office by making small house of rep - electoral college= no popular vote

Flaws in consitution

- too powerful were the powers in charge; people did not have a say -Patrick Henry- absence of Bill of Rights was "the most absurd thing to mankind that ever the world saw" -didnt address slavery

Settlers in West

- urged govt to sell land at low prices - 1790s many lawsuits in KT over claimed land - lack order and authority; "our debtors, loose english people, our german servants, and slaves" B Franklin; needed more order to promote higher class citizens

Tariff of 1816

A protective tariff that helped American industry by raising the prices of British goods which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those of the U.S.

getting primared

- when an incumbent is removed from position often by a tea party member - open, semiopen, closed primary (raiding- members of other party will intentionally vote for weaker candidate Tuttle in VT) -why its bad- will often cause more liberal republicans to be removed from office bc hate motivates vote eventhough they may be the better candidate for all of the country; forces canditates to listen to own party to avoid being primaried

Complaints of Market rev

-"Commerce, luxury, and avarice have destroyed every republican govt"- warned John adams -Jefferson denounced "stockjobber", financiers, speculators from taking away ideal "Agrarian Republic" -personal gain took away from public good

Patrick Henry

-"Give me liberty, or give me death" -advised republicanism for the colonies -anti-federalist -led opposition to the Stamp Act -"american" not virginian

Young Ladys Book

-"In whatever situation of life a woman is placed from her cradle to grave in a spirit of obedience and submission, pliability of temper, and humility of mind, are required from her" -popular magazine to show virtue of women

Transformation of Law

-"general inorporation laws" allowed companies to incorporate by paying fee; investors and directors not liable for companys debts -Darthcollege vs Woodward- corporate characters as contracts by state that could not be altered -Gibbons vs Ogden shut down steam boat monopoly in NYC -local judges held business men not liable for property damage done by factories eg flooding; employer had full power over employees

Articles of Confederation

-"perpetual union" "firm league of friendship" -states maintained indvidual "sovereignty, freedom, and indpendence" - unicameral legislative w/ one vote each state - national govt could only declare war, foreign affairs, and treaties - could not tax or regulate commerce

three-fifths clause

A provision that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted in determining each state's representation in the House of Representatives and its electoral votes for president.

The Feminine Mystique

A publication by Betty Friedan that focused attention on the reality facing suburban women.

Individualism

-"sovereign individual" americans should rely on no one -Tocqueville- individualis led"each member of the community to sever himself from the mass and to draw aparrt w/ his family and his friend... Leaving society at large at last" -privay (realm of self) became increasingly understood -emerson "enlargment and independency of the indv driven to find all his resources, hopes, rewards, society and deity w/in self" -Thoreau- americans had become "tools of their tools"; dissproved obsessions w/ weal -Thoreau Walden and "simplify" lives bc rev degrded american values and nature; genuine freedom lay within

Townshend Acts

-1767 -placed tax on goods only when imported; somewhat of a sales tax -later repealed except for the tea tax -Led to outrage and tons of people boycotted British goods. revenue by regulating trade

First Continental Congress

-1774 (two months) -meeting of delegates from twelve of thirteen colonies-met in Philadelphia, PA -called for the removal of the Coercive Acts- also called for a follow up meeting if their requests were not met

Second Continental Congress

-1775 -twelve of the thirteen colonies had delegates go. again in Philadelphia Pennsylvania -war had already started- extended Olive Branch petition to gain time -Declaration of Independence -They organized the continental Army

Working Mens Parties

-1820s organizations sought to mobilize lower class support for candidates that promised free education, end to debt imprisonment, and limit work to 10 hour days -also called for free homesteads for settlers and end of imprisonment of union leaders for conspiracy

Changing ideas about indiian reservations

-1840s and 50s -in the beginning most whites main goal was to get the indians out of the area then idea changed from relocation to reservation 1. move 'em out 2. kEEP THEM PROTECTED 3.possibly teach them ways of white culture

Protest for Free Labor

-20 NY tailors arrested for conspiring to seek higher wages in 1835 and protested with "burial of liberty" -young mill wome of lowell walked jobs off in 1834 to protest a reduction in wages; said "the oppressive hand of avarice would enslave us" -Noah Webster dictionary defined freedmo as "a state oof exemption from the power or control of another" -Langdon Byllesby was a labor spokesperson inn phillly who said wage was "very essence of slavery"

Growth of Immigration

-4 mil ppl came to U.S. b/w 1790 and 1830 -90% headed for North where jobs were abundant -384k immigrants in NYC -ocean going steam boat (eg Cunard Line) made travel from europe cheap

Rise of West

-6 new states enter union after war of 1812 hence mass exodus -ppl traveled in groups to clear land and establish communities -small and rich plantatio owners migrated together to make Cotton Kingdoms -"Squatters" -Northwest resembled E w/ small towns and schools while Lower Sotuh replicated plantation slavery of Atlantic South states -1840 census showed that 2/5 of pop lived beyong appalachanian MT

Rural South 1800

-80% of south worked the land -new southern states agrarian copies of older states

Crittenden Compromise

-A last-ditch effort to resolve the secession crisis by compromise. -It proposed to bar the government from intervening in the states' decision of slavery, to restore the Missouri Compromise, and to guarantee protection of slavery below the line. Lincoln rejected the proposal, causing the gateway to bloodshed to be open.

Militant Abolitionism

-A new generation of reformers demanded immediate abolition. -David Walker's An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World was a passionate indictment of slavery and racial prejudice. -The appearance in 1831 of The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison's weekly journal published in Boston, gave the new breed of abolitionism a permanent voice.

Liberalism

-A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. -This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes; Lockean ideas of liberty

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-A prominent advocate of women's rights, organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott -Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. -Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Amistad Case

-A-A destined for slavery in CUba seized the crew and turned it around for Africa in 1839 -Navy of U.S. seized ship and took the case to Supreme COurt -COurt declared the A-A free w/ the help of abolition support and the fact that international slave trade for had been illegal in the U.S. since eighteen-o-eight

Abolition in the Americas: Arguments for & Against

-Abolition in the Americas influenced debates over slavery in the United States. -Proslavery advocates used postemancipation decline in sugar and in other cash crops as evidence of British abolitionism's failure. -Abolitionists argued that the former slaves' rising living standards (and similar improvements) showed that emancipation had succeeded.

Violent Responses to Abolitionists

-Abolitionism aroused violent hostility from northerners who feared that the movement threatened to disrupt the Union, interfere with profits wrested from slave labor, and overturn white supremacy. -Editor Elijah Lovejoy was killed by a mob while defending his press. -Mob attacks and attempts to limit abolitionists' freedom of speech convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with the democratic liberties of white Americans.

William Miller

-American Baptist preacher who is credited with beginning the mid-19th century North American religious movement known as the Millerites. -Miller's legacy includes the Advent Christian Church and the Seventh-day Adventist Church -Second Advent

Treaty of Paris (1783)

-American Revolution -US would be seen as a free nation -land from lower border of Canada to upper border of Spanish florida, and the mississippi river -merchants were to be paid for stolen goods or damaged goods -prisoners of war on both sides would be released -British soldiers were to leave the United States

Conditions of Slave Life: American vs. West Indies & Brazil

-American slaves as compared to their counterparts in the West Indies and in Brazil enjoyed better diets, lower infant mortality, and longer life expectancies. -Reasons for the above include the paternalistic ethos of the South, the lack of malaria and yellow fever in the South, and the high costs of slaves.

Pontiac's Rebellion 1763

-An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. -They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley

"Middle Ground"

-An area between European empires and Indian sovereignty, where villages sprang up that provided an area to live for many members of tribes and where they could live side by side, along with European traders and missionaries

Brook Farm

-An experiment in Utopian socialism, it lasted for six years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, Massachusetts. -Founded by George Ripley -A transcendentalist Utopian experiment -equality in labor & leisure

Proclamation Line of 1763

-An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains in order to limit strife on Indian and British borders -ultimately ignored by settlers

Second Great Awakening

-Based on Methodism and Baptism. -Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance. -A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. -It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Slave Religion

-Black Christianity was distinctive and offered solace to the slaves. -Almost every plantation had its own black preacher. -Slaves worshipped in biracial churches. -Free blacks established their own churches. -Masters viewed Christianity as another means of social control and required slaves to attend services conducted by white ministers.

Growing role of identities

-Blacks united in their resistance to slavery even though they come from various tribes, develop African american identity -Indians result of seven years war united them in fight for liberty which was autonomy to then -Settlers- regained sense of British nationalism bc they had defeated the french in the 7 year war

Battle of Bunker hill

-Brit charged three times and didnt give up -Britain won but had more casualties -in MA

Declaratory Act

-British govt saying that parliament can do whatever they want with the colonies

Prime Minister William Pitt 1757

-British prime minister who during the seven years war provided funds to austria and prussia to enable them to hold line in war in Europe against french and ally spanish

The Proslavery Argument

-By the 1830s, fewer southerners believed that slavery was a necessary evil. -The proslavery argument rested on a number of pillars, including a commitment to white supremacy, biblical sanction of slavery, and the historical precedent that slavery was essential to human progress. -Another proslavery argument held that slavery guaranteed equality for whites.

Horace Bushnell

-CT minister who saud market rev had pproduced "a complete revolution in American life and manners" -"life is always insipid to those that have no great works in hand or lofty aims to elevate their feelings"

Election of 1844*

-Candidates: Henry Clay (Whigs- in an upset over Van Buren) and James Polk (Democrat). -Polk favored expansion -Clay had already spoken out against annexation -Polk won the election by the difference of one state (NY, because some of its votes went to the Liberty Party candidate, losing Clay the state)

Trenchard and Gordon

-Cato letters; part of republicanism; emphasized freedom of speech; people must guard their liberties; good gov't produce active citizens whose passions balance eachothers

Cotton Is King

-Cotton replaced sugar as the world's major crop produced by slave labor in the nineteenth century. -The strength of American slavery rested on cotton. Cotton industry -Cotton supplied textile mills in the North and in Great Britain. -As early as 1803, cotton represented America's most important export.

cult of domesticity.

-Cult of Domesticity established the virtues of women staying in the home and being good moms, wives, and homemakers I -women exercised considerable power over personal affairs within the family -dependence on men, women were nurturing, selfless, ruled by the emotions, and thus less fitted for public life, women were supposed to remain cloistered in the private realm of the family.

Declaration of Independence

-Declared independence from Britain once it got around to the king -part about inhumanity of slave trade excluded -enduring impact came from preamble about "unalienable rights" , life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness -declaration justified bc of power from "consent of the governed to alter or abolish it (authority)"

Copperheads

-Democrats in the North who opposed the Civil War -wanting a peace settlement with the Confederates instead of violence

The Slave Family

-Despite the threat of sale and the fact that marriage between slaves was illegal, many slaves did marry and create families. -Slaves frequently named children after other family members to retain family continuity. -The slave community had a significantly higher number of female-headed households as compared to the white community.

Immigration

-Economic expansion fueled a demand for labor -Many settled in the northern states. -Due to: European economic conditions, Introduction of the ocean-going steamship, American religious and political freedoms also attracted many Europeans fleeing from the failed revolutions of 1848. -The Irish were refugees from disaster, fleeing the Irish potato famine. They filled many low-wage unskilled jobs in America. -German immigrants included a considerably larger number of skilled craftsmen as compared to Irish immigrants.

how the market revolution changed the way Americans conceived of time.

-Farm life continued to be regulated by the rhythms of the seasons, clocks became part of daily life -pay became a wage instead of a price and was paid according to hour, railroads and "clock time"

The Planter Class

-Fewer than 2,000 families owned 100 slaves or more. -Ownership of slaves provided the route to wealth, status, and influence. -Slavery was a profit-making system. -Plantation mistresses cared for sick slaves, oversaw the domestic servants, and supervised the plantation when the master was away. -Southern slave owners spent much of their money on material goods.

Lexington and Concord

-First battle of the American revolution -sights of weapons stored which Brits were trying to take away -first American victory

Result of Seven Year's War

-France's empire in new world came to an end; resulted in British owing everything east of MI river -higher taxation in the colonies to fund the war

Black Abolitionists

-Frederick Douglass -Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin gave the abolitionist message a powerful human appeal as it was modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson. -At every opportunity, black abolitionists rejected the nation's pretensions as a land of liberty. -Black abolitionists articulated the ideal of color-blind citizenship. -Frederick Douglass famously questioned the meaning of the Fourth of July

Martin Van Buren

-Free Soil candidate- 1845

Democracy in America (book)

-French historian Alexis de Tocqueville wrote of "holy cult of freedom" in the U.S. during his visit -"For 50 years the U.S. inhabitants have been repeadetly and constanly told they are the only religious, enlightnend, and free people. They.... have an immensly high opinion of themselves and are not far from believing that they a species apart from the rest of the human race."

Marquis Lafayette

-French nobleman who fought w/ GW -visit to U.S. in 1784 to all states using steamboat signified growth of the nation -did note however, "I would have never drawn my sword i the cause of the U.S. if I could have conceived that thereby U was founding a land of slavery."

Peter Rodel

-German immigrant who said "We are free but not free enough... We all want the liberty of living." -origins of the idea of a standard line of living which no indvidual would fall beneath

Sam Houston

-Gov. of TX

John Brown

-Harper's Ferry failed -violent abolitionist -led Pottawatome Massacre in KA -martyr

Slavery in Chesapeake

-Healthier climate and smaller plantations meant family centered communities and assimilated into euro american culture

The Tartarus Maids

-Herman Melvilles short story about worker in NE papermill factory standing by machines "mutely and cringingly as the slave" -wage work bore resemblence to slavery

British Enlightenment

-Idea that social and political life should be ran based on scientific research and experiment

Nat Turner's Rebellion

-In 1831, Nat Turner and his followers marched through Virginia, attacking white farm families. -Turner was captured and executed. -Turner's was the last large-scale rebellion in the South. -Virginia tightened its grip on slavery through new laws further limiting slaves' rights. -1831 marked a turning point for the Old South as white southerners closed ranks and defended slavery more strongly than ever.

Olive Branch Petition

-July 1775 -attempt to avoid full on war but requested that the king place the colonies back in salutary neglect -adopted by the Second Continental Congress was turned down

Slave Labor

-Labor occupied most of a slave's daily existence. -Many slaves working in the fields also labored in large gangs. -On large plantations, they worked in gangs under the direction of the overseer, a man who was generally considered cruel by the slaves.

The black codes

-Laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of the former slaves. -these laws granted blacks certain rights like legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts. -denied blacks the rights to testify against whites, serve on juries or state militias, or to vote

Andrew Johnson

-Lincolns successor, took on the task of overseeing the restoration of the Union. -"honest yeomen" and a foe of large planters, whom he described as a "bloated, corrupted aristocracy" -A fervent leader of states rights, -Johnson had supported emancipation when lincoln made it a war effort but held deeply racist views. -Blacks had no role to play in reconstruction, believed Johnson.

The Frugal Housewife

-Lydia Marie Child wrote about how women should prepare for ups and down of market life -made 36 pieces of clothing and prepared 700 meals

Samuel Adams

-MA rep -anti British -devised committee of correspondence and a leading member in the Sons of Liberty -attended the Second Continental Congress

Slavery and Constitution

-Madison- "distinction of color had become basis for the most oppressive dominion ever exercised by man" -word "slave(ry)" did not appear in con. in fear that they would "contaminate the glorious fabric of american liberty" -Luther Martin delegates "anxiously sought to avoid the admission of expression that might be odious to ear of Americans" - slave trade not allowed too be abolished for 20 year and 3/5 clause, and slave fugitive clause -no "free air" for slaves in America (John Jay)

Religious revivals

-Many ministers were concerned that westward expansion, commercial development, the growth of Enlightenment rationalism, and lack of individual engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion -preached about God's anger

Slavery in the Cities

-Most city slaves were servants, cooks, and other domestics. -Some city slaves were skilled artisans and occasionally lived on their own.

Free Blacks in the Old South

-Most of them lived in the South. -Free blacks were not all that free. -Free blacks were allowed by law to own property and marry and could not be bought or sold. -Free blacks could not testify in court or serve on a jury. -The majority of free blacks who lived in the Lower South resided in cities like New Orleans and Charleston, whereas those living in the Upper South generally lived in rural areas, working for wages as farm laborers.

Battle of Saratoga

-NY Sept 19, Oct 7 1777 -Haratio Gates (Am.) -American victory -decisive victory pivoted French to join war as Am. ally (Ben Franklin was ambassador arguing this)

Canals

-Nathaniel Hawthorne- canal= fertilizer "it causes towns w/ their masses of brick and stone, their churches and theaters, their business... to spring up." -mostly paid for by state govt

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Ghost Dance

A religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements led by earlier prophets.

Pontiac's Rebellion

A revolt against British rule in 1763 by Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes.

Irish and German Immigrants

-New York Times- "thoughts of the New free world" came to discontented in europe -political and religious freedom attracted europeans from oprresive societies -German rando- "in America there arent any master, here everyone is a free agent" -Irish left bc of potato famine and free labor in U.S.; Irish woman- "its the freedom that we want when the day's work is done" -4/5 irish remained in northeast -"german triangle"- cinnci, St louis, Milwakee; german society develops w/ own schools; become craftsmen and farmers -"as one passes along Bowery (part of NYC) almost everything is German" --Irisj taken into political machines of Democratic Party who provided jobs and poor relief to them

Charles River Bridge case

A ruling that the Massachusetts legislature did not infringe the charter of an existing company that had constructed a bridge over the Charles River when it empowered a second company to build a competing bridge.

"Bleeding" Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. Kansas Territory settled by two groups Free-Soilers Border Ruffians

the Genet affair

A series of American attacks on British vessels while under the French flag organized by Edmond Genet, a French envoy.

Las Siete Partidas

A series of Spanish laws granting slaves certain rights relating to marriage, the holding of property, and access to freedom.

''filibustering'' expeditions"

A series of attempts by William Walker to establish himself as the leader of a Latin American country.

Seven Days' Campaign

A series of engagements in June 1862 south of Richmond. Lee weakened Union army's attacks and forced them to retreat. Changed the course of the war in Virginia, giving the Confederacy initiative in the East.

Federal Reserve System

A system of twelve regional banks overseen by a central board empowered to handle the issuance of currency, aid banks in danger of failing, and influence interest rates so as to promote economic growth.

gang labor

A system where planter organized their slaves into gangs, supervised them closely, and had them work in the fields all day. Primarily used on tobacco or cotton plantations.

checks and balances

A systematic balance to prevent any one branch of the national government from dominating the other two.

Cotton Kingdom

A term referring to Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas that rose in the early nineteenth century as their economies focused on cotton textiles to meet a rising demand.

''infant industries''

A term referring to the nascent manufacturing sector and the perceived need to protect it from international competition.

''ethnic cleansing''

A terrible new term meaning the forcible expulsion from an area of a particular ethnic group.

the Perot candidacy

A third candidate in the 1992 election, the eccentric Texas billionaire Ross Perot, also entered the fray. He attacked George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton as lacking the economic know-how to deal with the recession and the ever-increasing national debt. That millions of Americans considered Perot a credible candidate at one point, polls showed him leading both Clinton and Bush testified to widespread dissatisfaction with the major parties. Perots support faded as election day approached, but he still received 19 percent of the popular vote, the best result for a third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.

Treaty of Paris

A treaty that won recognition of American independence, gained control of the entire region between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi River, and the right of Americans to fish in Atlantic waters off of Canada.

Stockbridge Indians

A tribe that allied with the colonists during the War of Independence who suffered heavy losses fighting the British.

Anti-Imperialist League

A union of writers and social reformers who believed American energies should be directed at home, businessmen fearful of the cost of maintaining overseas outposts, and racists who did not wish to bring non-white populations into the United States.

civic nationalism

A vision of a national as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values.

Sacco-Vanzetti case

A well-known case in which two Italian-American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime.

''citizens of color''

A widespread term referring to free black citizens in the newly independent America.

woman suffrage

A woman's right to vote, an issue raised for the first time at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.

Social Crisis in England

A worsening economy and the enclosure movement led to an increase in the number of poor and to a social crisis. Unruly poor were encouraged to leave England for the New World.

Albany Plan of the Union

-Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the crown

Colonial Identity

-Post 7 year's war Americans regained sense of British nationality, Protestantism, and freedom by defeating Catholic French, but empire had vast differences and was extremely heterogeneous

Lucretia Mott

-Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements -principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. -She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Thaddeus Stevens

-Radical republican -Most cherished aim was to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it amongst former slaves and northern migrants to the south. -This proposal failed. Too radical. Outspoken foe of slavery and defender of black rights -Urged lincoln to arm the slaves in civil war and favored for black suffrage.

1868 campaigns

-Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant -Grants democratic opposition was Heratio Seymour, the former governor of New York. -Republicans identified their opponents with secession and treason, a tactic known as "waving the bloody shirt" -Democrats denounced suffrage as a violation of Americas political traditions. They appealed openly to racism.

Factories

-Sam Slater 1790 Pawtucket RI first factory from memory of a blue print to produce yarn -"outwork system"- men and women earn money by taking in jobs from factory -embargo created american industry and first large scale factory that utilized power looms

Treaty of Paris (1763)

-Seven Years War -Britain gained much of France's North American land -power balance shifted

The Desire for Liberty

-Slave culture rested on a sense of the injustice of bondage and the desire for freedom. -Slave folklore glorified the weak over the strong, and their spirituals emphasized eventual liberation.

Abolition in the Americas

Abolition in the Americas influenced debates over slavery in the United States. Proslavery advocates used postemancipation decline in sugar and in other cash crops as evidence of British abolitionism's failure. Abolitionists argued that the former slaves' rising living standards (and similar improvements) showed that emancipation had succeeded. By mid-century, New World slavery remained only in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Brazil, and the United States.

Slaves and the Law

-Slaves were considered property and had few legal rights. -Slaves were not allowed to: Testify against a white person Carry a firearm Leave the plantation without permission Learn how to read or write Gather in a group without a white person present -Although, some of these laws were not always vigorously enforced. -Masters also controlled whether slaves married and how they spent their free time. -Trial of Celia: Celia killed her master while resisting a sexual assault. Celia was charged with murder and sentenced to die, but she was pregnant and her execution was delayed until she gave birth, so as not to deny the current master his property right.

Spreading the Abolitionist Message

Abolitionists recognized the democratic potential in the production of printed material. Theodore Weld helped to create the abolitionists' mass constituency by using the methods of religious revivals. Weld and a group of trained speakers spread the message of slavery as a sin.

Religion and Reform

-Some reform movements drew their inspiration from the religious revivalism of the Second Great Awakening. -The revivals popularized the outlook known as perfectionism, which saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement. -Under the impact of the revivals, older reform efforts moved in a new, radical direction. -Prohibition, pacifism, and abolition

The Southern Economy

-Southern economic growth was different from northern. -There were few large cities in the South. -The cities were mainly centers for gathering and shipping cotton. -The region produced less than 10 percent of the nation's manufactured goods.

The Paternalist Ethos

-Southern slaveowners were committed to a hierarchical, agrarian society. -Paternalism was ingrained in slave society and enabled slaveowners to think of themselves as kind, responsible masters even as they bought and sold their human property

Roger Taney

-Supreme Court Justice appointed by Jackson -slave owner -states' rights, limited gov -Dred Scott Decision Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) Scott v. Sandford (1857) Ex parte Merryman (1861)

Colonization (ACS)

-The American Colonization Society (ACS), founded in 1816, promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. -The ACS founded Liberia as its colony in West Africa. -Many prominent political leaders supported the ACS. -Most African-Americans adamantly opposed the idea of colonization. -In 1817, free blacks assembled in Philadelphia for the first national black convention and condemned colonization. They insisted that blacks were Americans, entitled to the same rights enjoyed by whites.

A New Vision of America: Antislavery Movement

-The antislavery movement sought to reinvigorate the idea of freedom as a truly universal entitlement. -They insisted that blacks were fellow countrymen, not foreigners or a permanently inferior caste. -Abolitionists disagreed over the usefulness of the Constitution. -Abolitionists consciously identified their movement with the revolutionary heritage. -The Liberty Bell

Fletcher v. Peck, the U.S. Supreme Court.

-The first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional -the decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts -hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands .

electoral college

-The first purpose was to create a buffer between population and the selection of a President. -The second as part of the structure of the government that gave extra power to the smaller states.

Forms of Resistance

-The most common form of resistance was silent sabotage-the breaking of tools, feigning illness, doing poor work. -Less common, but more serious forms of resistance included poisoning the master, arson, and armed assaults. -The slaves who ran away were more threatening to the stability of the slave system. -In the Deep South, fugitive slaves often escaped to the southern cities, to blend in with the free black population. -The Underground Railroad was a loose organization of abolitionists who helped slaves to escape.

Shays's Rebellion Effects

-The rebellion had to put down by the state militia because the National Government was not strong enough -It made many people want a stronger national government -Led to the constitutional convention in May 1787, the present government was unable to protect property rights.

Maintaining Order Among Slaves

-The system of maintaining order rested on force. -There were many tools a master had to maintain order, including whipping, exploiting divisions among slaves, incentives, and the threat of sale.

Land Ordinances

-Thomas Jefferson Land Ordinace of 1784 established stages of self govt -west divided into districts governed by congress and eventually would be self governed -1785 land ordinance regulated land sale ($1 dollar per acre) but americans pushed west before survey - large companies such as Ohio Company bought large amount of land from govt

Thomas Jefferson's Opinions on Slavery

-Thomas jefferson- rendered black disloyal to nation and lacked charatceristics due to slavery and natural capacity -"blacks are inferior to whites in both eonowments of body and mind" -did feel blacks deserved freedom "nothing is more certain in the book of faith than these people are to be free" - did not want free slaves in america bc threat to society due to lack of self govt -felt save trade was immoral so he did not sell any slaves; his wife freed his slaves after his death

Plain Folk of the Old South

-Three-fourths of white southerners did not own slaves. -Most white southerners lived on self-sufficient farms. -Most whites supported slavery. -A few, like Andrew Johnson and Joseph Brown, spoke out against the planter elite. -Most white southerners supported the planter elite and slavery because of shared bonds of regional loyalty, racism, and kinship ties.

Gender Roles among Slaves

-Traditional gender roles were not followed in the fields; but during their own time, slaves did fall into traditional gender roles.

U.S. government in the 1790s dealings with Native Americans.

-U.S. government made treaties with them mainly to transfer land to itself or to the states -the government hoped to encourage the westward expansion of white settlement -pursued the goal of assimilation

American System of Manufactures

-US relied on mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products -Eli Terry, CT craftsmen, perfected this w/ clocks and Eli Whitney w/ guns -Indust rev mostly in NE bc South lacked stong international market ad slaveholders opposed the system

James Madison

-VA friend of Jefferson who spearheaded movement for stronger national govt -"Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty as well as the abuses of power" (dont trust ppl so much) -"No respect is paid to the federal authority" - drafted the VA plan

Thomas Jefferson

-Virginia delegate in the Second Continental Congress -part of the writing committee for the Declaration of Independence -important bc Virginia's view would sway the rest of the Southern loyalist states

Battle of Yorktown

-Washington, Rochambeau, Lafayette (am) vs Cornwallis, Heissans (Br) -American Victory -began peace negotiations -Britain abandoned​ cause quickly after this because west indies were more economically important

Millard Fillmore

-Whig VP- took over after zachary Taylor died -Know-Nothing Pres -sign Comp. of 1850

Slavery and Liberty: Various Opinions

-White southerners declared themselves the true heirs of the American Revolution. -Proslavery arguments begin to repudiate the ideas in the Declaration of Independence that equality and freedom were universal entitlements. -John C. Calhoun believed that the language in the Declaration of Independence was dangerous. -George Fitzhugh, a Virginia writer, argued that "universal liberty" was the exception, not the rule. -By 1830, southerners defended slavery in terms of liberty and freedom; without slavery, freedom was not possible.

Zenger Trials

-Zenger was a German American newspaper publisher and printer -Charged with seditious libel. -Implanted ideas of free expression

Neolin

-a Delaware religious prophet who was told by the Master of Life to reject European technology -Indians could regain freedom if they cooperated under a single identity; helped spur rebellion

The Federalist

-a book written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay of 85 essays to generate support for constitution -Articles flaw is want of power -Hamilton- const= "perfect balance b/w liberty and balacne" b/c of checks and balances and division of power

Pontiac's Rebellion

-a group of tribes led by Pontiac attacked several British settlements and civilians -Pontiac lost however the Proclamation line came as a result -this result angered many colonists

Great Awakening

-a revival of religion in the colonies -many found services boring -rivavalists would stand outside and preach in what they would call revivals

Liberty and prosperity

-added to state motto of NJ showing how material the world was becoming -"the whole question of freedom or slavery for man"- Henry Carey (economist) -Arkansas added liberty on a steamboat

separation of powers

-aka checks and balances -congress passes laws, president can veto and be impeached, and 2/3 majority can overrule veto

Printing Press

-allowed for spread of news/political commentary and growth of literacy in colonies -Library Company of Philadelphia and Boston New were first library and newpapers

three-fifths clause in the U.S. Constitution.

-allowed the white South to exercise far greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population, for every 5 slaves, counts as 3 free men in the house of representatives and therefore in the electoral college

Clock time

-american lives became dictated by clocks -workers "price" (artisans pay) became replaced w/ "wage" ($an hour) -farmers live dictated by seasons still

Sec of War Henry Know

-american treament "more destructive to indians" than that of spanish - congress forbade transer of land w/o federal approval (ignored)

Nativism

-americans hostile towards catholic irish bc they followed traditio of "anti popery" -feared immigrants would hinder political and social life of America -irish blamed for crime and political corruption; stereotyped as childlike lazy and slaves of passion (like blacks)

Margaret Fuller

-an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement -book Woman in the Nineteenth Century is considered the first major feminist work in the United States; inspired others such as Susan B Anthony -also encouraged many other reforms in society, including prison reform and the emancipation of slaves in the United States

John C. Frémont

-an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States -first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. Said all slaves were free in Miss.

Nat Turner

-an enslaved African American who led the Nat Turner's slave rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Virginia -hung as a result

Stamp Act Congress

-assembly to repeal the stamp act -petition sent to king and passed but response= Declaratory Acts

Sedition Act of 1798.

-authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication critical of the government -led Jefferson to argue that states, not the federal government, could punish seditious speech, smother political opposition.

Freedom of middle class women

-badge o respectability for housewives to stay at home bc it meant that the man could control "family wage" -rested on employment of other woman with own household eg maids etc

moderate rebublicans

-believed that Johnsons plan was flawed but desired to work with the president to modify it. -feared that neither northern nor southern whites would accept black suffrage, -Moderates and Radicals joined in refusing to seat the southerners recently elected to congress, but moderates broke with the radicals by leaving the johnson gov. in place

18th century American Voting

-broad suffrage for landowning men meant more people could vote than in Britain -hardly democratic since women, blacks, and indentured servants couldn't vote

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa.

-brothers who preached a militant message to Native Americans early in the nineteenth century -Their actions were in response to the flood of western-bound settlers, and resulted in Indian unity and cultural revival. -The death of Tecumseh ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

-called for eventual establishment of 3-5 states in northwest -Jefferson called this "empire of liberty"- northwest was now equal members of the empire -maintained "utmost good faith" to indian land- "it will cost much less to conciliate the good opinion of the indians than to pay men for destroying them" congressman -prohibited slavery

Cotton Kingdom

-centered on factories producing cloth textiles w/ water powered spinning and weaving machinery Eli Whitney Cotton Gin= rise of slavery again -rich monopolized rich land while poor got "hill country" -1 mil slaves shifted to deep south; slave coffles(chained groups) became a common sight -by 1820 U.S. produced 170 million lbs of cotton from only 5 mil in 1790

Supporters of constiution

-cities and urban enviroments -"golden phantom" of prosperity in urban artists to revive fallen govt constitution acc to George Bryan of PA

Seven Years War Effect

-colonists contributed soldiers and economic resources -English gov't needs to new regulations to guarantee control of colonies; no more salutary neglect - high English debt - treated colonists as allies during the war; treat them as subordinates after

differing views of empire

-colony's view: an association of equals; settler have same same rights -England's views: system of unequal parts in which different principles governed different areas, all subject to Parliament

Great Awakening Impact

-commercial society criticized -rich planters criticized for sinful behavior, slavery criticized -encouraged independent frame of mind

treatment of slavery in the Constitution of 1787.

-compromises to find a middle ground, -"slave trade clause" prohibited the further importation of slaves, - "fugitive slave clause" - no "free air" in America, National government no power to interfere with slavery

Blacks in the Nation

-constiution does not deefine who a citizen is -free blacks enjoyed many legal rights including suffrage -Edmund Randolph(att gen) slaves were "not constiuent members of our society"

Toll Roads

-created paved roads for the first time -shun-pikes created to avoid tolls -National Road created from Maryland to Midwest -900 companies alone chartered to make roads in NE alone

SC delegates impact

-defended slavery= fugitive slave and 3/5 clause -wanted to limit power of congress and electoral college - one PA delegate felt he had to choose b/w offending south or injustice to human nature -advocation of slavery prevented bill of rights b/c not all men are born equal according to Charles Pinckney

the Civil Rights Bill

-defined all persons born in the us as citizens and spelled out rights they were to enjoy. Equality before the law was central to the message -no longer could states enact laws like the black codes discriminating between white and black citizens -No mention of the right to vote for blacks. VETOED

Radical Reconstruction motives

-demands by former slaves for the right to vote -radicals commitment to the idea of equality -widespread disgust with johnsons policies -desire to fortify the republican party in the south, and the determination to keep ex-confeds from office

federalism

-division of powers -relationship b/w national govt an states - president enforced law and declares war - congress= "supreme Law of the land" -state govt in charge of day to affairs

John Dickinson

-drafted petition to repeal the Coercive Acts -PA and Delaware rep -Draft Olive Branch Petition

presidential election of 1800.

-each party arranged to have an elector throw away one of his two votes for president so that its presidential candidate would come out a vote ahead of the vice presidential, both Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes, neither man received a majority in the house of representatives, but Hamilton tipped the balance, as a result, twelfth amendment, requiring electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president.

how the market revolution affected the lives of artisans.

-economic opportunities for urban centers, populations increased dramatically, increased production and reduced labor costs, greater output and lower wages

James Madison's argument In The Federalist.

-emphasized how the Constitution was structured to prevent abuses of authority -argued that the very size of the US was a source of stability -every majority would be a coalition of minorities, the size of the republic helped to secure American's rights, helped to popularize the "liberal" idea that men are generally motivated by self-interest

Alexander Hamilton's financial program.

-establish the new nation's credit-worthinesses creation of new national debt -creation of a Bank of US, raise revenue proposed tax on producers of whiskey

Quebec Act

-established government in Quebec without an assembly -was referred to by the colonists as an attempt of tyranny -1774 -Catholicism was official religion of Quebec; Gov't w/o representative assembly -extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River

John J Astor

-example of self made man during the era -son of german butcher who made money through importing silk and tea and investments in NYC real estate -showed that success in america no longer heriditary privilege but hard work and intelligence

America Pre Market Rev

-families produced at home most of what they needed and ocassionally bartered at local stores and craftsmen -Abe Lincoln Family (lived in Indiana) was self sufficient and hunted for own food and clothes; relied little on cash

Commercial Farmers

-farmers now began to produce for market and commerce instead of self sufficiency; purchased goods at stores for home -East= source to sell and get credit/loans -steel plow, reaper -eastern farmer relied on dairy products and fruit/veg bc west -grain/wheat production grew b/c reaper -The Northwest became a region with an integrated economy of commercial farms and manufacturing cities. -Farmers grew crops and raised livestock for sale.

James Fennimore Cooper

-fascination w/ man's relation to nature. -first popular novelist -dangers of expansion -Last of the Mohicans in 1826

Anti federalist

-felt constitution gave gov't too much power; mostly small farmers -included state leaders eg sam adams, john hancock, patrick henry -"a very extensive territory cannot be governened on the principles of freedom" -self govt flourished in small communities; only rich would rule national govt -printed liberty caps to wear in MY to election; constitution created lack of liberty -lacked support and organization; only 12/92 newspappers -in the end only SC AND RI against ratification

Anglina and Sarah Grimke

-first American female advocates of abolition and women's rights -They were writers, orators, and educators. -paved the way for other women in the movements

Utopian Communities

About 100 reform communities were established in the decades before the Civil War. Nearly all the communities set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis, hoping both to restore social harmony to a world of excessive individualism and also to narrow the widening gap between rich and poor. Socialism and communism entered the language.

Manifest Destiny

-first used by NY journalist John L Osullivan- other peoples claims must give way to "our manifest destiny to oversread and possess the whole continent which providence has given us for the development of the great experiment in liberty" -Sen John Beckinridge of KT- "The Goddess of Liberty is not governed by geographical limits" -divine idea; French historian Michel Chevalier said maifest destiny a "practical idea" as much as a "mystical one" -writer Wallace Stegner.- west ="last home of the freeborn american"

Election of 1864

Abraham Lincoln (R)*** Ran as National Union Party Andrew Johnson (D) as VP running mate Fall of Atlanta ensured re-election George McClellan (D) - fired general of Lincoln

role of a white middle-class woman in antebellum America.

-for the middle class women it became a badge of respectability for wives to remain at home, -freedom of middle class women was in part as freedom from labor and the labor rested on the employment of slaves within the household.

Georgia

-founded in 1737 by slave abolitionist James Oglethorpe who hoped to create a colony where worthy poor of England could thrive -originally banned liquor and slaves, but quickly reversed under royal charter; turned into a mini Carolina

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln (R)*** Stephen Douglas (D) Northern Democrats John Breckinridge (D) Southern Democrats John Bell (CU) Coalition of Cotton Whigs and Know-Nothing (constitutional unionist, pro slavery pro union)

Transcendalist

-freedom-self evaluation and realization Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives. Henry David Thoreau worried that the market revolution actually stifled individual judgment; genuine freedom lay within the individual. Walden

Country Party Republican

-group who opposed corrupt British commonwealth gov't -called for election of independent men and claimed England was losing virtue due to luxury and political manipulation; gained little support

first tax acts

-hat act 1732 -wool act 1699 -iron act 1750 -Molasses act 1733

Henry David Thoreau.

-he believed America was ruled by economic and moral tyranny -the market revolution was degrading both American's values and natural environment

Robert Fulton.

-he invented the steamboat, made upstream commerce possible

Steamboats

-helped go upriver and could go in very shallow parts of rivers -Tocqueville- Americans had, "annihilated time and space." -Robert Fulton(PA engineer) built first steambooat Clermont which navigated the Hudson

Lucy Larcom

-home life was confined for women -working at Lowell gave "mill girls a larger, firmer idea of womanhood. Teaching them to go out of themselves and enter into the lives of others. It was a like a young man entering business." -example of woman who only worked for a few years then returned home/married/ moved west -became a teacher and writer in Illinois

Thomas Jefferson's handling of the Federalists.

-hoped to dismantle as much of the Federalist system as possible -pardoned all those imprisoned under the Sedition Act, reduced the number of government employees and slashed the army and navy, he abolished taxes except tariff and paid off part of the national debt -his policies ensured that the US would not become a centralized state on a European model

The Laboring Classes

-influential essay written by Orestes Brownson about institutional problem of wage working -needed to be "radical change in existing social arrangements to produce equality b/w man and man" -claims had root in "the constitution of society"; "wealth and labor at war"

Charles Finney

-infulential revival leader of the 20's and 30's -every individual contained w/in them the capacity to experience spiritual rebirth and achieve salvation -often reached out to women b/c then he got women's husbands -crusade against personal immorality

major tenets of the transcendentalist movement.

-insisted on the primacy of individual judgment over existing social traditions and institutions -modernizing the old puritan beliefs -This system of beliefs owed a lot to foreign influences, and usually resembled the philosophies of John Locke.

Thomas Paine "Common Sense"

-inspired people in the thirteen colonies to declare war and fight for independence from Britain -was countered with loyalist beliefs -explained advantages and need for independence

totalitarianism

According to the theory of totalitarianism, there was no room for individual rights or alternative values in a country and therefore could never change from within.

Telegraph

-instantaneous communication made by possible - Samuel FB Morse discovered system in NYC bc of electrical impulses (hence Morse Code) -initially for business and newspapers

Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

-introduced in the House of Burgesses in 1779 and adopted in 1786 -Written by Jefferson

Irish Catholicism

-irish helped establish catholic culture -Archbbishop John Hughes helped establish the church in NYC

Second Great Awakening

-it stressed the right of private judgment in spiritual matters - the possibility of universal salvation through faith and good works -Americans could shape their own spiritual destinies -freely chosen moral behavior which promoted the very qualities necessary for success in a market culture.

structure of govt post constitution

-judiciary, executive, and legislative - congress can tax -state prohibited from infringing on rights of property -bicameral

Land and the Articles in the West

-land rich states had to cede western land to define boundaries b/c original state charter granted land to "South Sea" - Indians forced to surrender land in peace treaties at Fort Macintosh and Stanwix -Indians forfeited land by aiding British

Salutary Neglect

-laws set in place but not enforced by Britain towards the colonies -left colonies to themselves

Reverend Charles Finney

-leader of 2nd g.a. and held month long revivals in NY -preached about hell but promised salvation to those who abandnned sin -the area had "been completely overthrown by holy ghost" after finney revival

Joseph Smith

-led Trek of Mormons -founder of Mormons

Blacks during rev

-lived in unhealthy sections of NYC, Cinnci, Philly -started Africa Episcopal Church from Richard Allen of Philly after being removed from white church -experienced downwards mobility; much less black artisans bc criticized by white craftsmen as low wage competition -"They are leaders in the cause of equal rights for themselves"- black editor on merchnats of NYC -122 blacks barbers, 808 black servants but only 1 lawyers and 6 black doctors -barred from acess to public land in west and from entering Indiania, Illinois, Iowa, and Oregon

Effect of war on Indians

-lost their freedom and autonomy; could no longer be diplomatic since -British dominated the east and owned all the land

Literature in the South

-made a different image of what the South was like many writers of the 1840's were focused on defending Southern institutions -others were painfully realistic and used vulgar humor and depicted poor whites and ordinary peoples -Twain

Daughters of Liberty

-made homespun goods to help sustain the boycotts -ymbol of American resistance to Townshend Acts

Eli Whitney's cotton gin.

-made possible the growing and selling of cotton on a large scale, revolutionized american slavery, massive trade in slaves developed. the south became the most commercially oriented region of the US

why no bill of rights at first

-madison felt it would be "redundant or pointless" - no list of rights could anticipate how congress would work in future -eventually made to "conciliate the minds of the people"

Sons of Liberty

-mainly focused on riots and boycotts -committees of correspondence to spread word of riots and boycotts -led by talented and ambitious merchants who fervently believed in American freedom

Economic Depression for Common Man

-market rev= loss of freedom for many; depression in 1837 -gap b/w rich and poor widened in northeast -richest 5% in MA (most indutrial state) owwned more than 50% of the wealth; bankruptcy became common -richest 1% owned more than 99% in philly

Montesquieu and Rousseau

-montesquieu seperation of powers -rousseau direct demos, govt job to protect

John Locke

-morality is a learned practice -everyone has free will -people should follow law bc they believe in it -the people can replace the government if need be -the govt has a social contract -republic

Extend the sphere

-nations size and diversity is power- Madison -majority is coalition of minorities -multiple religions ensures religious liberty -westward expansion is essential to freedom

John Jay

-negotiator of Jay's treaty -negotiator of the Treaty of Paris -co writer of the Federalist Papers

Rise of Middle Class

-new middle class o clerks, accountatns, office employes arose in NYC and boston -Thomas Rodgers- a machine builder who established asuccessfuul locamotive in NJ factory -new oppurtunities iin law and medicine (10,000 physicians)

"Balanced Constitution" Principle

-no man not even the king is above the law - led to checks and balances b/w House of Common, House Lords, and king

indian identity

-no representation -not taxed= not counted in state pop -made peace treaties to transfer land - jefferson felt indians were not inately inferior; once they possed property they could "mix your blood with ours" -rejected white way of life and gender norms; one missionary, "if we want work, we know ho to do it according to our way and as it pleases us"; indians wanted autonomy. -"since our acquanitnce with brother white people that which we call liberty becomes and entire stranger to us."

Naturalization Act of 1790.

-offered the first legislative definition of American nationality, only free white persons to become citizens, "any alien, being a free white person" who had been in the U.S. for two years.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

-passed by the king in response to the Boston Tea Party -closed the Boston Port -disbanded MA assembly (took away representation) -forced colonists into Quartering

Paul Revere

-patriot -known for alerting the Colonial militia to the approach of British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concord

Transcendentalism

-pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. -Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. -a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition -every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience and society's conventions -Stressed intuition/instinct, emotionalism, feelings over reason and logic -Finding spiritual enlightenment through Nature -Reject materialism, doctrine

Stamp Act

-placed a tax on all legal documents as well as mail -was too expensive and led to petition in Stamp Act Congress to repeal it

Why were people often opposed to Mormons

-polygamy -secrecy -second arrival of Jesus

Stephen Douglas

-pop. sov. -N Dem. -Sen. from IL -ran in 1860 and lost -KA-NE Act

free blacks

-prejudice seemed to increase in proportion to their emancipation -lived in extreme poverty but were proud of their freedom and felt better off then slaves

Executive Order

-president can modify law w/ own discretion; only lasts till end of term; generally good bc allows for quick decision making

The Fourteenth Amendment

-principle of citizenship for all persons born in the us -empowered the fed. gov. to protect the rights of all americans. -prohibited the states from denying them the "equal protection of the law"

Alexander Hamilton

-proponent of energetic govt that would enable new nation to become powerful in commercial and world affairs - genuine liberty = "a proper degree of authority to make and exercise laws" - radical-- advocated for life terms for president and congress

Albany Plan of Union

-proposal to create a unified govt for the 13 colonies- suggested by Ben Franklin -gathered to plan their defense during the French and Indian war -precedented the union of the colonies

John Adams

-provided legal defense for the British soldiers in the Boston Massacre- -Delegate from MA in the Continental Congresses- -Part of the draft committee for the Declaration of Independence- -help negotiate peace treaty at the end of the war

Office holding in colonies

-qualifications often required large sums of land -often wealthiest just elected

how did westward movement affect the South

-rather than spurring economic change, the South's expansion westward simply reproduce the same agrarian, slave based social order of the older states -remained overwhelmingly rural, 80% of southerners worked the land, transportation and banking systems geared largely to transporting cotton and other staple crops and financing the purchase of land and slaves.

what were sources of reform and why did women feel involved?

-rejected calvinist theory -optimistic vision of human nature -divinity of the individual

Westward Expansion

-removal of indians to land farther west -total disspeaerace -potential incorportation into white civilization

"crop lien"

-resulting from successive crop failures after the war -to obtain supplies from merchants farmers were forced to take up the growing of cotton and pledge part of the crop as collateral -Since interest rates were extremely high and the price of cotton fell steadily, many farmers found themselves still in debt after marketing their portion of the crops at the end of the year.

Jonathan Edwards

-revivalist in the Great Awakening -focussed on fear to create revivals -"Sinners in the hands of an angry God"

George Whitefield

-revivalist in the Great Awakening -unlike Jonathon Edwards, he did not focus on fear -charismatic instead -God being merciful

Frederick Douglass

-runaway slave -well-known speaker on the damning condition of slavery, --worked with Garrison until Douglass decided slavery could be ended politically -founder of The North Star -electrifying orator and leader of antislavery sentiment -wanted freedom and social/econ. equality

Workingmans Advoacte

-said that capitalsim tore women from roles as "happy and independent mistresses to become forced into manual labor which undermined natural order that men should work

Senator Lyman Trumbull

-senator of illinois who proposed two bills, The Civil Rights Bills, and a bill extending the life of the Freedmen's Bureau which originally had been established for only one year. -Both bills were vetoed by Johnson. -Johnson believed both bills would centralize power in the national gov. and deprive the states of the authority to regulate their own affairs.

Proclamation of 1763

-set line at the Appalachian mountains to not cross for settlement -any one already living on the opposite side was forced back into the colonies

utopias

-shared equally in work and leisure -sometimes woman-dominated

Effect of War on PA

-shattered PA rule of Quaker elite (they were pacifists and resiged) b/c colonists demanded westward expansion and ended their alliance w/ Indians

Thomas Jefferson's beliefs about African-Americans.

-should eventually be able to enjoy their natural rights, but they would have to leave the United States to do so -unfit for economic independence and political self-government

Gabriel's Rebellion.

-showed that slaves possessed the "love of freedom" as fully as other men -legislature tightened controls over the black population and made it illegal for them to congregate on Sundays without white supervision and severely restricted the possibility of masters voluntarily freeing their slaves, the door to emancipation had been slammed shut

Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.

-showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem -in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Winfield Scott

-siege of Mexico City -Whig in 1852

New American Society

-society more energetic, materialistic and lways on move -British writer Harriet Martineu describes experience in chicago as busy w/ many dif workers doing dif things -Alexis de Tocqueville- "no sooner do you set foot on America soil than you find yourself in sort of a tumult. All around you everything is on the move"

Filibuster

-something (often a speech) that obstructs progress in a legislative assembly while technically not stopping proceedings; removed from house bc too many member -cloture- a motion to parliamentary debate to n end (needs 3/5 vote) -Wendy Davis(stood for abortion) allow minorities to have a voice

Lowell

-started in Waltham MA w/ Boston Associate merchants -created town on Merrimack River w/ 27 mi from Boston -52 mills w/ 10k worker for spinning thread -made on "fall line" where waterfalls and rapids could be harnesed for energy

Quartering Act

-stated that British soldiers were to be housed in selected homes in the colonies

Kentucky resolution.

-states could nullify laws of Congress that violated the Constitution. -proposed state nullification of unconstitutional laws.

Growth of Cities

-stood at cross roads of inter regional trade -Cinci-Porkopolis -Chicago became 4th largest city by 1860 -12 to 150 cities over 5k by 1850 -craftsmen now work for entrepreneurs in large workshops broken down into little skill w/ many steps -The nature of work shifted from that of the skilled artisan to that of the factory worker.

Impact Of Awakening

-stressed private judgment and universal salvation through works -Minister Jonathon Blanchard- "christ ruling in and over rational creatures who are obeying him freely and from choice" -americans could shape own spiritual destiny matched w/ tone of market rev -stressed industry, sobriety, and self-discipline which were necessary for market society -stressed "controlled individualism" and opposed selfishness and material wealth -Promoted the doctrine of human free will

Nationalist

-supported stronger national govt - composed of army officers, congress members, diplomats, bondholders, urban artists (get rid of tariffs), merchants (wanted brit markets), and many who felt local govt interfered w/ property rights -delegates met in Philly to amend articles

Sugar Act

-tax was placed on sugar -mainly affected the upper class (sugar was a luxury)

American Cultural Groups Constitution of 1787.

-the ''people'' were free americans -native americans and ''other persons'' meaning african american slavery were not considered part of political nation.

American response to Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave uprising, which led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804.

-the rebellious slaves seemed a danger to American institutions, illustrated black's unfitness for republican freedom

role of women in the political life of the new republic of the 1790s.

-took part in political discussions, read newspapers, and listened to orations, even though outside of New Jersey -none could vote, women were counted

results of the War of 1812.

-treaty of Ghent restored the status quo, no territory exchanged hands, nor did any provisions relate to impressment or neutral shipping rights -thousands of slaves found freedom by escaping to British forces -the war completed the conquest of the area east of the Mississippi River -broke the remaining power of Indians

weakness of articles

-unable to pay debt bc could not tax the people -unable to trade w/ west indies and imported gods undercut business of craftsmen -each state had own economic policies -indebted farmers pressed states for relief -creditors denounced for oppressing the poor

George Washington

-used to be British soldier -commander and chief of the US army during the American Revolution -appointed commander and chief of army during the Second Continental Congress

The Seven Year's War

-war against French, Indians, and French that was prompted by the Ohio Company demanding French recognition of land claim in Ohio Valley

Seven Year's War/French and Indian War

-war between France and Britain over land -Britain won but was proceded by native american conflicts (land was being settled on) -resulted in Pontiac's War and subsequently the Proclamation Act

Winfield Scott

-was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. -he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history and most historians rate him the ablest American commander of his time. -Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy.

John Peter Zenger

-was put on trial because of something he printed in the press about the government -set ideal of freedom of the press

Anti-Abolitionism

-white Southerners -abolitionists were always a small class -abolition of slavery was threat to the system and stability and order -caused an escalating amount of violence directed against abolitionists in the 1830's -despite these attacks men and women abolitionists still remained strong and continued w/ moral

Cult of Domesticity

-women's "place" was at home; sustain nonmarket values of love, friendship, and mutual obligation -women meant to create private environment shielded from competitive tensions of market economy -became more tied w/ virtue; freedom meant fulfilling "inborn" qualities -children each woman bore greaatly decreased showing women now had conscious decision to limit babies -A new definition of femininity emerged based on values like love, friendship, and mutual obligation. -Women were to find freedom in fulfilling their duties within their sphere.

Railroads

-work only started during market rev - South Carolina RR would stretch from Charlestown to Hamburg Railroads opened the frontier to settlement and linked markets.

Writs of Assistance

-written order issued by someone instructing law enforcement to perform a specific task -customs officials were given these to search for smuggled goods

Hastert Rule

-you can't propose laws that majority party does not agree on; frustating for democracy bc majority of senate agree but only if majority of majority agrees (republicans atm); prevets minority from having a say

Mill Girl

-young unmrried women dominated textile manufacturing bc it was beneath naturl born men and they could be paid little -established boarding houses for girls w/ churches, lecture halls, and periodicals (eg Lowell Offering) to attract women -first time women participated in public world

Roanoke

..., Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Election of 1796

Adams won with seventy-one electoral votes and Jefferson became vice president with sixty-eight electoral votes. His presidency was beset by crises. Quasi-war with France Fries's Rebellion

Martin Van Buren and the Democratic Party

Adams's political rivals emphasized: Individual liberty States' rights Limited government Martin Van Buren viewed political party competition as a necessary and positive influence to achieve national unity.

Jobs of Adams Jefferson and Hamilton during Washington's presidency

Adams: VP Jefferson: Secretary of State Hamilton: Treas. Dept. head

Helsinki Accords

Agreements made in 1975 between the United States and Soviet Union that, over time, inspired movements for greater freedom within the communist countries of eastern Europe.

Oslo Accords

Agreements that seemed to set out a road to Mideast peace between Israel and Palestine, though neither side proved willing to fully implement them.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Agreements which froze each country�s arsenal of intercontinental missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.

Free Blacks in the Old South

By 1860, there were nearly half a million free blacks in the United States and most of them lived in the South. Free blacks were not all that free. Free blacks were allowed by law to own property and marry and could not be bought or sold. Free blacks could not testify in court or serve on a jury. The majority of free blacks who lived in the Lower South resided in cities like New Orleans and Charleston, whereas those living in the Upper South generally lived in rural areas, working for wages as farm laborers.

bank holiday

By March 1933, banking had been suspended in a majority of the states�that is, people could not gain access to money in their bank accounts. Roosevelt declared a �bank holiday,� temporarily halting all bank operations.

The Proslavery Argument

By the 1830s, fewer southerners believed that slavery was a necessary evil. The proslavery argument rested on a number of pillars, including a commitment to white supremacy, biblical sanction of slavery, and the historical precedent that slavery was essential to human progress. Another proslavery argument held that slavery guaranteed equality for whites.

VA Slavery

By the early eighteenth century, Virginia had transformed from a society with slaves to a slave society. In 1705, the House of Burgesses enacted strict slave codes. From the start of American slavery, blacks ran away and desired freedom. Settlers were well aware that the desire for freedom could ignite the slaves to rebel.

''jobless'' recovery"

By the end of 2001, the United States resumed economic growth, but failed to generate new jobs.

Second Great Awakening Revivalism

Charles Finney (Free will, Salvation for all, Perfectionism) Revival Meetings New York's Burned-Over District

Leader of the Second Great Awakening

Charles G. Finney

Incentive Used to Settle New Netherland

Cheap livestock and free land after six years of labor were promised in an attempt to attract settlers.

Sequoya

Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)

métis

Children of marriages between Indian women and French traders or officials.

Chinese Navigation

Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven naval expeditions into the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433, even exploring East Africa on the sixth voyage.

Mormons

Church of Jesus Christ Latter Day Saints; founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; began in upstate NY, "burned-over district"; moved to Salt Lake City, Utah

''high crimes and misdemeanors''

Circumstances under which the president can by impeached by the House and removed from office by the Senate.

Cahokia

City near present day St. Louis with between 10,000 and 30,000 citizens. Residents built giant mounds that were hundreds of feet tall. Was largest community in North America until New York and Philadelphia in the 1800s.

Ulysses S. Grant (R)

Civil War hero, but no political experience; linked with moderates and Radicals Grantism - corruption Credit Mobilier Whiskey Ring Amnesty Act of 1872-federal law that removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War Panic of 1873 - related to scandals of his administration, focus turns to economics

''reverse discrimination''

Claims that, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment�s equal protection clause, minorities were granted special advantages over whites.

Boston Massacre

Clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob, March 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed.

the planter class

Class that had economic power and dominated the political and social life of the South, Andrew Johnson blamed these people for Civil War, had 50 or more slaves and controlled around 90% of the agricultural wealth.

British Liberty

Closely tied w/ Protestantism; not universal; all other countries enslaved to popery, tyranny, or barbarism

The Federalist

Collection of eighty-five essays that appeared in the New York press in 1787-1788 in support of the Constitution; written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published under the pseudonym Publius.

Anglicization of Settlers

Colonial elites began to think of themselves as more and more English. Desperate to follow an aristocratic lifestyle, wealthy Americans tried to model their lives on British etiquette and behavior. The tie that held the elite together was the belief that freedom from labor was the mark of the gentleman.

Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the War of Independence.

Christopher Columbus

Columbus landed on Hispaniola in 1492 and colonization began the next year.

Great Compromise

Combination of NJ and VA for bicameral legislature

Committee of Correspondence

Committee held in Boston where colonists encouraged opposition of Sugar and Currency Act

vertical integration

Companys avoidance of middlemen by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its product.

War's aftermath (territory)

Completed conquest of area east of Mississippi river, Indians & British no longer posed as a threat, broke all powers of Indians. Lots of White people migrated to Indiana, Michigan, Alabama, and Mississippi. Napoleon was defeated. Canada gained a sense of nationalism.

Jay's Treaty

Contained no British concessions on impressment or the rights of American shipping. Britain did abandon outposts. US guaranteed good treatment towards British imported goods. It canceled the American-French alliance.

Cotton Is King

Cotton replaced sugar as the world's major crop produced by slave labor in the nineteenth century. The strength of American slavery rested on cotton. Cotton industry Three-fourths of the world's cotton supply came from the southern United States. Cotton supplied textile mills in the North and in Great Britain. As early as 1803, cotton represented America's most important export.

Hamilton's Financial Plan (5)

Create creditworthiness by assuming state debts Create a new national debt Create a bank of the United States Tax producers of whiskey Impose tariffs and provide government subsidies to industries

Continental Association

Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods by empowering local Committees of Safety in each colony to fine or arrest violators. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts.

Committee on Public Information

Created in 1917 by the Wilson administration to explain to Americans and the world that ''the cause that compelled America to take arms in defense of its liberties and free institutions.''

Second Party System (1828-1854)

DEMOCRATS & WHIGS anti masonic, liberty party, free soil party

Hartford Convention

December 1814, New England Federalists in Hartford gave voice to the party's grievences. They called to get rid of the 3/5 clause in the constitution, and talked about how the power from the federal government was too much. This was ignored and pretty much ended the Federalist party.

Lochner v. New York

Decision by Supreme Court overturning a New York law establishing a limit on the number of hours per week bakers could be compelled to work; Lochnerism became a way of describing the liberty of contract jurisprudence, which opposed all governmental intervention in the economy.

Dixiecrats

Deep South delegates who walked out of the 1948 Democratic National Convention in protest of the party�s support for civil rights legislation and later formed the States Rights Democratic Party, which nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president

virtue

Defined in the eighteenth century as both a personal moral quality but also the willingness to subordinate self-interest to the pursuit of the public good.

Land Ordinances of 1784 and 1785

Directed surveying of the Northwest Territory into townships of thirty-six sections (square miles) each, the sale of the sixteenth section of which was to be used to finance public education.

Smallpox

Disease. Type of Herpes. Has been eliminated from the planet earth. Extremely contagious. Native people had no immunity to it. Decimated native population.

Deborah Samspon

Disguised herself as a man and in 1782 joined the Continental army

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Division in South

Division between yeomen/non-slaveholders + slaveholders. Non-slaveholders went into poverty. Civil war left Southern economy in ruins.

Declaration of Independence

Document adopted on July 4, 1776, that made the break with Britain official; drafted by a committee of the Second Continental Congress, including principal writer Thomas Jefferson.

the Fair Deal

Domestic reform proposals of the Truman administration; included civil rights legislation, national health insurance, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted.

Loyalist's Plight

Dr Abner Beebe (Babe) PA -> Took property of Mennonites, Quakers, Merovians A lot of confiscation of land from loyalists

Townsend plan

Dr. Francis Townsend, a California physician, won wide support for a plan by which the government would make a monthly payment of $200 to older Americans, with the requirement that they spend it immediately.

Albany Plan of Union

Drafted by Benjamin Franklin in 1754; envisioned the creation of a Grand Council composed of delegates from each colony, with the power to levy taxes and deal with Indian relations and common defense.

Market Revolution

Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the developement of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Genet Affair

Edmond Genet was seeking to arouse support for his government. He commissioned US ships to attack the British under the French flag, the Washington administration recalled him.

The Rise of the Assemblies

Elected assemblies became more assertive in colonial politics during the eighteenth century. The colonial elected assemblies exercised great influence over governors and other appointed officials. Leaders of the assemblies drew on the writings of the English Country Party.

first fugitive slave law

Enacted in 1793, a law providing for federal and state judges and local officials to facilitate the return of escaped slaves.

Selective Service Act

Enacted in 1917; required 24 million men to register with the draft.

1st Battle of the Bull Run

Ended w/ retreat of Union soldiers + sightseers. Made both sides realize that this would be a long war.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended war in December 1814. It only reached others after the Battle of New orleans.

Fugitive Slave Law

Enforcement of capturing and returning escaped slaves Slaves flee to Canada Right to trial by jury denied Special Commission $10 for those finding for slaveholder $5 for those finding for fugitive

The Mercantilist System

England attempted to regulate its economy to ensure wealth and national power. Commerce The 1651 Navigation Acts

England & Ireland

England's methods to subdue Ireland in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries established patterns that would be repeated in America.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Jeremy Bentham

English jurist, philosopher, and social reformer (1748-1832) who influenced the development of liberalism and utilitarianism. Bentham fought for the separation of church and state, equal rights for women, animal rights, an end to slavery, and free trade. He influenced James Mill, John Stuart Mill, and Robert Owen.

Puritans

English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630.

Economic scale

Enlarging size of production lowers costs and maximizes profit; big scale= larger plantations

runaways

Escaped slaves fleeing from recapture by their owners.

The Glorious Revolution

Est. parliamentary supremacy and secured the Protestant succession to the throne. The overthrow of James II entrenched the notion that liberty was the birthright of all Englishmen. Bill of Rights (1689) Toleration Act (1690)

Purpose of Hamilton's financial plan

Establish financial stability, powerful financial interests, encourage economic development. Also, make the US a military and commercial power modeled off Great Britain.

Puritan Immigration

Establishing a Bible Commonwealth that would eventually influence England. In search of liberty and the right to worship and govern themselves.

Religious Diversity - In eighteenth-century British America

Ethnic groups tended to live and worship in relatively homogenous communities. Dissenting Protestants in most colonies gained the right to worship as they pleased in their own churches.

Transformation of Indian Life

European goods changed Indian farming, hunting, and cooking practices. Growing connections with Europeans stimulated warfare among Indian tribes.

Freedom & Authority

Europeans claimed that obedience to law was another definition of freedom

Indian "Freedoms" and European Views

Europeans concluded that the notion of freedom was alien to Indian societies. European understanding of freedom was based on ideas of personal independence and the ownership of private property-ideas foreign to Indians.

European Views on Indians

Europeans felt that Indians lacked genuine religion. Europeans claimed that Indians did not "use" the land and thus had no claim to it. Europeans viewed Indian men as weak and Indian women as mistreated.

Franklin Pierce (D)

Jackson Democrat from New Hampshire Doughface Gadsden Purchase Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Pet Banks, the Economy, and the Panic of 1837

Jackson authorized the removal of federal funds from the vaults of the national bank and their deposit in state or "pet" banks. Partly because the Bank of the United States had lost the ability to regulate the currency effectively, prices rose dramatically while real wages declined. By 1836, the American government and the Bank of England required gold or silver for payments. With cotton exports declining, the United States suffered a panic in 1837 and a depression until 1843.

The Nullification Crisis

Jackson considered nullification an act of disunion. When South Carolina nullified the tariff in 1832, Jackson responded with the Force Bill. A compromise tariff (1833) resolved the crisis. Calhoun left the Democratic Party for the Whigs.

Election of 1832

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.

South Carolina and Nullification

Jackson's first term was dominated by a battle to uphold the supremacy of federal over state law. Tariff of 1828 & 1832 South Carolina led the charge for a weakened federal government in part from fear that a strong federal government might act against slavery.

Election of 1844

James K. Polk (D)*** Darkhorse candidate Expansion platform Henry Clay (W) Avoided direct expansionist rhetoric

Missouri Controversy

James Monroe's two terms as president were characterized by the absence of two-party competition ("The Era of Good Feelings"). The absence of political party disputes was replaced by sectional disputes. Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1819. Debate arose over slavery. The Missouri Compromise was adopted by Congress in 1820. The Missouri debate highlighted that the westward expansion of slavery was a passionate topic that might prove to be hazardous to national unity.

Thirteenth Amendment

Jan. 1865, abolished slavery throughout entire Union

Jefferson's odd constitutional crisis

Jefferson and Burr both had 73 votes so the election was thrown to the house of representatives. Hamilton really hated Burr so he voted for Jefferson. Because of this, the 12th amendment was adopted. Burr later killed Hamilton in a duel

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson defeated Adams in the 1800 presidential campaign. A constitutional crisis emerged with the election. Twelfth Amendment Hamilton-Burr duel Adams's acceptance of defeat established the vital precedent of a peaceful transfer of power from a defeated party to its successor. Federalists --> Republicans

Calhoun's Political Theory

John C. Calhoun emerged as the leading theorist of nullification. Exposition and Protest Because states created the Constitution, each one could prevent the enforcement within its borders of federal laws that exceeded powers specifically spelled out in the Constitution. Daniel Webster argued that the people, not the states, created the Constitution.

Jamestown

John Smith's tough leadership held the early colony together. New policies were adopted in 1618 so that the colony could survive. Headright system House of Burgesses

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

John Tyler (W) (1841-1845) -Settles boundary disputes with Great Britain

Letters from an American farmer

John de Crevoceour documents life in america (excluded blacks) -"here indv of all nations metled into" -"who is this American new man? He is either european or of european descent."

Johnsons impeachment

Johnson considered the tenure office act unconstitutional restriction of his authority. he removed secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton, an ally of the radicals.The house of representatives responded by approving articles of impeachment, presented charges to the senate. one vote short of 2/3 necessary for impeachment. first pres. to be placed on trial before the senate for "high crimes and misdemeanors"

Presidential reconstruction

Johnson offered a pardon (which restored political and property rights, except for slaves) to nearly all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance. He at first excluded Confederate leaders and wealthy planters whose pre war property had been valued at 20,000, but soon began giving out individual presidential pardons. Apart from the requirement that they abolish slavery, repudiate succession, and refuse to pay the confederate debt- all unavoidable consequences of southern defeat- he granted the new governments a free hand in managing local affairs. By and large, white voters returned prominent confederates and members of the old elite to power

Marbury vs Madison

Judicial Review was created : supreme court can determine whether congress act violates constitution. (1803) established the precedent of the Court's power of judicial review relative to federal laws. John Marshall's Supreme Court.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, when an Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe, leading to the liberation of France from German occupation.

''clear and present danger''

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declared that the First Amendment did not prevent Congress from prohibiting speech that presented a clear and present danger of inspiring illegal actions. Free speech, he observed, would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.

Feminism and Freedom

Lacking broad backing at home, early feminists found allies abroad. Women deserved the range of individual choices and the possibility of self-realization that constituted the essence of freedom. Margaret Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development.

Civil War

Laid foundation for modern America, guaranteed Union's permanence, destroyed slavery, shifted power from North to South. Increased power of federal gov't + accelerated modernization of Northern economy. Postwar challenge of defining + protecting African-American freedom.

Slavery transformed Chesapeake society into an elaborate hierarchy of degrees of freedom:

Large planters Yeomen farmers Indentured servants and tenant farmers Slaves

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves; fury over the resulting repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 led to violence in Kansas and to the formation of the Republican Party.

elimination of black voting

Laws or provision enacted by southern states eliminated the black vote by means other than race, such as poll taxes and literacy tests.

Black Codes

Laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; to nullify the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment.

William Henry Drayton

Leader of South Carolina burn every Indian town

intelligence quotient

Lewis Terman introduced the term "IQ" (intelligence quotient) in 1916, claiming that this single number could measure an individual's mental capacity.

Liberal Freedom

Liberalism was strongly influenced by the philosopher John Locke. Lockean ideas included individual rights, the consent of the governed, and the right of rebellion against unjust or oppressive government. Locke's ideas excluded many from freedom's full benefits in the eighteenth century, but they opened the door for many to challenge the limitations on their own freedom later. Republicanism and liberalism eventually reinforced each other.

Second Confiscation Act

Liberated slaves from disloyal owners in Union-occupied territories + slaves who escaped to Union. Another step to emancipation.

Liberty to Europeans

Liberty came from knowing one's place in a hierarchical society and fulfilling duties appropriate to one's rank.

Shift of Liberty

Liberty lost traditional definition of privileges of a distinct social class to right to resist arbitrary gov't

Lincoln's Politics and Civil War

Lincoln and Congress -Radical Republicans - immediate abolition with land, jobs, suffrage; punish south -Conservative Republicans - wanted to move slower -War Democrats -Copperheads/Peace Democrats - peace agreement continuing slavery Constitutional Powers and Rights -Ex parte Merryman (1861) - Suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln unconstitutional - lincoln ignores this ruling -Ex parte Milligan (1866) - Civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts still operating

Opposition of Financial Plan

Madison & Jefferson: thought the future lay in westward expansion not w/ Britain Their goal was a republic of independent farmers marketing grain, tobacco, and other things throughout the world. Free trade could promote American prosperity and social equality. Hamilton's plan depended on a close relationship with Britain.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Madison and Jefferson drafted resolutions adopted by Virginia and Kentucky. They attacked sedition laws, states could prevent enforcement of laws within borders. Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.

War of 1812

Madison asked congress for a declaration of war and won. It was the first time US called war on another country. Britain burned down DC. In August, Star Spangled banner created. Tecumseh was killed in 1813. In 1814 Americans and Cherokees battled at Horshoe Bend, killing 800 Indians making Andrew Jackson a hero for making them cede 1/2 of their land to federal government.

New England Colonies

Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts

George B. McClellan

Major Union general. Played a major role in organizing the Army of the Potomac and raising it into a well-trained army. Served as general-in-chief for brief time. Overestimated size of the enemy forces.

Wade-Davis Bill

Majority of white male southerners to pledge support for Union before Reconstruction could begin in any state. Guaranteed blacks equality before the law. No agreement of what social + political system should take its place.

The Dutch West India Company 1st Settlement

Manhattan Island

Critics of Reform

Many Americans saw the reform impulse as an attack on their own freedom. Catholics rallied against the temperance movement.

The Middle Ranks

Many in the nonplantation South owned some land. By the eighteenth century, colonial farm families viewed land ownership almost as a right: the social precondition of freedom.

métis

Marriage and children between Indian women and French traders.

Van Buren in Office

Martin Van Buren approved the Independent Treasury to deal with the economic crisis (1837).

Election of 1836

Martin Van Buren v. WHIGS (William Henry Harrison, Daniel Webster, Hugh Lawson White). NEW PARTY - The Whigs (formed as opposition to Andrew Jackson); Whig strategy - by running several candidates, no one would receive a majority of the electoral vote sending it the House of Representatives (where they thought they could defeat Van Buren and the Democrats)! Martin Van Buren won big!

Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Mary Wollenstone Craft published a pamphlet about how the rights of humanity shouldn't be just for males. Wrote about access to education, women should support themselves. Dropped hint that women should have government representation.

Rights of Women

Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women Judith Sargent Murray A common call was for greater educational opportunities. Although politics was a realm for men, the American Revolution had deepened the democratization of public life.

Government in Massachusetts

Massachusetts was organized into self-governing towns. Each town had a Congregational Church and a school. The freemen of Massachusetts elected their governor. Puritan democracy was for those within the circle of church members.

Yalta conference

Meeting of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at a Crimean resort to discuss the postwar world on February 4-11, 1945; Joseph Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond.

crop-lien system

Merchants extended credit to tenants based on their future crops, but high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts.

''gentlemen of property and standing''

Merchants with close commercial ties to the South.

Californios

Mexicans who lived in California

Santa Anna

Mexico's ruler during the Texas Revolt.

The Salem Witch Trials

Most accused were women. Accusations snowballed; ultimately fourteen women and six men were executed before the governor halted all prosecutions.

Slavery in the Cities

Most city slaves were servants, cooks, and other domestics. Some city slaves were skilled artisans and occasionally lived on their own.

Erie Canal

Most important and profitable of the canals of the 1820s and 1830s; stretched from Buffalo to Albany, New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the East Coast and making New York City the nation�s largest port.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Most important slave uprising in nineteenth-century America, led by a slave preacher who, with his followers, killed about sixty white persons in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831.

Know-Nothing Party

Nativist, anti-Catholic third party organized in 1854 in reaction to large-scale German and Irish immigration; the party�s only presidential candidate was Millard Fillmore in 1856.

Meaning of democracy in the wake of the American Revolution

Express the popular aspirations for greater equality inspired by the struggle for independence

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

February 2 1848. The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grand as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million.

''100 percent Americanism''

Few features of urban life seemed more alien to rural and small-town native-born Protestants than their immigrant populations and cultures. The wartime obsession with this continued into the 1920s, a decade of citizenship education programs in public schools, legally sanctioned visits to immigrants homes to investigate their house- hold arrangements, and vigorous efforts by employers to instill appreciation for American values.

Panic of 1819

Financial collapse brought on by sharply falling cotton prices, declining demand for American exports, and reckless western land speculation.

Effects of Printing Press

News could now travel quickly, especially with the invention of Gutenberg's movable-type printing press in the 1430s.

Marbury v. Madison

First U.S. Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law the Judiciary Act of 1801 unconstitutional.

Sputnik

First artificial satellite to orbit the earth; launched October 4, 1957, by the Soviet Union.

Monitor v. Merrimac

First engagement between ironclad ships; fought at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on March 9, 1862.

Monitor vs. Merrimac

First engagement between ironclad ships; fought at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on March 9, 1862.

Pure Food and Drug Act

First law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.

transcontinental railroad

First line across the continent from Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California, established in 1869 with the linkage of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads at Promontory, Utah.

First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861)

First major battle of the war Union significantly defeated by Confederates Myth of quick war leads to realization of long and costly war Not far out of DC - people watched as spectators. Discovered its not a spectator sport. Confederate victory.

Hudson River School

First native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

transcontinental railroad

First railroad line across the continent. Expanded national market, facilitated spread of settlement + investment in West, & sealed fate of the Plain Indians.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal government.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments"-declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.

New England Economy

Fishing and timber were exported, but the economy centered on family farms.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Fletcher v. Peck (1810) extended judicial review to state laws.

Garveyites

Followers of Marcus Garvey for whom freedom meant national self-determination.

Great Recession

Following the housing bubble the ensuing mortgage crisis, banks suddenly found themselves with billions of dollars of worthless investments on their books. In 2008, the situation became a full-fledged crisis, as banks stopped making loans, business dried up, and the stock market collapsed.

Contract with America

Newt Gingrich's platform which promised to curtail the scope of government, cut back on taxes and economic and environmental regulations, overhaul the welfare system, and end affirmative action.

détente

Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of peaceful coexistence, in which (cooperation) would replace the hostility of the Cold War.

''housing bubble''

For years, the Federal Reserve Bank kept interest rates at unprecedented low levels, first to help the economy recover from the bursting of the technology bubble in 2000 and then to enable more Americans to borrow money to purchase homes. The result was a new bubble, as housing prices rose rapidly.

school segregation

For years, the NAACP, under the leadership of attorney Thurgood Marshall, had pressed legal challenges to the �separate but equal� doctrine, and in the 1950s, attitudes began to shift.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1848 to oppose slavery in the territory acquired in the Mexican War; nominated Martin Van Buren for president in 1848. By 1854 most of the party�s members had joined the Republican Party.

House Un-American Activities Committee

Formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975.

What were some results from the public education reform?

Free elementary education, teacher-training programs, curriculum reform.

"Christian Liberty"

Freedom meant abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of Christ and become servants to God; no connection to later ideas of religious toleration

Four Freedoms

Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

Huguenots

French Protestant colonists in America.

XYZ Affair

French foreign minister Tallyrand�s three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe was followed by two years of undeclared sea war with France (1798�1800).

Democratic- Republican societies

French revolution supporters and critics of Washington formed 50 democratic-republican societies. Free inquiry and communication formed the unalienable rights of free men. Political liberty = constant involvement in public affairs. It disappeared by 1795.

War in the South

French start to join war to weaken Britain's empire; British try to exploit the social tension b/w wealthy plantation owners and back country farmers; thousands of southern loyalist join royal army; nadir of war; Benedict Arnold and PA soldiers become loyalist; Cornwallis helped capture SC, Charleston and 5,000 americans

camp meetings

Gatherings especially prominent on the frontier with fiery revivalist preachers promoting the doctrine of human free will.

Vicksburg (May-July 1863)

Gave Union control of the Mississippi River, cutting the CSA in two

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Gave federal government authority in cases involving runaway slaves; aroused considerable opposition in the North.

the Bush Doctrine

George W. Bush's foreign policy principle wherein the United States would launch a war on terrorism.

''axis of evil''

George W. Bush's term for Iraq, Iran, and North Korea based on accusations that they harbored terrorists and were developing weapons of mass destruction.

The German Migration

Germans, 110,000 in all, formed the largest group of newcomers from the European continent. Entire German families emigrated as "redemptioners."

Colonists & Indians in Spanish America

Gold and silver mining - Mines were worked by Indians. Many Spaniards came to the New World for easier social mobility. Indian inhabitants always outnumbered European colonists and their descendants in Spanish America. Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture.

Carpetbaggers

Good one: Northerners investing in "New South," Reformers/provide aid Bad one: Squatters and plunderers, took advantage of south

internal improvements

Government-sponsored projects such as roads and canals.

1864

Grant began a war of attrition against Lee's army in Virginia. Accept high number of casualties in order to deplete southern army. Attack continuously all along the line, not allowing South to concentrate its efforts or retreat to safety.

Petersburg

Grant laid siege to Lee's forces. Broke through their forces & forced Confederate army to leave + Richmond is defenseless.

Battle of Shiloh

Grant withstood a surprise Confederate attack.

Forts Henry + Donelson

Grant won Union's 1st significant victory by seizing these forts in Tennessee.

Battle of Vicksburg

Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union after a month. Dealt a heavy blow to southern armies + morale.

Radical Republicans

Group within the Republican Party in the 1850s and 1860s that advocated strong resistance to the expansion of slavery, opposition to compromise with the South in the secession crisis of 1860-1861, emancipation and arming of black soldiers during the Civil War, and equal civil and political rights for blacks during Reconstruction.

Committees of Safety

Groups authorized by Congress to oversee its mandates and to take action against ''enemies of American liberty,'' including businessmen who tried to profit from the sudden scarcity of goods.

Regulators

Groups of backcountry Carolina settlers who protested colonial policies.

Committees of Correspondence

Groups that communicated with those in other colonies to encourage opposition to the Sugar and Currency acts

Compromise of 1877

Hayes will become president, if... Remove federal troops from the South Help develop infrastructure in South, ex. Railroads Appoint Southerner to Cabinet Limited enforcement of racial equality Redemption Redeemer Democrats - begin to take back the south Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Jim Crow Laws

Doctrine of Nullification

Idea that a state had the right to nullify, or reject, a federal law that it considers unconstitutional

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Rise of the West

Improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the West as a powerful, self-conscious region of the new nation. Squatters set up farms on unoccupied land. Many Americans settled without regard to national boundaries.

Effects of Transportation Improvements

Improvements in transportation lowered costs and linked farmers to markets. Improved water transportation most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce.

Pope Alexander VI

In 1493, to further legitimize Spain's claim to the New World, he divided the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal; Portugal got control of Brazil, while Spain got pretty much the remainder of the Western hemisphere

Dutch East/West India Company

In 1624, the DWI Company, which was awarded a monopoly for Dutch trade with America, settled colonists on Manhattan Island; the main population there was a fortified military outpost controlled by appointees of the DWI; to try to attract settlers there, thew DWI Company promised colonists not only religious toleration but also cheap livestock and free land after six years of labor

The Amistad

In 1839, this Spanish slave ship was illegally bringing Africans over to become slaves in Cuba. The Africans managed to take control of the ship, and were sailing back to Africa when the US navy captured them, charging them as pirates. A legal battle ensued, and the case finally reached the supreme court. John Quincy Adams argued in the defense of the slaves, and in 1841 it was ruled that the Africans were to be free and were allowed to return to Africa. Abolitionists paid for their passage back.

The Planter Class

In 1850, the majority of slaveholding families owned five or fewer slaves. Fewer than 2,000 families owned 100 slaves or more. Ownership of slaves provided the route to wealth, status, and influence. Slavery was a profit-making system. Men watched the world market for cotton, invested in infrastructure, and managed their plantations. Plantation mistresses cared for sick slaves, oversaw the domestic servants, and supervised the plantation when the master was away. Southern slave owners spent much of their money on material goods.

Hays code

In 1922, the film industry adopted the Hays code, a sporadically enforced set of guidelines that prohibited movies from depicting nudity, long kisses, and adultery, and barred scripts that portrayed clergymen in a negative light or criminals sympathetically.

Korematsu v. United States

In 1944, the Supreme Court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself for internment.

loyalty review system

In 1947, less than two weeks after announcing the Truman Doctrine, the president established a loyalty review system in which government employees were required to demonstrate their patriotism without being allowed to confront accusers or, in some cases, knowing the charges against them.

Soviet atomic bomb

In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb, ending the American monopoly of the weapon.

massive retaliation

In 1954, John Foster Dulles announced an updated version of the doctrine of containment. declared that any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union itself.

Capitalism and Freedom

In 1962, Milton Friedman published Capitalism and Freedom, which identified the free market as the necessary foundation for individual liberty.

Puritans & Indians

Indians represented both savagery and temptation. The Connecticut General Court set a penalty for anyone whochose to live with the Indians. The Puritans made no real attempt to convert the Indians in the first two decades.

''American system of manufactures''

Industrial mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products.

Strict Constructionist

Insisted Federal Government could only exercise powers listed in constitution

New Laws

Inspired by Bartolome de las Casas, were laws set forth by Spain that Indians would no longer be slaves.

place of origin for the majority of the nearly 4 million immigrants that entered the United States between 1840 and 1860.

Ireland and Germany

North vs South on SLavery 1800

North moved toward the idea of free labor aka wages and south continued to rely heavily on slaves.

Black people in America had been a slave

Now there were free black communities whom owned churches schools and etc

Liberty and Prosperity: Expanding Opportunities

Opportunities for the "self-made man" abounded. The market revolution produced a new middle class.

''captains of industry'' v. ''robber barons''

Opposing viewpoints that industrial leaders were either beneficial for the economy or wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated market.

American Civil Liberties Union

Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans civil liberties.

Gabriel's Rebellion

Organized by a Richmond blacksmith, a plan to march on the state capital and demand for the abolition of slavery.

American Colonization Society

Organized in 1816 to encourage colonization of free blacks to Africa; West African nation of Liberia founded in 1822 to serve as a homeland for them.

Southern Unionist

Organized peace movements that actively promoted disaffection

southern Unionist

Organized peace movements that actively promoted disaffection

greenbacks

Paper money declared to be legal tender printed by the government.

Declaratory Act 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

Passed by the Virginia and the Kentucky legislatures; written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, the resolutions advanced the state-compact theory of the Constitution. Virginias resolution called on the federal courts to protect free speech. Jeffersons draft for Kentucky stated that a state could nullify federal law, but this was deleted.

McCarran-Walter Act

Passed over President Harry S. Truman�s veto, the law required registration of American Communist Party members, denied them passports, and allowed them to be detained as suspected subversives.

Taft-Hartley Act

Passed over President Harry Truman�s veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops.

mestizos

Person of mixed origin, made up in large part of urban population in Spanish America

What was the transcendentalist movement?

Philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in person emotion and imagination

manifest destiny

Phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas; used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial and Indian lands in the Great Plains and the West and, more generally, as a justification for American empire.

Pilgrims at Plymouth

Pilgrims sailed in 1620 to Cape Cod aboard the Mayflower. Mayflower Compact, the first written frame of government in what is now the United States. Local Indians provided much valuable help to the Pilgrims and the first Thanksgiving was celebrated in 1621.

Sam Houston

Politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States; first President of the Republic of Texas; commander of the Texas army at the Battle of San Jacinto; former governor of Tennessee

The Party System

Politics had become a spectacle. Party machines emerged. Spoils system National conventions chose candidates.

James k. Polk

Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. Became POTUS in 1844. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.

"Dark Horse"

Polk- a political candidate who is not well known but could win unexpectedly

Lemuel Roberts

Poor NY farmer; felt his "bosom glow" w/ the "call of liberty" after hearing news of skirmish; joined army afterwards

''plain folk''

Poorer Southern whites who did not own plantations.

Rerum Novarum

Pope Leo XIII's powerful statement of 1894 that criticized the divorce of economic life from ethical considerations, endorsed the right of workers to form unions, and repudiated competitive individualism in favor of a more cooperative vision of the good society.

Reaganomics

Popular name for President Ronald Reagan�s philosophy of �supply side� economics, which combined tax cuts with an unregulated marketplace.

Union Advantages

Population of 22 million Owned... 90% of industry 97% of firearm production 70% of railroad lines Most banking and commerce Loyalty of the Navy Enrollment Act of 1863 Substitution and Commutation Pay a substitute or pay $300 ($5,400) to avoid draft "A rich man's war but poor man's fight" New York Draft Riots (1863)

Confederate Strategy

Population of 9 million 3.5 million are slaves Defensive War Cotton Diplomacy Hoped to earn foreign recognition

the People's Party

Populists; spoke for all ''producing classes'' and embarked on a remarkable effort of community organization and education.

Black Power

Post-1966 rallying cry of a more militant civil rights movement.

Social Gospel

Preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization.

Anaconda Plan

Proclaimed by Lincoln. A naval blockade of the South to restrict its trade. Became effective later on. Anaconda Plan Naval blockade surrounding the CSA Mississippi River Divide the CSA in two Richmond Capture the capital with trained urban fighters

Good Neighbor Policy

Proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first inaugural address in 1933, it sought improved diplomatic relations between the United States and its Latin American neighbors.

Reconstruction, Phase 1 Lincoln's Plan

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) Full presidential pardons for leaders of confederates if they... 1. Oath of allegiance, 2. Accept end of slavery Ten Percent Plan-Confederate state reestablished once 10% of voters affirmed allegiance and loyalty Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Second Inaugural Address "with malice toward none; with charity for all" Lincoln's Assassination April 14, 1865

American System

Program of internal improvements and protective tariffs promoted by Speaker of the House Henry Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824; his proposals formed the core of Whig ideology in the 1830s and 1840s.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Reacting to the U.S. Supreme Courts ruling in Wabash Railroad v. Illinois (1886), Congress established the ICC to curb abuses in the railroad industry by regulating rates.

Ellis Island and Angel Island

Reception center in New York Harbor through which most European immigrants to America were processed from 1892 to 1954.

''suitable education''

Recommended for women, by Benjamin Rush; the ability to teach their sons in the principles of liberty and government.

Reconstruction, Phase 3 Radical Republican Plan

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military districts New state constitutions approved by Congress Black suffrage guarantees Ratification of the 14th Amendment Fourteenth Amendment (1868) Disavowed Confederate leaders; states responsible for own war debt; loss of electoral votes for disenfranchisement Fifteenth Amendment (1869) Right to vote for blacks

Reconstruction, Phase 2 Andrew Johnson's Plan

Reconstruction Plan: Pardons for loyalty oath No pardons for Confederate leaders and persons who owed $20,000 in property taxes - bias against planter class Admitted Confederate states with appointed governors who established voting procedures for state legislatures States must abolish slavery and secession clauses from state constitutions Effects: Former confederates elected to office Black codes enacted - keep african americans "in their place"

the ''peculiar institution''

Referring to slavery's continued existence in the South after Northern abolition.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Utopian Movements

Reformers in the aftermath of the Second Great Awakening sought to get away from authoritarian power structures. Brook Farm, New Harmony, the Shaker and Amana communities, and Oneida Colony are examples

Religion in Maryland

Refuge for persecuted Catholics. Protestants always outnumbered Catholics in the colony.

Kerner Report

Released in 1968, blamed urban rioting on �segregation and poverty� and offered a powerful indictment of �white racism.�

Republican Liberty

Republicanism celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens. Republicanism held virtue-meaning a willingness to subordinate self-interest to the public good-to be crucial in public life. Republicanism in Britain was associated with the Country Party, which criticized Britain's loss of virtue.

Whiskey Ring

Republicans embezzled liquor tax revenues using bribes and networks

Election of 1876

Republicans struggle to nominate "boring" Rutherford B. Hayes Democrats nominate solid and popular Samuel J. Tilden Tilden won the popular vote solidly and needed only 1 more electoral vote for majority Contested electoral votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida) Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to Hayes Split ideologically 8-7 in favor of Republicans

repartimiento system

Residents of Indian villages. Remains legally free and entitled to wages. They had to do a set amount of work, but they were not slaves.

End of the Federalist Part

Result of War of 1812 Hartford Convention

Louisiana Purchase

Resulted from Haitian revolution. France got Louisiana in 1800 and Napoleon offered to sell the territory for the US for $15 million because from the war France had a lot of debt. Jefferson doubled the size of the US and ended French presence in America. Jefferson committed an act beyond the constitution bc it isn't stated in the constitution that US could purchase land. Jefferson said it was ok if the country remained agricultural.

American Enlightenment

Revolution in thought in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion.

The Dorr War

Rhode Island had property qualifications for voting in 1841. Because propertyless wage earners (e.g., factory workers) could not vote, the state's labor movement pushed for reform at the People's Convention (October 1841). This extralegal convention adopted a new state constitution that enfranchised all white men. Reformers inaugurated Thomas Dorr as governor. President Tyler sent in federal troops and the Dorr movement collapsed.

Antietam (September 1862)

Robert E. Lee defeated by George McClellan Bloodiest day in war: 22,000 killed or wounded Lincoln soon issues Emancipation Proclamation Union wins.

1780 Philadelphia

Robert Morris becomes director of congressional fiscal policy

gag rule

Rule adopted by House of Representatives in 1836 prohibiting consideration of abolitionist petitions; opposition, led by former president John Quincy Adams, succeeded in having it repealed in 1844.

War Industries Board

Run by financier Bernard Baruch, the board planned production and allocation of war materiel, supervised purchasing, and fixed prices, 1917-1919.

Iran-Contra affair

Scandal of the second Reagan administration involving sales of arms to Iran in partial exchange for release of hostages in Lebanon and use of the arms money to aid the Contras in Nicaragua, which had been expressly forbidden by Congress.

''end of ideology''

Scholars celebrated the �end of ideology� and the triumph of a democratic, capitalist �consensus� in which all Americans except the maladjusted and fanatics shared the same liberal values of individualism, respect for private property, and belief in equal opportunity.

Manhattan Project

Secret American program during World War II to develop an atomic bomb; J. Robert Oppenheimer led the team of physicists at Los Alamos, New Mexico.

Northwest Passage

Seen as shortcut from Atlantic Ocean to Pacific, was the reason why france came over to America!

Jim Crow Laws

Segregation Disenfranchisement Literacy tests Poll taxes Grandfather clauses*

Nye committee and Neutrality Acts

Senate hearings in 1934 and 1935 headed by Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota revealed that international bankers and arms exporters had pressed the Wilson administration to enter that war and had profited handsomely from it. / Beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents ships and the sale of arms to countries at war.

Father Junipero

Senna CA missionary who spread christianity to Indians but often times forced labor upon the Indians

Outlook on Slavery

Slavery for blacks made freedom possible for whites

Development of African Slavery

Slavery in Africa long predated the coming of Europeans; African slaves tended to be criminals and debtors and had well-defined rights; the coming of the Portuguese accelerated the buying and selling of slaves within Africa; over 100,000 went to Spain and Portugal from 1450-1500

necessary evil/positive good

Slavery was no longer justified as a necessary evil, it was now a "positive good": In the South, George Fizhugh established the philosophy that slavery was "positive good." It was believed that slavery benefited slaves by providing them with food, shelter, and often Christian religion. Also, Fitzhugh argued that free laborers in northern factories were not treated any better than slaves.

Slave Rebellions

Slaves had a dangerous spirit of liberty according to Jamaican governor; many murderous slave rebellions; first rebellion in 1712 new york

The Rice Kingdom

South Carolinian and Georgian slavery rested on rice. Rice and indigo required large-scale cultivation (which was done by slaves). Under the task system, individual slaves did daily jobs, the completion of which allowed time for leisure or cultivation of their own crops. By 1770, the number of South Carolina slaves had reached 100,000-well over half the colony's population.

Scalawags

Southern Republicans fostering American System-type programs Idealistic - wanted to see things improve for the south Cooperated with Northern politics and economics

The Southern Economy

Southern economic growth was different from northern. There were few large cities in the South. The cities were mainly centers for gathering and shipping cotton. New Orleans was the only city of significant size in the South. The region produced less than 10 percent of the nation's manufactured goods.

Governing Spanish America

Spain established a stable government modeled after Spanish home rule and absolutism. Power flowed from the king to the Council of the Indies to viceroys to local officials. The Catholic Church played a significant role.

St. Augustine

Spanish colony established in Florida in 1565; Pedro Menendez de Aviles and his men destroyed Fort Caroline that was established by Huguenots (French Protestants) and established their own fort there; in general, Florida failed to attract settlers; it is the oldest site in the US continuously inhabited by European settlers and their descendants

presidios

Spanish military outposts in Texas.

Presidios

Spanish military outposts on the west coast primarily

Tejanos

Spanish settlers who lived in what is now southern Texas

mestizos

Spanish word for person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

Montgomery bus boycott

Sparked by Rosa Parks�s arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.

Information Revolution

Steam power helped the proliferation of the penny press. Reduction in printing costs also resulted in alternative newspapers.

Yick Wo v. Hopkins

Supreme Court decision in 1886 overturning San Francisco law that, as enforced, discriminated against Chinese-owned laundries; established principle that equal protection of the law embodied in Fourteenth Amendment applied to all Americans, not just former slaves.

Tet offensive

Surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during the Vietnamese New Year of 1968; turned American public opinion strongly against the war in Vietnam.

California Gold Rush

Sutter's Mill January 24, 1848 Massive migration to California Forty-Niners San Francisco 5,000 in 1848 25,000 in 1850

Republican Party

Sympathetic to France and self-government. Republicans were usually wealthy southern planters, ordinary farmers, and urban artisans. Republicans were more sympathetic to France and had more faith in democratic self-government. Political language became more and more heated.

bracero program

System agreed to by Mexican and American governments in 1942 under which tens of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States to work temporarily in agricultural jobs in the Southwest; lasted until 1964 and inhibited labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported at any time.

Encomienda System

System in which the first settles had been granted authority over conquered Indian lands with the right to extract forced labor from the natives; was replaced in 1550 by the repartimiento system, in which natives were legally free and entitled to wages, but were required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year

Lords of the Loom/Lords of the Lash

System of mutual dependence between American cotton-growing slave owners and English textile mills.

sit-down strike

Tactic adopted by labor unions in the mid- and late 1930s, whereby striking workers refused to leave factories, making production impossible; proved highly effective in the organizing drive of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Hollywood Ten

Ten ''unfriendly witnesses'' who refused to answer questions at hearings questioning communist influence in Hollywood. They were charged with contempt of Congress and served jail terms of six months to a year.

Great Society

Term coined by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1965 State of the Union address, in which he proposed legislation to address problems of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the environment.

Foraker Act

The Foraker Act of 1900 declared Puerto Rico an insular territory, different from previous territories in the West. Its 1 million inhabitants were defined as citizens of Puerto Rico, not the United States, and denied a future path to statehood.

Impact of the French Revolution

The French Revolution became very radical by 1793, and France went to war with Britain. George Washington declared American neutrality. Jay's Treaty abandoned any American alliance with France by positioning the United States close to Britain.

Carolina's Initial Government

The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina envisioned a feudal society. The colonial government did allow for religious toleration, an elected assembly, and a generous headright system.

The Awakening's Impact

The Great Awakening enlarged the boundaries of liberty as Old Lights (traditionalists) and New Lights (revivalists) defended their right to worship. The Great Awakening inspired criticism of many aspects of colonial society. A few preachers explicitly condemned slavery.

The Death of Compromising?

The Great Triumvirate was no more by 1852 A new generation of sectional and ambitious politicians assume leadership roles

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

The Sedition Act thrust freedom of expression to the center of discussions of American liberty. No other state endorsed the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions. Precursor to the idea that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

The Election of 1840

The Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison in 1840. Harrison was promoted as the "log cabin" candidate. His running mate was John Tyler. Selling candidates in campaigns was as important as the platform for which they stood. Harrison died a month after taking office. Tyler vetoed measures to enact the American System.

''middle ground''

The area between European empires and Indian sovereignty that contained intermixed villages of settlers and tribes.

"black belt"

The area of the south where most slaves were held, stretching from South Carolina across to Louisiana

''hard money'' v. ''soft money''

The argument over the use of ''hard money,'' such as gold and silver, against ''soft money,'' or paper currency issued by the government.

"Social Freedom"

The demand that women should enjoy the rights to regulate their own sexual activity and procreation and to be protected by the state against violence at the hands of their husbands challenged the notion that claims for justice, freedom, and individual rights should stop at the household's door. The issue of women's private freedom revealed underlying differences within the movement for women's rights.

republican motherhood

The ideology that emerged as a result of independence where women played an indispensible role by training future citizens.

Black Legend

The image of Spain as a unique and brutal colonizer; this view would provide a potent justification for other European powers to challenge Spain's predominance in the New World; this view was contributed to by Las Casas's writings

Rise of Nativism

The influx of Irish during the 1840s and 1850s led to violent anti-immigrant backlash in New York City and Philadelphia. Those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life were called "nativists." They blamed immigrants for: Urban crime Political corruption Alcohol abuses Undercutting wages

''illegal alien''

The law of 1924 established, in effect, for the first time a new category. With it came a new enforcement mechanism, the Border Patrol, charged with policing the land boundaries of the United States and empowered to arrest and deport persons who entered the country in violation of the new nationality quotas or other restrictions.

Forms of Resistance

The most common form of resistance was silent sabotage-the breaking of tools, feigning illness, doing poor work. Less common, but more serious forms of resistance included poisoning the master, arson, and armed assaults. The slaves who ran away were more threatening to the stability of the slave system. Of the estimated 1,000 slaves a year to escape, most escaped from the Upper South. In the Deep South, fugitive slaves often escaped to the southern cities, to blend in with the free black population. The Underground Railroad was a loose organization of abolitionists who helped slaves to escape. Harriet Tubman was an escaped slave who made twenty trips to Maryland, leading slaves to freedom.

Worldly Communities

The most important secular communitarian was Robert Owen. Owen established New Harmony, where he hoped to create a "new moral world" At New Harmony, Owen championed women's rights and education.

Middle Passage

The voyage of slaves across the Atlantic.

Pennsylvania and the Indians

The war deepened the hostility of western Pennsylvanian farmers toward Indians and witnessed numerous indiscriminate assaults on Indian communities. After the Paxton Boys marched on Philadelphia, the governor ordered the expulsion of much of the Indian population from Pennsylvania.

Mexican-American War

Thornton Affair (4/24/1846) War Plan and Execution Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Rio Grande as Texas border Mexican Cession $15 million and assumption of claims against Mexico Wilmot Proviso Prohibit slavery in Mexican Cession lands Failed to pass Senate

Haitian Revolution

Thousands of free Africans emigrated to Haiti because of the good government. Events during the 1790s underscored how powerfully slavery defined and distorted American freedom. A successful slave uprising led by Toussaint L'Ouverture established Haiti as an independent nation in 1804.

Enforcement Acts

Three acts outlawing terrorist societies and allowing the president to use the army against them.

Plain Folk of the Old South

Three-fourths of white southerners did not own slaves. Most white southerners lived on self-sufficient farms. Most whites supported slavery. A few, like Andrew Johnson and Joseph Brown, spoke out against the planter elite. Most white southerners supported the planter elite and slavery because of shared bonds of regional loyalty, racism, and kinship ties.

Kyoto protocol

To great controversy, the Bush administration announced that it would not abide by the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, which sought to combat global warming.

Bretton Woods conference

Town in New Hampshire and site of international agreement in 1944 by which the American dollar replaced the British pound as the most important international currency, and the World Bank and International Monetary Fund were created to promote rebuilding after World War II and to ensure that countries did not devalue their currencies.

Gender Roles among Slaves

Traditional gender roles were not followed in the fields; but during their own time, slaves did fall into traditional gender roles.

Scopes trial

Trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties.

sharecropping

Type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers�often former slaves� farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop.

McCulloch v. Maryland

U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States, supported the authority of the federal government versus the states.

Dred Scott decision

U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, on the grounds that such a prohibition would violate the Fifth Amendment rights of slaveholders, and that no black person could be a citizen of the United States.

Plessy v. Ferguson

U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.

Baker v. Carr

U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the principle of �one man, one vote,� that is, that legislative districts must be equal in population.

Brown v. Board of Education

U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared �separate but equal�� unconstitutional.

Marshall Plan

U.S. program for the reconstruction of post�World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947.

freedmens bureau

Un-coordinated and helped finance the activities of northern societies commited to black education. -Bureau agents assumed control of hospitals established by the army during the war, and expanded the system into new communities. They provided medical care to both black and white southerners. -One provision of the law establishing the Bureau gave it authority to divide abandoned and confiscated land into 40 acre plots for rental and eventual sale to the former slaves. -President andrew johnson came thru and ordered all the land back to its owners

War Advertising Council

Under the watchful eye of the War Advertising Council, private companies joined in the campaign to promote wartime patriotism, while positioning themselves and their brand names for the postwar world.

''Militant Liberty''

Under this code name national security agencies encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies.

Credit Mobilier

Union Pacific Railroad creates dummy construction company to hire execs at inflated salaries and earn high dividends Sold stock to Republican congressmen and bribed press to keep quiet GRANT CORRUPTION

Battle of Antietam

Union army succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. One of the bloodiest wars of the Civil War. Last success of Union for some time.

Ambrose E. Burnside

Union general who became head of Army of the Potomac. Lead troops through open field to be slaughtered by Confederate troops at Fredricksburg.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North(1820-1913)

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith. Led the Mormons to Utah

public education

Universal public education was viewed as an avenue to restore equality and to equip the less fortunate for advance in the social scale.

Differences between Rural Slavery and Urban Slavery

Urban slaves were not watched by their slave-holders unlike rural slaves who were constantly under surveillance. Urban slaves had more freedom than freed slaves while rural slaves had no freedom at all.

Robert Owen

Utopian socialist "Village of Cooperation"

McNary-Haugan farm bill

Vetoed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1927 and 1928, the bill to aid farmers would have artificially raised agricultural prices by selling surpluses overseas for low prices and selling the reduced supply in the United States for higher prices.

Ending the War

Vicksburg and Gettysburg signaled the end for the Confederacy General Ulysses S. Grant launches total war - captures mississippi river General William Tecumseh Sherman and the March to the Sea - Scorched earth policy (destroy anything that could help the south) and confiscation from Tennessee-Atlanta-Savannah-Columbia

Pueblo Revolt

Victory for North American Indians in which they ran out the Spanish colonists in present day New Mexico. Due to forced conversion.

Jefferson thought the revolution marked what historical victory?

Victory for Self Government

freedom of the press

Viewed as dangerous by both American and European governments. To be able to publish what you want.

''Bleeding Kansas''

Violence between pro- and antislavery settlers in the Kansas Territory, 1856.

Whiskey Rebellion

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on whiskey, 1794.

Virginia 1624

Virginia Company surrendered its charter to the crown in 1624.

Robert Carter III

Virginia planter and slave owner who freed the 500 people from his plantation after Great Awakenings

Bacon's Rebellion

Virginia's shift from white indentured servants to African slaves as the main plantation labor force was accelerated by Bacon's Rebellion. Virginia's government ran a corrupt regime under Governor Berkeley. Good, free land was scarce for freed indentured servants. Nathaniel Bacon, an elite planter, called for the removal of all Indians, lower taxes, and an end to rule by "grandees." His campaign gained support from small farmers, indentured servants, landless men, and even some Africans. Bacon spoke of traditional English liberties. The rebellion's aftermath left Virginia's planter elite to consolidate their power and improve their image.

Southern Colonies

Virginia, N & S Carolina, Georgia

VA Family Life

Virginian society lacked a stable family life. Social conditions opened the door to roles women rarely assumed in England.

cult of domesticity

Virtue and modesty; emphasized as the qualities that were essential to proper womanhood.

Liberty in the Workplace

Wage workers evoked "liberty" when calling for improvements in the workplace. Some described wage labor as the very essence of slavery. Economic security formed an essential part of American freedom.

Texas Revolution

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas American settlement: Fueled by Manifest Destiny Encouraged by Mexican government Texas Revolution (1836): Santa Anna's policies The Alamo (Feb-Mar 1836) Battle of San Jacinto (Apr 21, 1836)

Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

Warned that unless South laid down its arms by 1862, Lincoln would decree abolition. Made slavery a major target of the war effort.

W.T. Sherman

Was a Union General. Led a total war campaign to the sea during the Civil War. Took Atlanta. Was called one of the first modern generals to destroy and obliterate.

mill girls

Women who worked at textile mills who were thus given new freedoms and independence not seen before.

''New Feminism''

Women's emancipation movement in the social, economic, cultural, and sexual spheres.

McGuffey Reader

Written by influential Ohioan William McGuffey, a powerful teacher-preacher. McGuffey's Readers hammered home lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.

annuity system

Yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life

''annuity'' system"

Yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life.

Election of 1848

Zachary Taylor (W) Slave owner War hero Lewis Cass (D) Martin van Buren (FSP) Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president

Ex parte Milligan

a Supreme Court case in which the Court declared it unconstitutional to bring accused persons before military courts where civil courts were operating + Lincoln's suspension of writ of Habeas Corpus

ethnic nationalism

a community of descent based on a shared ethnic heritage, language, and culture

civic nationalism

a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values - at first glance seems to define America; all those who commited self to liberty, equality, and democracy

James K. Green

a former slave in Hale county alabama, and a league organizer, went on to serve eight years in the Alabama legislature

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization. Valued imagination and emotion over reality

"Gold Rush"

a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

"swing around the circle"

a speaking tour Johnson embarked on to urge voters to elect members of congress committed to his own reconstruction program. made accusations that the Radicals were plotting to assassinate him

AASS Mail Controversy

abolitionist propaganda mailed to the south; southerners fear it will cause slave rebellion; 1835 Charleston postmaster allows mob to destroy the mail; Jackson urges locals to suppress publications- causes controversy over freedom of press

John Woolman Quaker

abolitionist- "the idea of slavery being connected with the black color, and liberty with the white."

French & Spanish with Blacks in New Orleans

accorded them with nearly all rights as white people, they could obtain freedom easily, slave women could go to court for rape, and women were recognized with having property.

Sir William Howe

acted to slow which cost the British army victory; did not meet up w/ general Burgoyne costing defeat at Ticonderoga and instead capture Philadelphia

Every state post revolution adapted...

adopted a new constitution

Neal Dow

advocate of temperance - "Father of Prohibition"

task labor

allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done.

Macon's bill no.2

allowed trade to resume, but provided that if France or Britain ceased interfering with US rights, president could reimpose embargo on the other. Bonaparte repealed decrees on shipping, British kept attacking

Frederick Church

an American landscape painter born in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters

Stephen Douglas

an Illinois statesman who ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Breckenridge in the 1860 presidential election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery, Douglas also authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate

Indigo

another staple crop developed in Carolina that required large scale cultivation like rice

Roger Williams

any citizen ought to be free to practice whatever form of religion he chose. essential to separate church and state. established Rhode Island

freedom petitions

arguments for liberty presented to New England's courts by enslaved African Americans

benevolent empire

arose from the belief of the potential of the individual Perkins School for the Blind network of charitable activities use schools to impose a set of social values art of a 19th-century religious movement in the United States. Various protestant denominations developed missionary organizations in order to Christianize citizens of the United States and the world, and to create a Christian nation.

1785 Ohioan petition

assailed landlords for taking land in west; "grant us liberty"

Non-intercourse act

banning trade with Britain and France. If either side rescinded edits against the US, commerce would resume.

Tenure Office Act

barring the president from removing certain officeholders, including cabinet members, without the consent of the senate

Slaves identity

begin to associate selves as African American; all had desire of freedom

American Exceptionalism

belief that US had special mission to serve as a refugee to tyranny , a symbol of freedom, and a model to the rest of the world stemmed from Common Sense; James Madison, new nation was " a workshop of liberty to the civilized world"

Believers of freedom of trade

believed that economic development arose from economic self-interest

Gov Francis Bernard of MA

believed that in British empire there needs to be subordinates; Parliament was "sanctuary" of liberty

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

believed the Indians are inferior to the Spanish and that the Spanish have a right to rule them saw them as very civilized and not totally lacking in reason, but said they should accept Christianity fully

Atlantic Ocean Bridge

between New and Old World where ideas, goods, and people (slaves) flowed back and forth

Wilmont Proviso

bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the war with mexico (opposed by the south) FAILED --> COMPROMISE OF 1850

black churches

blacks abandoned white-controlled religious institutions to create their own. Black churches played a central role in the black communities. A place of worship, it also housed schools, social events, and political gatherings. Black ministers came to play a major role in politics. Some 250 held public office during reconstruction.

Liberalism and Republicanism Similarities

both inspire constitutional gov't, limit despotic power, emphasize security of property, and transported to America

Separation of church and state

brings together Deists like Jefferson

German Settlers in 1774

claimed, "all the rights and privileges of natural-born subjects of his majesty", joined militia associations

Junto Club

club for mutual improvement where weekly meetings debated politics and economics; ran by Ben Franklin

Nonimportation

colonists boycott importation of British goods; appealed to Chesapeake farmers who owed great debts to Brit Merchants; banned slave trade but often ignored by South; appealed to artisans bc ended competition w/ british goods; 1769 value of British imports fall one third; collapsed in 1770 bc profits shriveled and desire for british goods

writs of assistance

combat colonial smuggling; search warrants; 1761Boston lawyer James Otis says that they are forms of arbitrary gov't

Maroons

communities of fugitive slaves in Jamaica that waged warfare and won their freedom

Kansas Nebraska Act

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. Authored by stephen douglas

"three sisters" (corn, beans, and squash)

crops that formed the basis of agriculture

shays rebellion

debt ridden farmers in MA closed courts so foreclosure proceeding for not paying taxes could not proceed led by Daniel Shay - gov't James Bowdoin dispatched army to arrest 1,000 men - Bowdoin- w/o rule Americans would descend to "state of anarchy , confusion, and slavery." -Thomas Jefferson- "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time w/ blood of patriot and tyrants." - national govt must be strengthened to create uniform economic policies

1793 Proclamation of American Neutrality

declared US as a neutral nation in conflict between Britain and France

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Dutch Freedoms

devotion to liberty freedom of the press and a broad religious toleration New Netherland was a military post, not governed democratically, but the citizens possessed rights. Slaves had some rights, women enjoyed more independence than their counterparts in other colonies.

virtual representation

each member of parliament represents entire empire not just own district

Mary Livermore

edited the new womens rights journal, carried stories complaining about limited job opportunities and unequal pay for females who entered the labor market

Nicolas de Ovando

established a permanent base in Hispaniola in 1502.

Lewis and Clark

explored ohio valley to study flora and fauna and also to find a water route to Pacific. Sacajawea was the interpreter and guide. It demonstrated the possibility to travel to pacific.

one crop economy (monoculture)

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year/an economy that is dominated by the production of a single product.

Pinckney B.S. Pinchback

first black governor

Carolina Early Economy

focused on Indian slave trade w/ west indies; got slaves from Creek confederacy tribe

Blanche K, Bruce

former slave, second black senator

Samuel de Champlain

founded Quebec in 1608

Samuel Champlain

founded first successful French Colony in Quebec in the year 1608.

Race in Cheapeake

free and white become identical; free blacks barred from voting and required to be sent out of colony; VA governor tells lords of trades that complexity ought to distinguish individuals

Benjamin Banneker

free black in MY who taught self math and sent his alamanac to jefferson to prove that blacks were not inferior in mind; Jefferson denied legitimacy

1775 Lord Dunmore (British governor) proclamation

freed all slave who bore arms for royal army; angered southerners very much

Limit of Freedom of Speech

freedom of speech not for ordinary citizen; gov't often regulated newspapers

Internationalization of the Declaration

idea that "the people" possess right quickly spread; caused last Inca king uprising against spanish rule resulting in death of 100,000; Flanders declares independence from Austrians

Deism

idea that God acts as a clock worker and simply sets the universe in motion but does not bother much with it after

Deference

ingrained tradition among ordinary people that those with wealth, education, and social prominence deserve to hold office

mound builders

inhabitants of North America who, during a 5,000-year period, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious and ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes.

Abby Kelly and Lucy Stone

insisted that despite their limitations, the reconstruction amendments represnted steps in the direction of truly universal suffrage and should be supported. American Woman suffrage association, Lucy stone as pres.

the second middle passage

internal slave trade and across atlantic ocean, over 1 million slaves would be shipped to new states LA, MX, TX. Forced migration, slaves were quartered on ships for up to 2 months and treated as cargo

Effects of British War with French

large military, high taxes, creation of bank of England, sharpened sense of nationalism ("God Save the King" and "Rule Britannia")

Chesapeake hierarchy due to slavery

large planter, numerous lesser planters/ yeomen, convicts, indentured servants, tenant farmer, slaves; consolidated social elite

Ebenezer Mackintosh

leader of Boston mob; right-hand man to Sam Adams; responsible for ransacking Hutchinson's home but released bc of Loyal Nine.

Joseph Henry Noyes

leader of the Oneida Community

Osceola

led a small group of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the Second Seminole War, when the United States tried to remove the tribe from their lands in Florida

Opechancanough

led an attack on Virginia's settlers in 1622

Black Hawk

led the Utes against Mormon settlers and gained alliances with Paiute and Navajo bands in the territory against them during what became known as the Black Hawk War in Utah

blacks land

many former slaves insisted that thru their unpaid labor, they acquired a right to the land. land was liberty

Samuel Worcester

missionary to the cherokee who brought their case to supreme court

African American Culture in the North

more mobility and access to mainstream life; performed tribal dances; less families

"cottonocracy"

name for wealthy planters who made their money from cotton in the mid-1800s, the centralization of cotton in American markets

doughfaces

name given to the northern Democrats who were willing to compromise on the political problems of the 1850s (abolition)

''Checkers speech''

named after the family dog, rescued Nixon's political career. It illustrated how television was beginning to transform politics by allowing candidates to bring a carefully crafted image directly into Americans� living rooms.

Know-Nothings

nickname of the "American political party" for their ambiguity

NOT IMPORTANT TO KNOW

northern morale sank to its lowest point

Doughface

northerner, who doesn't own slaves, but is sympathetic to the economic benefits

Language of Liberty

not only did political nation speak language of liberty in Britain so too did laborers, sailors, common people

Abigail Adams

one of the most influential and articulate women during the revolutionary era

the Reconstruction Act

over johnsons veto, divided the south into five military districts and called for the creation of new state gov., with black men given the right to vote.

James L. Alcorn

owner of one of mississippi's largest plantations, miss. first republican governor

Common Sense

pamphlet written by PA immigrant Thomas Paine; attacked the British Constitution and the monarchy; "of more worth is one honest man to society, and in the sight of God, than all the crowned ruffians that have ever lived"; America could separate itself from wars; "The cause of the revolution is in great measure the cause of all mankind." wrote clearly and directly to all the ppl of America which is why it was so popular

Fugitive Slave Act

part of the Compromise of 1850; a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders. resisted by Nortrherners

Task system

plantation run by slave overseers; slave assigned daily jobs which allowed for leisure time

Joseph Hawley

political leader of MA who said "Every sentiment has sunk into my well prepared heart" after reading Common Sense

Free Soilers

political party founded in 1848 that opposed expanding slavery into territories or admitting new slave states into the union

"Tippecanoe and Tyler too"

political slogans used in the presidential election of 1840 when campaigning among the masses became more popular. "Log Cabins and Cider" was used to portray Harrison as a relatable common American who met with average people and drank cider with them. "Tippecanoe" refers to Harrison's military accomplishments which perfectly rhymed with "Tyler, too" which quickly added his vice presidential candidate John Tyler to his campaign.

Staged Mock Funeral

pretended to bury liberty but then it would be resurrected in the last second to show proliferation of liberty

New York harbor, MA, Rhode Island

profited from slave trade even though limited slavery in colonies b/c shipping of slaves

The Fifteenth Amendment

prohibited federal and state gov. from denying any citizen the right to vote b/c of race

personal liberty laws

prohibited state officical in participating in the capture/return of slaves passed in response to 1850 fugitive slave law

James Tallmadge

proposed two amendments to the Missouri statehood bill: one to prohibit bringing in of slaves and one to slowly emancipate slaves

1731 French novel Manon is based on

prostitute punished by being sent to Lousiana showing popular view of French colonies as a bad place for convicts

GI Bill of Rights

provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from World War II.

Revenue Act

raised taxes on wool and hides on enumerated list; no longer freely traded with dutch

currency act

reaffirmed ban on paper money

Sugar Act 1764

reduced tax on french molasses but created new machinery to end smuggling + courts were more admirable and less corrupt towards smuggling

Fire Eaters

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

"American System of manufactures".

relied on the mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products.

Reasonables of Christianity

religious belief should rest on science

Commonalities in Native Religion

religious ceremonies were often directly related to farming and hunting. Those who were believed to hold special spiritual powers held positions of respect and authority.

Joseph Smith

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830

Temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food rapidly growing movement due to drinking cultures of immigrants the regards of it as a leisure activity and the growing woman resentment of it. 3 times much alcohol as today was the norm temperance societies started forming in 1826 Maine passed legislation in 1851 goals and effects and intensity of the movement varied

zoot suit riots

riots of 1943, in which club-wielding sailors and policemen attacked Mexican-American youths wearing flamboyant clothing on the streets of Los Angeles, illustrated the limits of wartime tolerance.

North & South American Indians Similarities

roads, trade networks, and irrigation systems

Henry Hudson

sailed into New York Harbor and claimed the area for the Netherlands (1609).

Melville

search for personal fulfillment/triumph can sometimes destroy b/c human spirit is destructive Moby Dick in 1851 No matter how much knowledge acquired, no way to fully understand the force of nature Captain Ahab views Moby-Dick as embodiment of evil and his vengeance leads to his destruction

"True Liberty"

self gov't and security for their persons and property; only could be enjoyed by remaining w/ empire according to Galloway

Osceola

seminole chief who resisted US forces in second seminole war

Intolerable Acts

series of acts passed by British gov't in 1774; quartering act, radically changed 1691 MA charter (appointed officials); halted all trade until tea paid for

Hiram Revels

served as a chaplain in the wartime union army, became first black senator

Victorian morality

set of values that espouse sexual restraint, low tolerance of crime and a strict social code of conduct

Hopi & Zuni

settled around present-day Arizona and New Mexico built large planned towns with multiple-family dwellings had long distance trade

patroons

shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor, were given large estates by Dutch West Trading Company

Slavery in the North

slaves were a minority and mostly served as farms hand and personal servants

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

black officeholders

some 2,000 blacks occupied public offices during reconstruction. fourteen were elected to the national house of representatives. 2 blacks served in senate. 700 blacks sat in state legislatures

conquistadores

someone who conquers a new land

African American Culture in South

spoke Gullah- mix of African roots-, created families, created african houses, much more autonomous, harsher lives

Mormons

started in upstate New York church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT faced a lot of opposition tablets were like commandements had an explanation for American indians

Hawthorne

strongly opposed Brook Farm and wrote books about it and the price paid by individuals pay for cutting themselves -Scarlet Letter in 1850

Alexis de Tocqueville

struck by the peculiar propensity of Americans to form local "voluntary associations" to accomplish a wide range of goals, including reforms

Sharon Statement

summarized beliefs that had circulated among conservatives during the past decade�the free market underpinned �personal freedom,� government must be strictly limited, and �international communism,� the gravest threat to liberty, must be destroyed.

Ethan Allen and Green Mountain Boys

surround Fort Ticonderoga w/ Benedict arnold and force surrender in NY

isolationism

the 1930s version of Americans long-standing desire to avoid foreign entanglements dominated Congress. Beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents ships and the sale of arms to countries at war.

Penal and Asylum Reform Movement

the establishment of hospitals, better prison conditions, juvenile hall, and establishment of mental facilities

James Monroe

the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

factors that helped to increase the visibility and power of the Catholic Church in America in the mid-nineteenth century.

the number of Irish Catholic immigrants grew dramatically.

reconquista

the reconquest of Spain when Christian leaders drove Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492, when they were finally able to conquer Spain again.

Sara and Angelina Grimke

they set out on a lecture tour to see what they have seen of slavery. They believed they were born with God-given rights and should be allowed to use them. Anti-slavery and pro-equal rights for women.

Balboa

trekked across Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.

Whitman

unrestrained poet of democracy liberate traditional conventions 1855

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Millard Fillmore

was the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. Being Zachary Taylor`s Vice President, he assumed the presidency after Taylor`s death.

Grimke Sisters

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.

Poor Richard's Almanack

written by Ben Franklin showing influence of enlightenment

The Key of Liberty

written by William Manning, he declared between the division of the most important society was the "few" and many"

John Randolph

wrote a pamphlet supporting independence but disparages the "ignorant" people of society; does not appeal to masses

Nathanial Hawthorne

wrote the scarlet letter about a puritan adulteress Satire on America's puritanical lifestyle and conformity Sin more as an opportunity for growth rather than a hindrance Strength of the individual over the community

Iroquois

An alliance of five peoples living in present-day New York and Pennsylvania - the Mohawk, Oneido, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga - which formed a Great League of Peace.

''Christian liberty''

An idea common in Europe that freedom would come from abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of Christ.

Dominion of New England

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies�and later New York and New Jersey�by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.

English Bill of Rights

Enacted in 1689 by Parliament; listed parliamentary powers such as control over taxation as well as rights of individuals, including trial by jury.

slave code

Enacted in 1705 by the House of Burgesses, this legislation created the provision of white supremacy over slaves and blacks.

Navigation Acts

Passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650�1775; enforcement of the acts led to growing resentment by colonists.

''salutary neglect''

A policy adopted by British governments that left the colonies largely to govern themselves.

Virginia Company

A private business organization whose shareholders included merchants, aristocrats, and members of Parliament.

King Philip's War

Beginning in 1675, an uprising against white colonists by Indians. A multi-year conflict, the end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the disposession of the region's Indians.

indentured servant

Settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World; Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by English and German indentured servants.

patroons

Shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor.

Mayflower Compact

Signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, the document committed the group to majority-rule government.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

James Buchanan (D) (1857-1861)

"Doughface" Supported Kansas-Nebraska Act Involved himself in Dred Scott decision Lecompton Constitution (Kansas)

John Tyler (W) (1841-1845)

"His Accidency" -Assumes full presidential powers A Democrat in Whig Clothing -Slave owner from Virginia -Rejects American System policies -Passionately pursues Texas annexation Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) -Settles boundary disputes with Great Britain

First Peoples in the Americas

"Indians" settled the New World between 15,000 and 60,000 years ago

Federalist Party

"Language of Liberty". Washington supporters, believed in Hamilton's economic program and close ties with Britain. Merchants, farmers, lawyers and established political leaders were usually federalists. Outlook was elitist (hierarchical views). Freedom equaled deference to authority.

Simon Bolivar

"The Liberator", led many independence movements, Venezuela

Election of 1824

"corrupt bargain."

Bill of Rights

(1689) guaranteeing individual rights such as trial by jury; result of Glorious Revolution

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

William L. Garrison

(1805-1879) prominent American abolitionist; editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator; founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Trail of Tears

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Patrons of Husbandry

An educational and social organization for farmers founded in 1867

John Fremont

-1st Republican candidate

Zachary Taylor

-Whig -won 1848

New Jersey Plan

-equal representation in Congress not based on population.

May 1774 Farmington, Connecticut

1,000 residents gather (in response to Quebec Act); adopted resolutions proclaiming that, "as sons of freedom, would resist every attempt to take away our liberties and properties and to enslave us forever (by forcing them to be Catholic)"; British ministry is "instigated by the devil"

Meanings of British Liberty in 18th century

1. Patriotism 2. possession of property 3. SHIFTED FROM ROLE IN SOCIAL CLASS TO RIGHT TO RESIST ARBITRARY GOV'T 4. cry of the rebellious

What concepts dominated colonial politics?

1. Right to vote 2. Assemblies vs Governor 3. Freedom of Expression 4. Enlightenment and Reason

What Factor Led to Distinct African Culture

1. Slavery 2. Northern Freedom 3. Resistance to Freedom

The Key of Liberty

A writing by William Manning that declared the most important division of society as that between the ''few and the ''many.''

Great Migration

1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World

Founding of Maryland

1632 as a proprietary colony under Cecilius Calvert. The charter granted Calvert "full, free, and absolute power."

The English Civil War

1640s illuminated debates about liberty and what it meant to be a freeborn Englishman.

Act Concerning Religion

1649, Maryland institutionalized the principles of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning.

Navigation Acts

1651 - required colonial products or "enumerated" goods to be transported in English ships and sold at English ports.

Stono Rebellion

1739 200 slaves from SC march to Florida for freedom due to large influx of new slaves

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

American Colonization Society

1817- est. by people worried of the impact of slavery and race on society. They argued slavery had to end, and americans had to send black slaves back to Africa. Was a failure of a plan. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. America even bought land in africa, liberia, to place the slaves. Only six thousand slaves were transported. West coast of africa.

Countering Pennsylvania's post- revolutionary Gov't

1776 John Adams Thoughts on government

Lemuel Haynes

1776, a black member of the MA militia urged that Americans "extend" their conception of freedom

Whiskey Rebellion

1794, broke out when backcountry Pennsylvania farmers wanted to block the collection of the new tax on distilled spirits. "liberty or death". Washington dispatched militia to Penn. to end it. Proved to Federalists that democracy in the hands of ordinary citizens was dangerous.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Created The New England Anti-Slavery Society, 1832 and the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1832.

Slave Revolts

1811 witnessed an uprising on sugar plantations in Louisiana, which saw slaves marching toward New Orleans before the militia captured them. In 1822, Denmark Vesey was charged with conspiracy in South Carolina. Vesey was a religious man who believed the Bible condemned slavery and who saw the hypocrisy of the Declaration of Independence. The conspiracy was uncovered before Vesey could act.

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 treaty between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence) Written by John Quincy Adams. The United States would abstain from European wars. Europeans should not interfere with new Latin American republics.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories Increasingly against expansion of slavery Protective tariffs Homestead Act/sale of federal lands Funding for transcontinental railroad

Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1831

1831 rebellion started by a VA slave who believed he received divine messages telling him the time was right for a rebellion, gathered 80 followers who killed 60 whites, Turner eventually captured and executed. Greatly increased tensions between whites and blacks across the South.

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Second Seminole War

1835 war in which the Seminoles tried to retain their land in Florida

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Battle of Gettysburg

1863-General Lee lead the Confederate troops into Pennsylvania. He surprised the units in this town and the battle was the most crucial and bloodiest of the war. This victory belonged to Lincoln and the Union. Turning point; last offensive attack of the South. Dealt a heavy blow to southern morale.

Committees of Safety

7,000 men across colonies to oversee mandates and take action against "enemies of liberty"; vast expansion of "political nation"; people who had little role in gov't now had a voice

Cecilius Calvert

1st proprietor of Maryland

American army and militia

200,000 men bore arms; too "accustomed to unbounded freedom" to accept the "proper degree of subordination" necessary for soldiers; attracted poor young men; 1/20 died in the war

Atlantic trade

3 way trade btwn Europe America/West Indies and Africa; revolved around slavery(slavery, cash crops, goods for slave societies)

Slavery In Politics

3/5 of slaves were counted in apportionment. Franklin agreed to serve as the Pennsylvania Abolition Society leader. Madison believed that slavery should be out of politics.

Report on Manufactures

3rd report of Alexander Hamilton, recommended economic policies to stimulate new economy and ensure independence won in revolutionary war.

Boston Massacre 1770

5 bostonians killed, including black sailor crispus attucks(first martyr of rev), soldiers acquitted bc of john adams; Revere created controversial printing

Blacks in Revolution

5,000 blacks enlisted; most received freedom after war by VA legislature; RI formed a black regiment; many slaves escaped to join royal army to be free, "liberty is sweet"- Lund Washington

The Man Nobody Knows

A 1925 best-seller by advertising executive Bruce Barton, portrayed Jesus Christ as the greatest advertiser of his day, . . . a virile go-getting he-man of business, who picked twelve men from the bottom ranks and forged a great organization.

''reannexation'' of Texas and ''reoccupation'' of Oregon"

A Democratic party platform that called for addition of both Texas and Oregon to the Union to appease differing points of views on the issues.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A Dominican priest who published an account of the decimation of the Indian population. Thought the Pueblos were treated horrible. Inspired the New Laws which prohibited Indians from being slaves.

Dorothea Dix

A Massachusetts schoolteacher who was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

polygamy

A Mormon practice which allows one man to have more than one wife.

Bartholomeu Dias

A Portuguese explorer that discovered Cape of Good Hope in 1487

League of United Latin American Citizens

A Southwestern group that challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latino students.

encomienda system

A Spanish system under which the first settlers had been granted authority over conquered Indian lands with the right to extract forced labor from the native inhabitants.

Ex parte Milligan

A Supreme Court case that declared it unconstitutional to bring accused persons before military tribunals where civil courts were operating.

What was the Temperance Movement?

A call to end alcohol abuse

What was abolition?

A call to outlaw slavery

Prison Reform

A call to separate the mentally ill from the criminals because at this time there was no distinction between common criminals and the mentally il

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

''Scottsboro boys''

A case in which nine young black men were arrested for the rape of two white women in Alabama in 1931.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A case in which the Supreme Court struck down a monopoly the New York legislature had granted for steamboat navigation.

stagflation

A combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation present during the 1970s.

Denmark Vesey's conspiracy

A conspiracy that reflect the combination of American and African influences of the time; Denmark Vesey, a slave carpenter in South Carolina, took to rebuking blacks who stepped off the city's sidewalks to allow whites to pass.

Jay's Treaty

A controversial 1794 agreement that failed to secure British concessions on impressment or the rights of American shipping.

Report on Manufactures

A document that called for the imposition of a tariff and government subsidies to encourage the development of factories that could manufacture products currently purchased from abroad.

Republicanism

A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives; active participation in public life by economically independent citizens; virtue only possessed by property owning citizens

Benedict Arnold

A former commander under George Washington that defected and almost succeeded in turning over to the British the important fort at West Point on the Hudson River.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

New Netherlands

A fortified military outpost controlled by appointees of the DWI Company; it was hardly governed democratically, but the colonists enjoyed more liberty, especially religiously, than many other places in North America; religious toleration allowed for striking diversity there; women there enjoyed much more independence than in other colonies; it offered large estates to patroons- shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor

Immigration Restriction League

A group that called for the reduction of immigration by barring the illiterate from entering the United States.

transcendentalists

A group who insisted on the primacy of individual judgment over existing social traditions and institutions.

confederate repercussions

A handful of southern leaders were arrested but most were quickly released. Only one was executed-Henry Wirz, the commander of Andersonville prison, where thousands of union prisoners of war had died.

Oregon Trail

A historical overland route to the western United States extending from various cities on the Missouri River to the Oregon Country and later Oregon Territory. The trail was opened in 1842, and by 1845 more than 3,000 migrants had made the arduous journey. After the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s.

Cyrus McCormick reaper

A horse-drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest.

Aztecs

A large-scale Indian society in modern-day Mexico with a centralized government in its capital Tenochtitlan; its capital had 250,000 citizens and had royal palaces, central markets, and a complex road system

yellow fever

A malady that struck many workers on the Panama Canal project.

Matthew Lyon

A member of Congress from Vermont who was jailed under the Sedition Act for criticizing the Adams administration in his newspaper.

literacy tests

A method used to exclude uneducated blacks from voting.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

National Security Council

A national security body immune from democratic oversight.

Alfred T. Mahan

A naval officer who argued that no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating from overseas bases.

American standard of living

A new concept that came about from the maturation of the consumer economy; the idea that mass consumption came to occupy a central place in American society and its future.

The American System

A new manufacturing sector emerged from the War of 1812, and many believed that it was a necessary complement to the agricultural sector for national growth. In 1815, President James Madison put forward a blueprint for government-promoted economic development that came to be known as the American System. New national bank Tariffs Federal financing for better roads and canals ("internal improvements") President Madison became convinced that allowing the national government to exercise powers not mentioned in the Constitution would prove dangerous to individual liberty and southern interests.

the Slave Power

A northern term for the South's proslavery political leadership.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. Coined by John L Sullivan

Common Sense

A pamphlet that appeared in January 1776 that attacked the Constitution of England and the principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government.

''Wilkes and Liberty''

A popular rallying cry in both the colonies and Britain in response to the expulsion of John Wilkes from his seat in Parliament.

Reagan Revolution

A reference to how Reagan reshaped the nation�s agenda and political language more effectively than any president since Franklin D. Roosevelt.

temperance movement

A reform movement advocating the moderation in consumption of liquor.

birth-control movement

A reform movement espousing the idea that right to control of one's body included the ability to enjoy an active sexual life without necessarily bearing women. Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger were the leaders of this movement.

the Dorr War

A reform movement in Rhode Island sparked by the continued exclusion of any white man from voting.

Suffolk Resolves

A series of resolutions passed by a convention of delegates in Massachusetts that urged Americans to refuse obedience to new laws, withhold taxes, and prepare for war.

caravel

A ship capable of long-distance travel.

wampum

A string of beads used by Indians in religious rituals and as currency.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Gabriel's Rebellion

A slave rebellion was attempted in Virginia in 1800. The conspiracy was rooted in Richmond's black community. Gabriel spoke the language of liberty forged in the American Revolution and reinvigorated during the 1790s. Virginia's slave laws became stricter.

Battle Hymn of the Republic

A song that demonstrated how during the War, religious + secular understandings of freedom joined in a celebration of national destiny.

''swing around the circle''

A speaking tour of the North taken by Andrew Johnson to urge voters to elect members of Congress committed to his own Reconstruction program.

standard gauge

A standard distance separating the two tracks adopting in 1886 that allowed for the first time trains of one company to travel on another company's track.

signing statements

A statement by the president along with his signature on a bill soon to be law. When signing the 2005 Defense Appropriations Act, President Bush signed the bill but reaffirmed his right as commander-in-chief to set rules for the military by himself.

''waving the bloody shirt''

A tactic of Republicans whereby they identified their opponents with secession and treason.

Lords of the Loom and Lords of the Lash

A system in which New England's early factory owners relied on the cotton supplied by southern slaveowners.

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

The Common School

A tax-supported state public school system was widely adopted. Horace Mann was the era's leading educational reformer. Mann hoped that universal public education could restore equality to a fractured society. Avenue for social advancement Common schools provided career opportunities for women but widened the divide between North and South.

Panama Canal Zone

A ten-mile wide strip of land on which was built a canal; its construction drastically reduced the time it took for commercial and naval vessels to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.

the Beats

A term coined by Jack Kerouac for a small group of poets and writers who railed against mainstream culture.

redemptioners

A term for indentured families.

''self-made man''

A term that those who achieved success in America did so not as a result of hereditary privilege or government favoritism as in Europe, but through their own intelligence and hard work.

one-house legislature

A unicameral representational body.

''great upheaval'' of 1886"

A wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation in 1886.

''silent sabotage''

A widespread hostility to slavery wherein slaves did poor work, broke tools, abused animals, and in other ways disrupted the plantation routine.

Liberty Party

Abolitionist political party that nominated James G. Birney for president in 1840 and 1844; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.

Act Concerning Religion

Adopted in Maryland in 1649; institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning.

Jonathan J. Wright

African American; served on south carolina supreme court, came from north after civil war

culture of corruption

After a series of scandals in 2005, Democrats charged that the nation's capital had been overtaken by corrupt practices

black soldiers and sailors

After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union army became an agent of emancipation.

national banking system

After the war broke out, both sides were found unprepared as they lacked a national banking system.

Suffolk Resolves

Agreed to by delegates from Suffolk county, MA, and approved by the First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774. Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias.

English Freedom

All people of America should enjoy the rights of Englend

Established annual elections to increase accountability

All states except North Carolina

Two-house state government

All states except Pennslania, Georgia, Vermont

Eliminated property qualificatons for voting

All states except Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina

Granted vote to free blacks who met qualifications

All states except Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe.

Poverty in the Colonies

Although poverty was not as widespread in the colonies as it was in England. The better-off in society tended to view the poor as lazy and responsible for their own plight.

Colonial Cities

Although relatively small and few in number, port cities like Philadelphia were important. Gathering places for agricultural goods and for imported items to be distributed to the countryside. Large population of artisans.

Conditions of Slave Life

American slaves as compared to their counterparts in the West Indies and in Brazil enjoyed better diets, lower infant mortality, and longer life expectancies. Reasons for the above include the paternalistic ethos of the South, the lack of malaria and yellow fever in the South, and the high costs of slaves.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. resist pressure to conform to society He wrote down his beliefs in Walden of living simply and unplugging from society -1854 He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."

The Invention of the Asylum

Americans embarked on a program of institution building. Jails Poorhouses Asylums Orphanages These institutions were inspired by the conviction that those who passed through their doors could eventually be released to become productive, self-disciplined citizens.

Quebec Act

An act that extended the southern boundary of Quebec to the Ohio River and granted legal toleration to the Roman Catholic Church in Canada.

Rufus King

An anti-slavery delegate to the Constitutional Convention from Massachusetts who advocated for a strong national government whose bicameral legislature was based entirely on proportional representation. King later served as a U.S. minister to Great Britain and a U.S. senator.

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

King Cotton diplomacy

An attempt by the South to encourage British intervention by banning cotton exports + promote economic self-sufficiency.

Harriet Tubman

An escaped slave who escaped to Philadelphia in 1849 and spent the next ten years making trips back and forth to Maryland to lead her relatives and other slaves to freedom.

American Protective League

An organization that helped the Justice Department identify radicals and critics of the war by spying on their neighbors and carrying out ''slacker raids'' in which thousands of men were stopped on the streets of major cities and required to produce draft registration cards.

War on Poverty

Announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1964 State of the Union address; under the Economic Opportunity Bill signed later that year, Head Start, VISTA, and the Jobs Corps were created, and programs were created for students, farmers, and businesses in efforts to eliminate poverty.

freedom petitions

Arguments for liberty presented to New England's courts and legislatures in the early 1770s by enslaved African-Americans.

Mexican immigration

As Mexicans arrived in the United States, most became poorly paid agricultural, mine, and railroad laborers, with little prospect of upward economic mobility.

What were some affects from immigration?

As more people come into the country they go into the city. We begin to see lack of resources, overcrowding, etc.,

Millard Fillmore (W)

Assumes the presidency after Taylor's death Anti-slave moderate Signs Compromise of 1850 Perry Expedition to Japan (1853-1854)

Bataan ''death march''

At Bataan, in the Philippines, the Japanese forced 78,000 American and Filipino troops to lay down their arms. the largest surrender in American military history. Thousands perished on the ensuing death march to a prisoner-of-war camp, and thousands more died of disease and starvation after they arrived.

Pickett's Charge

At Gettysburg. Pickett lead Confederate forces to march on an open field to Union forces. Lee's greatest blunder. His army retreated to Virginia.

2nd Battle of Battle Run

August 1862. Lee (Confederacy forces) once again victorious against Union forces.

John Brown's Raid

Began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion.

Robert E. Lee

Brilliant military tactician. Offered a command in Union army but chose to fight for Confederacy. Gave the Confederacy strategic advantages.

Battle of Antietam - Lee's purpose

Bring border states into Confederacy, persuade Britain + France to recognize southern independence, influence North's fall elections, & even capture Washington D.C

Convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.

Lord North

British Prime Minister during revolution. He had passed the Coercive Acts and supported the king greatly to the extent that Britain was ruled only by the king; we must demonstrate, "whether we have, or have not, any authority in that country."

Gettysburg (July 1863)

CSA's Lee's offensive into Pennsylvania to force peace by the Union or earn foreign support Pickett's Charge and failure and near destruction of CSA military Deadliest battle of the entire war: over 50,000 casualties Widely considered the turning point of the war for a Union victory Point after which people thought the union was going to win.

Election of 1860*

Candidates- Lincoln (Republican), Douglas (N Democrat), Breckenridge (S Democrat), Bell (Constitutional Union) Issues- slavery: Lincoln-opposed, Douglas-pop. sov., Breckenridge-dred scott, Bell-ignores Results- Lincoln wins, SC+6 other states secede

The Founding of Carolina

Carolina was established as a barrier to Spanish expansion north of Florida. A slave colony from the start. Sold captured local Indians to other mainland colonies and to the West Indies.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the California university system�s use of racial quotas in admissions but allowed the use of race as one factor in admissions decisions.

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, authorizing the president to take �all necessary measures to repel armed attack� in Vietnam.

Hernan Cortes

Conquistador who arrived at Tenochtitlan in 1519; with a few hundred men, he conquered the city because of superior military technology, enlisting the aid of some Native allies, but most importantly, disease (smallpox epidemic)

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador who conquered the Inca society; captured the Indian king, demanded and received a ransom, then killed the king anyway

Redeemers

Conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

Social Security Act

Created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare).

Rural Electrification Agency

Created to bring electric power to homes that lacked it�80 percent of farms were still without electricity in 1934�in part to enable more Americans to purchase household appliances.

Federal Trade Commission

Created to enforce existing antitrust laws that prohibited business combinations in restraint of trade.

Creek&Cherokee and native Indians

Creek&Cherokee Indian-white men promoted civilization and native indians were angered about that. The age of prophecy was when the revitalization of tribes and Handsome Lake believed that in order to get autonomy, Indians couldn't keep challenging the whites.

Charter of Liberties

Demanding liberties, the English of New York got an elected assembly, which drafted the charter in 1683.

Democrats and Whigs

Democrats and Whigs differed on issues that emerged from the market revolution. Democrats favored no government intervention in the economy. Whigs supported government promotion of economic development through the American System.

carpetbaggers and scalawags

Derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South; Southern white Republicans�some former Unionists�who supported Reconstruction governments.

The Slave Family

Despite the threat of sale and the fact that marriage between slaves was illegal, many slaves did marry and create families. Slaves frequently named children after other family members to retain family continuity. The slave community had a significantly higher number of female-headed households as compared to the white community.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who denounced Spain for its cruelties against the Indians; he insisted that the Indians are rational beings, and that Spain had no grounds to deprive them of their liberty

Affects of Kansas-Nebraska Acts

Douglas won his railroad and Southern support Virtually repealed the Missouri Compromise Ended the Whig Party and Second Party System

''tough on crime'' movement"

During the 1960s, the nations prison population had declined. But in the 1970s, with urban crime rates rising, politicians of both parties sought to convey the image of being "tough on crime.''

housing discrimination

During the postwar suburban boom, federal agencies continued to insure mortgages that barred resale of houses to non-whites, thereby financing housing segregation.

Mill Girls

Early New England textile mills largely relied on female labor.

Fordism

Early twentieth-century term describing the economic system pioneered by Ford Motor Company based on high wages and mass consumption.

Election of 1816

Election of Monroe (Rep) vs. Rufus King (Fed)

Hart-Celler Act

Eliminated the national origins quota system for immigration established by laws in 1921 and 1924; led to radical change in the origins of immigrants to the United States, with Asians and Latin Americans outnumbering Europeans.

Women's Rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. Raised the issue of woman suffrage The Declaration of Sentiments condemned the entire structure of inequality.

The Union and Blacks/Slaves

Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) "freed" slaves in Confederate states Slavery became an "official" cause of war Army of Freedom 54th Massachusetts (Glory) - unequal pay 200,000 participants; 37,000 casualties Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865)

Lords of Trade

Established in 1675 by England to oversee colonial affairs.

Civil Service Act of 1883

Established the Civil Service Commission and marked the end of the spoils system.

''the American way of life''

Even as unemployment remained high in Britain throughout the 1920s, and inflation and war reparations payments crippled the German economy, Hollywood films spread images of this across the globe.

The Colonial Elite

Expanding trade created the emergence of a powerful upper class of merchants. In the Chesapeake and Lower South, planters accumulated enormous wealth. America had no titled aristocracy or established social ranks.

Vasco da Gama

Explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1487. Demonstrated that a sea trade route to the east was possible.

the Hundred Days

Extraordinarily productive first three months of President Franklin D. Roosevelt�s administration in which a special session of Congress enacted fifteen of his New Deal proposals.

Stamp Act Congress 1765

FIRST FORM OF COLONIAL COOPERATION; 27 colonists from 9 colonies; agreed they were subordinates but said they need representation and would boycott

Stamp Act 1765

FIRST INTERNAL TAX; colonists required to buy stamps on printed materials; offended all colonists (not just merchants), first great drama of the rev war

black families

Family was central to post emancipation black communities, former slaves made remarkable efforts to locate loved ones from whom they'd been separated from under slavery

Fries Rebellion

Farmers in Pennsylvania in opposition to a federal, direct, property tax. John Fries and others released men from prison. Federal army arrested Fries and terrorized his supporters

bonanza farming

Farms that covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers.

Jefferson's view on Indians

Favored removal of Mississippi River Indian tribes who wouldn't cooperate. He wanted Indian land west of the Appalachians, but Washington's policy of settled farming remained in tact.

Red Scare

Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.

separation of powers

Feature of the U.S. Constitution, sometimes called �checks and balances,� in which power is divided between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the national government so that no one can dominate the other two and endanger citizens� liberties.

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Andrew Jackson

Fought off British Invasion in New Orleans 1815. Reunited free men of color to forces (sons of freedom) and promised same pay and bounty as recruits.

American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS)

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 to organize efforts devoted to abolition.

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s; supplanted by the American Federation of Labor.

Standard Oil Company

Founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller in Cleveland, Ohio, it soon grew into the nations first industry-dominating trust; the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was enacted in part to combat abuses by Standard Oil.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Founded in 1910, this civil rights organization brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices and published The Crisis, a journal edited by African-American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois.

Society of American Indians

Founded in 1911, the Society of American Indians was a reform organization typical of the era. It brought together Indian intellectuals to promote discussion of the plight of Native Americans in the hope that public exposure would be the first step toward remedying injustice.

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

Founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights sit-ins and other forms of grassroots protest.

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings

Alien and Sedition Acts

Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of noncitizens.

New France

France's colonial territory in the US; they initially aimed to find gold and a Northwest Passage to Asia; was primarily a commercial venture that failed to attract many colonists; France sent few emigrants there, fearing that many emigrants would undermine France's role as a European power; when Huguenots became persecuted in France, they were unwelcome in New France, who wanted to maintain Catholicism

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (D)*** "Doughface" Winfield Scott (W) Caused many southern Whigs to defect to the Democrats. Huge win for Democrats.

"composite nation" speech

Fredderick douglass condemned prejudice against immigrants from china

Fredrick Douglas

Fredrick Douglas was born a slave but escaped and became an energetic abolitionist. Through his narrative book he exposed the true horrors of slavery.

Race and Opportunity

Free blacks were excluded from the new economic opportunities. Barred from schools and other public facilities, free blacks laboriously constructed their own institutional life. African Methodist Episcopal Church Free blacks were confined to the lowest ranks of the labor market. Free blacks were not allowed access to public land in the West.

Zimmerman Telegram

From the German foreign secretary to the German minister in Mexico, February 1917, instructing him to offer to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona for Mexico if it would fight the United States to divert attention from Germany in the event that the United States joined the war.

Shift of slavery in VA

From tidewater(coastal) to Piedmont (inland)

Nixon and China

Full diplomatic relations between the United States and the People�s Republic of China were not established until 1979, but Nixon�s visit sparked a dramatic increase in trade between the two countries.

The Georgia Experiment

Georgia was established by a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe in 1733. Oglethorpe had banned liquor and slaves, but the settlers demanded their right of self-government and repealed the bans by the early 1750s.

''block grants''

Grants given to states to spend as they see fit, rather than for specific purposes.

The Consumer Revolution

Great Britain eclipsed the Dutch in the eighteenth century as the leader in trade. Eighteenth-century colonial society enjoyed a multitude of consumer goods.

Dust Bowl

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed.

Green Mountain Boys

Group of Vermont Soldiers, led by Ethan Allen, who captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775 in a surprise attack. Gave them vital route to Canada.

slave coffles

Groups chained to one another on forced marches in the Deep South.

Public sphere in 1790s

Growth of american press. Many men wrote pamphlets and essays. The political debates of the 1790s expanded the public sphere. The societies argued that political liberty meant not simply voting at elections but also constant involvement in public affairs.

Penny Press Reasons for Growth & Impact

Growth: -Steam-powered printing press machines -State-mandated public education -Affordable -Simple vocabulary and diction Impact: -Increased literacy rates -More opinionated American public

Fourteenth Amendment

Guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Teapot Dome scandal

Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe Fuels abolitionist guilt and rhetoric in Northern free states

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowes 1852 antislavery novel popularized the abolitionist position.

Land in Pennsylvania

He owned all of the colony's land and sold it to settlers at low prices rather than granting it outright.

What are things that Charles G. Finney preached

He tells people that they are able to help themselves and opens up people's religious feelings

Jefferson's presidency

He wanted limited government and to dismantle the federalist system. He pardoned people imprisoned from the sedition act, reduced government employees, abolished all taxes except tariff, and he paid off part of the national debt.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist Thought blacks should fight for freedom rather than wait for slave-owners to end slavery. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." called for a bloody end to white supremacy. Physically revolt.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Elijah Lovejoy

He was the editor of an abolitionist newspaper in Alton, Illinois and was victimized repeatedly and finally killed when he tried to defend his press from attack.

Dutch Empire

Henry Hudson sailed into New York Harbor and claimed the area for the Netherlands (1609). The Dutch West India Company settled colonists on Manhattan Island (1626). The Netherlands dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century.

Holocaust

Hitler embarked on the final solution, the mass extermination of undesirable peoples: Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and, above all, Jews. By 1945, 6 million Jewish men, women, and children had died in Nazi death camps.

Western Indians

Hopi & Zuni

Bay of Pigs

Hoping to inspire a revolt against Fidel Castro, the CIA sent 1,500 Cuban exiles to invade their homeland on April 17, 1961, but the mission was a spectacular failure.

The Conquest of New Netherland

In 1664, during an Anglo-Dutch war, New Netherland came under control of the English. The terms of Dutch surrender guaranteed some freedoms and liberties but reversed others, especially for blacks.

The Glorious Revolution in America

In 1675, England established the Lords of Trade to oversee colonial affairs. The Dominion of New England threatened liberties. The Glorious Revolution in England resulted in a reestablishment of former colonial governments. A governor was appointed in London rather than elected. The colony had to abide by the Toleration Act.

free blacks

In 1776, fewer than 10,000 free blacks resided in the United States. By 1810, this number was nearly 200,000. Free black men who met taxpaying or property qualifications enjoyed the right to vote under new state constitutions.

Incorporating Louisiana

In 1803, New Orleans was the only part of the Louisiana Purchase territory with a significant non-Indian population. Louisiana's slaves had enjoyed far more freedom under the rule of Spain than they would as part of the liberty-loving United States.

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

In 1826, the brothers began to import silk from Asia, and they quickly earned a sizable fortune gave money to abolitionist causes and became very strong abolitionists

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

In 1831, Nat Turner and his followers marched through Virginia, attacking white farm families. Eighty slaves had joined Turner and sixty whites had been killed (mostly women and children) before the militia put down the rebellion. Turner was captured and executed. Turner's was the last large-scale rebellion in the South. The Virginia legislature debated plans for gradual emancipation of the state's slaves, but voted not to take that step. Instead, Virginia tightened its grip on slavery through new laws further limiting slaves' rights. 1831 marked a turning point for the Old South as white southerners closed ranks and defended slavery more strongly than ever.

The Amistad

In 1839, a group of slaves collectively seized their freedom while on board the Amistad. The U.S. Supreme Court accepted John Quincy Adams's argument that the slaves had been illegally seized in Africa and should be freed.

railroad time zones

In 1883, the major rail companies divided the national into four time zones still in use today.

Result of Economic Improvement in England

Large-scale migration was draining labor from the mother country. Efforts began to stop promotion of emigration.

Brownsville affair

In 1906, when a small group of black soldiers shot off their guns in Brownsville, Texas, killing one resident, and none of their fellows would name them, Roosevelt ordered the dishonorable discharge of three black companies 156 men in all, including six winners of the Congressional Medal of Honor.

Sedition Act

In 1918, the Sedition Act made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast contempt, scorn, or disrepute on the form of government, or that advocated interference with the war effort

Americans with Disabilities Act

In 1990, newly organized disabled Americans won passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. This far-reaching measure prohibited discrimination in hiring and promotion against persons with disabilities and required that entrances to public buildings be redesigned so as to ensure access for the disabled.

Clinton impeachment

In 1998, it became known that Clinton had carried on an affair with Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern. After a report was published, a vote was taken in December 1998 by the Republican-controlled House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice.

First Seminole War

In April 1818 Jackson raided Florida to capture Seminole raiders. Jackson took over most of Spain's most important military posts, and overthrew the governor of Florida. He did all this without receiving any direct orders. This upset many Spanish leaders, but most Americans supported Jackson

''double-V''

In February 1942, the Pittsburgh Courier coined the phrase that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war, the double-V. Victory over Germany and Japan, it insisted, must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home.

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld

In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, it considered the lawsuit of Yasir Hamdi, an American citizen who had moved to Saudi Arabia and been captured in Afghanistan. Hamdi was imprisoned in a military jail in South Carolina without charge or the right to see a lawyer. The administration allowed him to return to Saudi Arabia on condition that he relinquish his American citizenship.

Glorious Revolution for Puritans

In New England, Plymouth was absorbed into Massachusetts, and the political structure of the Bible Commonwealth was transformed. Land ownership, not church membership, was required to vote.

To Secure These Rights

In October 1947, a Commission on Civil Rights appointed by the president issued To Secure These Rights, one of the most devastating indictments ever published of racial inequality in America.

Revolution's radical potential was most evident

In Pennsylvania

'social contract''

In leading industries, labor and management hammered out what has been called a new �social contract.� Unions signed long-term agreements that left decisions regarding capital investment, plant location, and output in management�s hands, and they agreed to try to prevent unauthorized �wildcat� strikes.

Tenant Uprising

In mid-1760s tenants on the Hudson river manors stopped paying rent and began seizing lands. they called themselves the songs of liberty. However, the original sons opposed their uprising

rise of the stock market

In the 1920s, as the steadily rising price of stocks made front-page news, the market attracted more investors. Many assumed that stock values would rise forever. By 1928, an estimated 1.5 million Americans owned stock still a small minority of the country's 28 million families, but far more than in the past.

Bargain of 1877

In the aftermath of a close presidential election, an Electoral Commission declared Rutherford B. Hayes president contingent a variety of compromises and agreements upon his taking office.

child labor

In the early twentieth century, more than 2 million children under the age of fifteen worked for wages.

bonus marchers

In the spring of 1932, 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans descended on Washington to demand early payment of a bonus due in 1945, only to be driven away by federal soldiers led by the armys chief of staff, Douglas MacArthur.

Yeomen

Independent landowning famers who produced food for their own families and nearby plantations. Clung to Democrat's promise to expand US west on behalf of common man because implied opportunities to own slaves. Depended on cooperation among neighbors to get in harvest

North American Indian Differences

Indians north of Mexico lacked literacy, metal tools, and scientific knowledge necessary for long-distance navigation

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Interstate strike, crushed by federal troops, which resulted in extensive property damage and many deaths.

Sugar Act

Introduced in 1764 by Prime Minister George Grenville, reducing the tax on molasses imported into North America from the French West Indies, but also establishing a new machinery to end the widespread smuggling by colonial merchants.

cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine separated cotton seed from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, but difficult to clean, short-staple cotton; led directly to the dramatic nineteenth-century expansion of slavery in the South.

John Deere steel plow

Invented in 1837, it made possible the rapid subduing of the western prairies.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free except those under Union control. Excludes border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army.

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in specie; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer who in 1493 sailed the coast of South America. America would be named after him.

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America

Rotation in Office - Jackson

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

James K. Polk (D) (1845-1849)

Jacksonian Democrat, slave owner, and ardent expansionist Agenda -Independent national treasury, Lower tariffs, Oregon, California, Oregon, "54' 40 or Fight!", 49th Parallel Mexican-American War (1848) Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexican Cession

Glorious Revolution in NY

Jacob Leisler, a Calvinist, took control of New York. Leisler was executed, and New York politics remained polarized for years.

Election of 1856

James Buchanan (D)*** "Doughface" John Fremont (R) Election results establish Republican Party as legitimate national party Millard Fillmore (KNP)

1790 Famous Dinner

Jefferson brokered an agreement where southerners accepted Hamilton's financial plan in exchange for establishment of the capitol on the Potomac River. Pierre-Charles L'Enfant designed a plan for the federal city modeled on European urban centers

Nationalism of John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams enjoyed one of the most distinguished prepresidential careers of any American president. Adams had a clear vision of national greatness. Supported the American system Wished to enhance American influence in the Western Hemisphere

Ferdinand and Isabella

King and Queen of Spain during the age of Exploration in the 15th century; funded Columbus's journey to America's

Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction

LINCOLN'S PLAN Amnesty + full restoration of rights (no slaves) to all white southerners in Louisiana. who took oath loyal to Union + support for emancipation. When 10% took oath, could elect new state gov't . Lenient b/c slaveholders would accept his terms + weaken Confederacy.

Slave Labor

Labor occupied most of a slave's daily existence. There were many types of jobs a slave might perform. Many slaves working in the fields also labored in large gangs. On large plantations, they worked in gangs under the direction of the overseer, a man who was generally considered cruel by the slaves.

Liberty to the English

Land was the basis of liberty.

Share Our Wealth movement

Launched in 1934, its slogan was 'Every Man a King'; the group called for the confiscation of most of the wealth of the richest Americans in order to finance an immediate grant of $5,000 and a guaranteed job and annual income for all citizens.

war in Afghanistan

Launched in response to the September 11th attacks, this war sought to capture Osama bin Laden and remove the Taliban as leaders of the country.

Dawes Act

Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians; broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers.

War Powers Act

Law passed in 1973, reflecting growing opposition to American involvement in Vietnam War; required congressional approval before president sent troops abroad.

workmen's compensation laws

Laws enacted to benefit workers, male or female, injured on the job.

Miami Confederacy

Led by Little Turtle, a group of Indians who partook in open warfare with Americans in the Ohio Valley during the 1790s.

''pet banks''

Local banks that received deposits while the charter of the Bank of the United States was about to expire. The choice of these banks was influence by political and personal connections.

Glorious Revolution in Maryland

Lord Baltimore's charter for Maryland was revoked for mismanagement.

Levittown

Low-cost, mass-produced developments of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt after World War II on Long Island and elsewhere.

Thomas Hutchinson

MA Lt Governor home ransacked by colonist bc he encouraged stamp act publicly, "must be an abridgement of what are called English liberties

Madison and Pressure for War

Macon's Bill no. 2 allowed trade to resume. The War Hawks called for war against Britain. Wished to annex Canada.

Great Migration in America

Massachusetts Bay Company was charted in 1629 to further the Puritan cause and to turn a profit from trade with the Indians.

Shays's Rebellion

Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and 1,200 compatriots, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, attempted to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers.

Gulf War

Military action in 1991 in which an international coalition led by the United States drove Iraq from Kuwait, which it had occupied the previous year.

Economic Bill of Rights

Mindful that public-opinion polls showed a large majority of Americans favoring a guarantee of employment for those who could not find work, the president in 1944 called for this. The original Bill of Rights restricted the power of government in the name of liberty. FDR proposed to expand its power in order to secure full employment, an adequate income, medical care, education, and a decent home for all Americans.

Alamo

Mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

1678 French Claim

Mississippi river

The Civil War & English America

Most New Englanders sided with Parliament

Pueblos

Name for Indian people in Rio Grande who made complex irrigation systems for cornfields; lived in villages of multi-storied, terraced building

"a covenant with death"

Name that Garrison called the constitution due to its pro-slavery policies.

War Hawks

Nationalist political leaders who wanted war against British. Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun were famous war hawks.

Slavery and Moral Suasion

Nearly all abolitionists, despite their militant language, rejected violence as a means of ending slavery. Many abolitionists were pacifists, and they attempted to convince the slaveholder through "moral suasion" of his sinful ways.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

New Deal legislation that established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to improve agricultural prices by limiting market sup- plies; declared unconstitutional in United States v. Butler (1936).

New England vs. Chesapeake

New England had a more equal balance of men and women. New England enjoyed a healthier climate. New England had more families.

Guaranteed complete religious liberty

New York

burned-over district

New York and Erie Canal source of much econ. transformation and changes in social fabric

Middle Colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland

1741 NYC Panic

New Yorkers worry that slaves planned to burn city leading to arrest of 150 blacks

March on Washington

On August 28, 1963, 250,000 black and white Americans converged on the nation�s capital for the March on Washington, often considered the high point of the nonviolent civil rights movement.

Boston Tea Party

On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act of 1773, under which the British exported to the colonies millions of pounds of cheap but still taxed tea, thereby undercutting the price of smuggled tea and forcing payment of the tea duty.

Battle of Antietam

One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought to a standoff on September 17, 1862, in western Maryland.

black families

Once freed, blacks and their families were strengthened and become central to the postemancipation black community. Former slaves made remarkable efforts to locate loved ones from whom they had been separated under slavery.

Battle of Fredricksburg

One of the Union's most disastrous defeats. Lost 12,000 men.

Democratic Party

One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights

Public Works Administration

One section of the National Industrial Recovery Act created the Public Works Administration (PWA), with an appropriation of $3.3 billion. Directed by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, it built roads, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities.

Governor Elections

Only CT and RI could elect their own governor; others colonies the governor was royally appointed

Women and Work

Only low-paying jobs were available to women. Domestic servants, factory workers, and seamstresses Not working outside the home became a badge of respectability for women. Freedom was freedom from labor. Although middle-class women did not work outside the home, they did much work as wives and mothers.

Uprising of 1622

Opechancanough led an attack on Virginia's settlers in 1622. Through a treaty, the English forced Indians to recognize their subordination to the government at Jamestown and moved them onto reservations.

Underground Railroad

Operating in the decades before the Civil War, the �railroad� was a clandestine system of routes and safehouses through which slaves were led to freedom in the North.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the ratification of the Constitution.

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish; state's capital named for him.

William Crawford

Originally from Georgia, Crawford ran in the 1824 election representing the south. He was forced to drop out of the race due to a stroke.

liberalism

Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting the power of government to interfere with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.

Connecticut Foundation

Other spin-offs from Massachusetts included New Haven and Hartford, which joined to become the colony of Connecticut in 1662.

Civil Rights Act

Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation like hotels and theaters.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Owner works scott as a slave in free territory. Roger Taney: pt. 1 slaves are property, so pt 2 they don't have the right to sue, pt 3 said the Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional

Joseph Galloway

PA leader and delegate who wanted compromise; warned that independence would be met w/ disputes predicted Civil War

John Wilkes Liberty

Parliament member unjustly kicked out

Works Progress Administration

Part of the Second New Deal, it provided jobs for millions of the unemployed on construction and arts projects.

Defense of Marriage Act

Passed in 1996, barred gay couples from spousal benefits provided by federal law.

National Defense Education Act

Passed in reaction to America�s perceived inferiority in the space race; encouraged education in science and modern languages through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public schools.

Voting Rights Act

Passed in the wake of Martin Luther King Jr.�s, Selma to Montgomery March, it authorized federal protection of the right to vote and permitted federal enforcement of minority voting rights in individual counties, mostly in the South.

Pennsylvania's Government as Set Up by Penn

Penn established an appointed council to originate legislation and an assembly elected by male taxpayers and "freemen," which meant that a majority of the male population could vote.

The Holy Experiment

Pennsylvania was the last seventeenth-century colony to be established and was given to proprietor William Penn.

One-House state government

Pennsylvania, Georgia, Vermont

Mestizos

People of mixed origin; the offspring of a Spaniard and Indian; by 1600, they made up a large part of the urban population of Spanish America and repopulated the Valley of Mexico, where disease decimated the previous inhabitants

Asiento

Permisson granted from Spain to Britain, instead of Dutch, to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies in Treaty of Uteretch

Lend-Lease Act

Permitted the United States to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying increasing likelihood of American involvement in World War II.

Liberty Pole

Pine tree in New York to oppose stamp act

maternalist reform

Policies such as mothers' pensions designed to improve the living standards of poor mothers and children.

Freedmen in the South

Political Recognition of Freedmen: Voting Rights, Affiliated with Republican Party Desire for Autonomy and Opportunity: Independent churches, Public schools Slavery By Another Name: Sharecropping, Convict leasing

Free Soil Party

Political party organized by northerners taking the approach of free soiler; slavery should not be extended into the land of the Mexican Cession. martin van buren was their presidential candidate in 1848. "free soil, free labor, free men".

Andrew Johnson (D) (1865-1869)

Politics War Democrat Defender of Poor Whites Resented planter class White supremacist Major Issues Reconstruction Impeachment

''balloon frame'' houses"

Prefabricated houses which facilitated further western expansion in the mid nineteenth century.

Emancipation Proclamation

President Abraham Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation on September 22, 1862, freeing the slaves in areas under Confederate control as of January 1, 1863, the date of the final proclamation, which also authorized the enrollment of black soldiers into the Union army.

court-packing plan

President Franklin D. Roosevelt�s failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges.

Truman doctrine

President Harry S. Truman�s program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries�particularly Greece and Turkey�threatened by communism.

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe�s declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would be thenceforth closed to European colonization, and that the United States would not interfere in European affairs.

Louisiana Purchase

President Thomas Jefferson�s 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the United States at a cost of only $15 million.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilsons 1918 plan for peace after World War I; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty.

Jefferson Davis

President of Confederacy. Inferior leader to Lincoln. Unable to communicate war's meaning to ordinary ppl. Didn't use cotton export effectively. Didn't deal w/ obstructionist governors who were against Confederate draft.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

''separate but equal''

Principle underlying legal racial segregation, upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and struck down in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

Rosie the Riveter

Private advertising celebrated the achievements of Rosie the Riveter, the female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self-reliant in Norman Rockwells famous magazine cover.

Fifteenth Amendment

Prohibited states from denying citizens the right to vote because of race.

Executive Order 9066

Promulgated in February 1942, this ordered the expulsion of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War, but southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, defeated the measure in 1846 and 1847.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by the first secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, the bank opened in 1791 and operated until 1811 to issue a uniform currency, make business loans, and collect tax monies. The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 but President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill in 1832.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Proposed to stimulate freer trade among the participants, creating an enormous market for American goods and investment

Effects of the Second Great Awakening

Protestant revivalism Inspired perfectionism Denominational Growth New Denominations Inspired social reform movements (temperance, abolition)

Fugitive Slave Law

Provided federal & state judges and local officials to facilitate return of escaped slaves.

Women in the Nineteenth Century

Published in 1845, Margaret Fuller's work that sought to apply to women the transcendalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development.

Pope's Rebellion

Pueblo Revolt; mainly organized by Pope killed 400 colonists the Spanish abandoned the town the Indians burned christian anything

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Puritan Beliefs

Puritans believed that the Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism. Puritans followed the teachings of John Calvin.

Puritan Liberties

Puritans defined liberties by social rank, producing a rigid hierarchal society justified by God's will. The Body of Liberties affirmed the rights of free speech and assembly and equal protection for all. church and state were closely interconnected.

Puritan Family Structure

Puritans reproduced the family structure of England with men at the head of the household. Women were allowed full church membership and divorce was legal, but a woman was expected to obey her husband fully.

Quaker Beliefs

Quakers believed that liberty was a universal entitlement. Liberty extended to women, blacks, and Indians. Religious freedom was a fundamental principle. Quakers upheld a strict code of personal morality.

Charles Sumner

Radical republican, senator from Massachusetts. Outspoken foe of slavery and defender of black rights. Urged lincoln to arm the slaves in civil war and favored for black suffrage.

Industrial Workers of the World

Radical union organized in Chicago in 1905 and nicknamed the Wobblies; its opposition to World War I led to its destruction by the federal government under the Espionage Act.

Radical Republicans

Radicals Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Midterm Election of 1866 "Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a Democrat!" Won supermajorities in both houses of Congress Believed in punishing the south and Complete freedom for slaves

Name three famous transcendentalists?

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller

Oludah Equiano

Rare slave who survived middle passage and was sold 3 times; eventually freed; shows expansion of freedom and slavery in Britain and stereotypes of slavery

utopian communities

Reform communities where small groups of men and women attempted to establish a more perfect order within the larger society.

Factory System

Samuel Slater established America's first factory in 1790. It was based on an outwork system. The first large-scale American factory was constructed in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts. Lowell The American System of manufactures relied on the mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized, finished products.

French Initial Colonization

Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608, and others explored and claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France. Relatively few French colonists arrived in New France. The white population in 1700 was only 19,000.

''fire-eaters''

Southern nationalists who hoped to split the Democratic party and the country and form an independent Southern Confederacy.

Battle of the Wilderness (1864)

Second battle fought in the thickly wooded wilderness near Chancellorville, Virginia; no clear victor emerged, but the battle served to deplete the Army of Northern Virginia Battle between Grant and Lee.

Brooks-Sumner Incident

Senator Charles Sumner (R) (MA) 'Crime Against Kansas' Speech Rep. Preston Brooks (D) (SC) Becomes a Southern hero

James H. Hammond

Senator from South Carolina, declared that "No power on earth dares to make war upon it [South Carolina]. Cotton is king."

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

March of the Sea

Sherman's idea to march his army from Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia, and then across Georgia to Savannah, Georgia, on the Atlantic seacoast. Destroy railroads, buildings, food + supplies in their way.

caravel

Ship capable of long distance travel

Indian Removal Act

Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians� lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

Treaty of Greenville

Signed in 1795 whereby twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government.

Harpers Ferry

Site of abolitionist John Brown�s failed raid on the federal arsenal, October 16�17, 1859; Brown became a martyr to his cause after his capture and execution.

artisans

Skilled craftsmen.

The Desire for Liberty

Slave culture rested on a sense of the injustice of bondage and the desire for freedom. Slave folklore glorified the weak over the strong, and their spirituals emphasized eventual liberation.

The Threat of Sale

Slave traders paid little attention to preserving family ties.

Slaves and the Law

Slaves were considered property and had few legal rights. Slaves were not allowed to: Testify against a white person b.Carry a firearm Leave the plantation without permission Learn how to read or write Gather in a group without a white person present Although, some of these laws were not always vigorously enforced. Masters also controlled whether slaves married and how they spent their free time. Trial of Celia: Celia killed her master while resisting a sexual assault. Celia was charged with murder and sentenced to die, but she was pregnant and her execution was delayed until she gave birth, so as not to deny the current master his property right.

Early Labor Movement

Some felt the market revolution reduced their freedom. Economic swings widened the gap between classes. The first Workingman's Parties were established in the 1820s. By the 1830s, strikes had become commonplace.

self-discipline

Some reformers believed that self-fulfillment came through the practice of self-control.

The Paternalist Ethos

Southern slaveowners were committed to a hierarchical, agrarian society. Paternalism was ingrained in slave society and enabled slaveowners to think of themselves as kind, responsible masters even as they bought and sold their human property

women in the Confederacy

Southern women were often forced to manage business affairs, discipline slaves, but also stepped out of their traditional ''sphere'' to run commercial establishments and work in arms factories.

Spanish and French Empire Development

Spain - thinly populated and weak economically but spread vastly throughout America and focused on Catholicism France - Some large colonies and sugar plantation esp in LA but prejudiced as place for delinquents

Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain decided to sell Fl to US after a few years of battle

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

border slave slates

States that didn't secede and remained loyal to the Union.

Second Party System (1828-1854): Democrats

States' rights Limited government Laissez-faire Expansionism Pro-slavery Equal opportunity South and West Yeoman farmers, working class, southern planters, immigrants

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians win their case. They were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty -Jackson ignored the ruling. Many die on the Trail of Tears.

common school

Tax-supported state schools open to all children.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Tecumseh was the Shawnee chief who didn't sign the Greenville Treaty and thought whites were evil. Tenskwata was his brother who was a religious prophet, and believed in separation and traditional culture. Tecumseh wanted Neolins pan-indian alliance. He wanted to attack US frontier settlements but when he was absent, William Harrison destroyed his town (Prophetstown).

Army-McCarthy hearings

Televised U.S. Senate hearings in 1954 on Senator Joseph McCarthy�s charges of disloyalty in the army; his tactics contributed to his censure by the Senate.

coverture

Term meaning that women who married surrendered their legal rights to their husband

Tejanos

Texan non-Indian population of Spanish origin.

Horace Mann

The "father of public education". Thought that If we want to be able to compete with other countries we need to change out schooling and if we want to save our Republic we need to educate until at least 8th grade. Late 1830s, MA, United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

Limits of Democracy

The "principle of universal suffrage" meant that "white males of age constituted the political nation." How could the word "universal" be reconciled with barring blacks and women from political participation? A Racial Democracy Despite increased democracy in America, blacks were seen as a group apart. Blacks were often portrayed as stereotypes. Blacks were not allowed to vote in most states. In effect, race had replaced class as the boundary that separated those American men who were entitled to enjoy political freedom from those who were not.

reconquista

The ''reconquest'' of Spain from the Moors by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

Boumediene v. Bush

The 5-4 decision in Boumediene v. Bush affirmed the detainees� right to challenge their detention in U.S. courts.

first modern war

The American Civil War; the first time armies confronted each other with weapons created by the industrial revolution.

The Supreme Court and the Indians

The Cherokees went to court to protect their rights. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia John Ross led Cherokee resistance. Trail of Tears The Seminoles fought a war against removal (1835-1842).

Anglicanism

The Church of England.

New Netherland and the Indians

The Dutch came to trade, not to conquer, and were determined to treat the Indians more humanely, although conflict was not completely avoided.

Election of 1828

The Election year that began the "Age of Jackson" where it was encouraged for men of all standings to participate in political affairs. Jackson ran his campaign around the idea of a "common man" party.

New York and the Indians

The English briefly held an alliance with the Five Nations known as the Covenant Chain, but by the end of the century the Five Nations adopted a policy of neutrality.

English Relations with Indians

The English were chiefly interested in displacing the Indians and settling on their land. Most colonial authorities acquired land by purchase. The seventeenth century was marked by recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians. Wars gave the English a heightened sense of superiority.

Espionage Act

The Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited not only spying and interfering with the draft but also �false statements� that might impede military success.

Half-way Covenant

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

The Rights of Englishmen

The Magna Carta over time came to embody the idea of English freedom: Habeas corpus The right to face one's accuser Trial by jury

The Mormons' Trek

The Mormons were founded in the 1820s by Joseph Smith. The absolute authority Smith exercised over his followers, the refusal of the Mormons to separate church and state, and their practice of polygamy alarmed many neighbors. Mormons faced persecution in New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois; Smith was murdered. Smith's successor, Brigham Young, led his followers to the Great Salt Lake.

Slavery and the Nation

The North was not immune to slavery. Northern merchants and manufacturers participated in the slave economy and shared in its profits. Slavery shaped the lives of all Americans.

Pamphlet making every man equal to his neighbors

The People the Best Governors

Port Huron Statement

The Port Huron Statement devoted four-fifths of its text to criticism of institutions ranging from political parties to corporations, unions, and the military-industrial complex. But what made the document the guiding spirit of a new radicalism was the remainder, which offered a new vision of social change.

''public works revolution''

The Roosevelt administration spent far more money on building roads, dams, airports, bridges, and housing than any other activity in the 1930s.

Banks and Money

The Second Bank of the United States was a profit-making corporation that served the government. Local banks promoted economic growth. The Bank of the United States was supposed to prevent the overissuance of money.

Second Bank of the United States

The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 but President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill in 1832.

Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening added a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination. The Reverend Charles Grandison Finney became a national celebrity for his preaching in upstate New York. The Second Great Awakening democratized American Christianity. Proliferation of ministers Evangelical denominations (e.g., Methodists and Baptists) grew tremendously.

Samuel Sewall

The Selling of Joseph: antislavery tract printed in America

The Shakers

The Shakers were the most successful of the religious communities and had a significant impact on the outside world. Shakers believed men and women were spiritually equal. They abandoned private property and traditional family life.

Fong Yue Ting

The Supreme Court's decision authorizing the federal government to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law.

Iranian coup

The U.S.- sponsored coup that overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh in 1953 created resentments that helped lead to Iran�s Islamic Revolution twenty-five years later.

containment

The United States commitment to preventing any further expansion of Soviet power.

Modern day affects of the Temperance Movement?

The United States drinking age

Jefferson used the U.S. navy against North African states.

The United States had stopped paying tribute to the Barbary pirates to leave its ships alone, and the ruler of Tripoli had declared war on the United States as a result.

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

James Madison

The War of 1812; The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.

politics of memory

The abandonment of the dream for racial equality as the Civil War become more remembered as a quarrel between white American in which blacks had no significant role.

Oneida

The founder of Oneida, John Noyes, and his followers practiced "complex marriage." Oneida was an extremely dictatorial environment.

''American exceptionalism''

The belief that the United States has a special mission to serve as a refuge from tyranny, a symbol of freedom, and a model for the rest of the world.

Education Reform Movement

The common schools movement of 1837 was a movement that stated that all children should attend the same school no matter what their background was. Horace Mann was the leader in the common schools movement. This is important because it lengthened the school hours and formed the type of school system we have today.

Erie Canal

The canal was completed in 1825 and made New York City a major trade port. The state-funded canal typified funding for internal improvements.

Tenochtitlán

The capital of the Aztec empire in what is now New Mexico

Portuguese Navigation

The caravel, compass, and quadrant made travel possible for the Portuguese in the early fifteenth century. The Portuguese established trading posts, "factories," along the western coast of Africa. Portugal began colonizing Atlantic islands and established plantations worked by slaves.

The Slavery of Sex

The concept of the "slavery of sex" empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. Marriage and slavery became powerful rhetorical tools for feminists.

military-industrial complex

The conjunction of �an immense military establishment� with a �permanent arms industry'' with and influence felt in ''every office'' in the land.

factory system

The consolidation of an entire manufacturing process under a single factory roof.

Constitution use of males

The constitution didn't actually say "male" in it but women wanted the use of she in it.

Law Response to Market Economy

The corporate form of business organization became central to the new market economy. Many Americans distrusted corporate charters as a form of government-granted special privilege. The Supreme Court ruled on many aspects of corporations and employer/employee rights.

the Bank War

The debate during Andrew Jackson's presidency over the rechartering of the Bank of the United States.

iron law of supply and demand

The economic theory that determined wages and prices for goods and services.

Carolina's Initial Economy

The economy grew slowly until planters discovered rice, which would make them the wealthiest elite in English North America.

moral suasion

The effort to move others to a particular course of action through appeals to moral values and beliefs, without the use of enticements or force.

abolition

The emancipation of slaves and the removal of slavery as a social institution.

Indian Removal

The expansion of cotton and slavery led to forced relocation of Indians. Indian Removal Act of 1830 Five Civilized Tribes The law marked a repudiation of the Jeffersonian idea that civilized Indians could be assimilated into the American population.

Women and the Household Economy

The family was the center of economic life, and all members contributed to the family's livelihood. In the eighteenth century, the division of labor along gender lines solidified.

Sonia Sotomayor

The first Hispanic and third woman justice in the Supreme Court's history, confirmed in August 2009.

Mattachine Society

The first gay rights organization that worked to persuade the public that apart from their sexual orientation, gays were average Americans who ought not to be persecuted.

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Seneca Fall Convention

The first national woman's rights convention; created the Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

Indian Views on Land

The idea of owning private property was foreign to Indians. Indians believed land was a common resource, not an economic commodity. Wealth mattered little in Indian societies, and generosity was far more important.

liberty of contract

The idea that contracts reconciled freedom and authority in the workplace.

free trade

The idea that economic life should be directed by the ''invisible hand'' of the free market rather than by government intervention.

''perfectionism''

The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact by eliminated.

General John Sullivan

The leader of an expedition in 1779 against hostile Iroquois, with the aim of ''the total destruction and devastation of their settlements and the capture of as many prisoners of every age and sex as possible.''

Emilio Aguinaldo

The leader of the Philippine War against American occupation.

Slavery and the Law

The line between slavery and freedom was more permeable in the seventeenth century than it would become later. Some free blacks were allowed to sue and testify in court.

Northern Army of Virginia

The main army of the Confederacy

Army of the Potomac

The main army of the Union

Army of the Potomac

The main army of the Union.

Indentured Servitude & English Immigration

The majority of settlers in North America were young, single men from the bottom rungs of English society.

Who Emigrated out of England

The majority of settlers in North America were young, single men from the bottom rungs of English society.

Cotton Kingdoms

The market revolution and westward expansion heightened the nation's sectional divisions. The cotton gin revolutionized American slavery. Slave trading became a well-organized business. Slave coffles Historians estimate that around 1 million slaves were shifted from the older slave states to the Deep South between 1800 and 1860.

Balkan crisis

The most complex foreign policy crisis of the Clinton years arose from the disintegration of Yugoslavia, a multi-ethnic state in southeastern Europe. Within a few years, the countrys six provinces dissolved into five new states. Ethnic conflict plagued several of these new nations.

southern paternalism

The outlook that both slave and master needed to care for one another.

Women and Work

The participants at Seneca Falls rejected the identification of the home as the women's "sphere." The "bloomer" costume

Public and Private Freedom

The party battles of the Jacksonian era reflected the clash between public and private definitions of American freedom and their relationship to governmental power. Democrats supported a weak federal government, championing individual and states' rights. Reduced expenditures Reduced tariffs Abolished the national bank Democrats opposed attempts to impose a unified moral vision on society. Whigs believed that a strong federal government was necessary to promote liberty. Whigs argued that government should promote morality to foster the welfare of the people.

Indian Response to War of 1812

The period from 1800 to 1812 was an "age of prophecy" among Indians as they sought to revitalize Indian life. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa tried to revive a pan-Indian movement and unite against white Americans. William Henry Harrison destroyed Prophetstown at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811).

impressment

The practice of kidnapping sailors.

contraband of war

The practice of treating escaped blacks as property of military value subject to confiscation.

contraband of war

The practice of treating escaped blacks as property of military value subject to confiscation. Union policy of ignoring slavery unraveled. Allowed Union to undermine slavery in the South, the foundation of their economic + social parts of life

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Ostend Manifesto

The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

Reconquista

The reconquest of Spain from the Moors (African Muslims) in 1492; was completed during reign of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella; to ensure religious unification, they required all Muslims and Jews to either convert or leave the country

Puritanism

The religion of a group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so they would have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England

the Texas revolt

The revolution of Texas against Mexico led by Stephen Austin that resulted in Texas's independence in 1836.

dower rights

The right of a married woman to one-third of her husband's property in the event that he died before she did.

suffrage

The right to vote.

Valley Forge

The site where Washington's army camped during the frigid winter of 1777-1778.

Army of Northern Virginia

The smaller main army of the Confederacy.

Why is public education in the South still a rarity after the Public Education Reform?

The spread out plots people lived on made it hard to have a school and rich plantation owners could pay to have tutors for their kids

Laws Regarding Slaves Grow Stricter

The status of the offspring followed that of the mother. In 1667 the Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that conversion to Christianity did not release a slave from bondage.

''new world order''

The sudden shift from a bipolar world to one of unquestioned American predominance promised to redefine the countrys global role. President George H. W. Bush spoke of the coming

misery index

The sum of the unemployment and inflation rates.

Maintaining Order

The system of maintaining order rested on force. There were many tools a master had to maintain order, including whipping, exploiting divisions among slaves, incentives, and the threat of sale.

Atlantic slave trade

The systematic importation of African slaves from their native continent across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World, largely fuelled by rising demand for sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco.

the ''new Negro''

The term New Negro, associated in politics with pan-Africanism and the militancy of the Garvey movement, in art meant the rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place. This quest led the writers of what came to be called the Harlem Renaissance to the roots of the black experience Africa, the rural Souths folk traditions, and the life of the urban ghetto.

multiculturalism

The term for a new awareness of the diversity of American society, past and present, and for vocal demands that jobs, education, and politics reflect that diversity.

''spoils system''

The term�meaning the filling of federal government jobs with persons loyal to the party of the president� originated in Andrew Jackson�s first term.

Columbian Exchange

The transatlantic flow of goods and people that altered millions of years of evolution; Europe was introduced to corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco and cotton; the Americas were introduced to wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and brand new germs and diseases

Columbian Exchange

The transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with Columbus's voyages.

Second American Revolution

The transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War.

Second American Revolution

The transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War. The power + responsibilities of the gov't expanded. America was viewed more as a nation than Union. North's economy became more industrialized + prosperous. New financial system. Women had more opportunities to step into public sphere. Divided North public.

VA Economy

Tobacco was Virginia's substitute for gold. The expansion of tobacco production led to an increased demand for field labor.

''free coinage'' of silver"

The unrestricted minting of silvery money called for by William Jennings Bryan.

French Relations With Native Americans

The viability of New France depended on friendly relations with local Indians; they had the most enduring alliance with them in colonial North America; Indians were soon swept into European conflicts, and vice versa; more often, French converted to Native society than Natives converting to French society; Jesuits did try to convert Indians to Catholicism, but gave them a high degree of independence

Reformers and Freedom

The vision of freedom expressed by the reform movements was liberating and controlling at the same time. Many religious groups in the East formed reform groups promoting religious virtue.

South Carolina Regulators

Their main issue was a lack of representation and of government; wealthy landowner protest

herrenvolk democracy

Theory in Antebellum South that although there were inequalities among whites, all whites still shared in their superiority to all blacks, a theory that enabled the southern planter elite to minimize class antagonisms among whites, led to unity of South in Civil War

What reform was connected to all other reforms? Why?

They women's rights reform because they were effected in all other reforms (Temperance: husbands drinking, Abolition: female slaves, Health: corsets, Education: women had to teach the children)

NSC-68

This 1950 manifesto described the Cold War as an epic struggle between �the idea of freedom� and the �idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin.� At stake in the world conflict, it insisted, was nothing less than �the survival of the free world.� One of the most important policy statements of the early Cold War, helped to spur a dramatic increase in American military spending.

Charles G. Finney

This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. This region of New York became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside

Smith Act

This legislation made it a federal crime to ''teach, advocate, or encourage'' the overthrow of the government.

Executive Order 8802

This order banned discrimination in defense jobs and established a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to monitor compliance.

Last defeat of Confederacy

Union general Grant encircled Lee's army. Lee surrendered.

Tariff of 1833

This was a compromise bill. It would gradually reduce the tariff of 1832 by10% over an8 year period. It would be a 20-25% tax on dutiable goods. Henry Clay wrote the bill. It ended the nullification crisis when South Carolina accepted the compromise.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This setback nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy. Americans continued to distrust banks. Causes: Bank loans, war, move westward

author of Notes on the State of Virginia.

Thomas Jefferson

A Summary View of the Rights of British America

Thomas Jefferson to VA delegates; a "free people claiming their rights , as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate"

Three distinct slave systems were well entrenched in Britain's mainland colonies:

Tobacco-based plantation slavery in the Chesapeake Rice-based plantation slavery in South Carolina and Georgia Nonplantation societies of New England and the Middle Colonies

turnpikes

Toll roads constructed by localities, states, and private companies.

international commerce

Trade between two nations.

Last of the Mohicans

Tragedy of encroachment of European/American civilization on Natives Use of nature as a form of developing characters

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Two Shawnee brothers who called for attacks on American frontier settlements.

Cortés & Pizarro

Two Spanish conquistadores, Cortés and Pizarro, led devastating expeditions against the Aztec and Inca civilizations, respectively, in the early 1500s.

Election of 1868

Ulysses S. Grant (R)*** Horatio Seymour (D)

Indian New Deal

Under Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier, the administration launched this. Collier ended the policy of forced assimilation and allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy. He replaced boarding schools meant to eradicate the tribal heritage of Indian children with schools on reservations, and dramatically increased spending on Indian health.

John Tyler

Vice-president under Harrison brought in to gain support of the South. His presidency was responsible for the veto against another Bank of the U.S and settled the Texas and Maine disputes in the country

Zachary Taylor (W) (1849-1850)

War hero of Mexican-American War States' rights, but no secession Views on Slavery Slave owner No expansion of slavery Refused to sign Compromise of 1850 Died after a year in office

General John Sullivan

Went against the Iroquois

squatters

Western migrants who set up farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title.

Iran hostage crisis

When Carter in November 1979 allowed the deposed shah of Iran to seek medical treatment in the United States, Khomeini�s followers invaded the American embassy in Tehran and seized fifty-three hostages. They did not regain their freedom until January 1981, on the day Carter�s term as president ended. Events in Iran made Carter seem helpless and inept and led to a rapid fall in his popularity.

camp meetings

When a reverend stands on a stage and people gather around and listen to him preach

The Abolitionist Schism

When organized abolitionism split into two wings in 1840, the immediate cause was a dispute over the proper role of women in antislavery work. American Anti-Slavery Society (favored women in leadership positions) American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (opposed women in leadership positions) The Liberty Party was established in hopes of making abolitionism a political movement.

''liberal internationalism''

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy that rested on the conviction that economic and political progress go hand in hand.

''moral imperialism"

Woodrow Wilson's idea that Americans were ''meant to carry liberty and justice'' throughout the world.''

Zachary Taylor

Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (mexican-american war). won the 1848 election. surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. he died during his term and his vice president was millard fillmore.

Election of 1840

Whigs were united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system

Slavery and Liberty

White southerners declared themselves the true heirs of the American Revolution. Proslavery arguments begin to repudiate the ideas in the Declaration of Independence that equality and freedom were universal entitlements. John C. Calhoun believed that the language in the Declaration of Independence was dangerous. George Fitzhugh, a Virginia writer, argued that "universal liberty" was the exception, not the rule. By 1830, southerners defended slavery in terms of liberty and freedom; without slavery, freedom was not possible.

Confederate States of America*

Who- SC, TX, FL, GA, AL, MI What- New nation for slavery When- After Lincoln election Why- Claim states rights *Lead to the Civil War

Fort Sumter*

Who: Robert Anderson(Union) v. P.G.T. Beauregard(Confederacy) What: P.G.T. attacks Union ships delivering water and supplies Where: Ft. Sumter, SC *Beginning of Civil War

Popular Sovereignty*

Who: Stephen Douglas and Louis Cass What: People of a territory decide if they want slavery after voting When: 1840s-1850s Where: Western Territory Why: Try and solve slave problem *Doesn't work, leads to violence

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (W) "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Martin Van Buren (D) Suffers from Panic of 1837 *harrison wins and dies, tyler takes over

United States in Russia

Wilsons policies toward the Soviet Union revealed the contradictions within the liberal internationalist vision. On the one hand, in keeping with the principles of the Fourteen Points and its goal of a worldwide economic open door, Wilson hoped to foster trade with the new government. On the other, fear of communism as a source of international instability and a threat to private property inspired military intervention in Russia

the ''flapper''

With her bobbed hair, short skirts, public smoking and drinking, and unapologetic use of birth-control methods such as the diaphragm, the young, single woman epitomized the change in standards of sexual behavior, at least in large cities.

Native American Gender Relations

Women could engage in premarital sex and choose to divorce their husbands, and most Indian societies were matrilineal. Since men were often away on hunts, women attended to the agricultural duties, as well as the household duties.

Women and Free Speech

Women lectured in public about abolition. Grimké sisters The Grimké sisters argued against the idea that taking part in assemblies, demonstrations, and lectures was unfeminine. Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (1838) Equal pay for equal work

women and war work

Women took advantage of the wartime labor shortage to move into jobs in factories and into certain largely male professions, particularly nursing.

The Rise of the Public Woman

Women were instrumental in the abolition movement. The public sphere was open to women in ways government and party politics were not.

Daughters of Liberty

Women who spun and wove at home so as not to purchase British goods.

Women's Rights Movement

Worked towards getting women equality under the law, divorce rights, suffrage rights; Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

free labor

Working for wages or owning a farm or shop.

women at work

Working women in 1960 earned, on average, only 60 percent of the income of men. Despite the increasing numbers of wage-earning women, the suburban family�s breadwinner was assumed to be male, while the wife remained at home.

''patriotic assimilation''

World War II created a vast melting pot, especially for European immigrants and their children. Millions of Americans moved out of urban ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves into the army and industrial plants where they came into contact with people of very different backgrounds.

muckrakers

Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the twentieth century; their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.

Democracy in America

Written by Alexis de Tocqueville in the early 1830s, a classic account of America society in the midst of its political transformation.

Letters from an American Farmer

Written by Hector St. John de Cre?vecoeur, this French work illustrated the process of exclusion of non-white citizens in the American community.

Thoughts on Government

Written by John Adams in 1776; insisted that the new state constitutions should create ''balanced governments.''

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Written by Mary Wollstonecraft; asserts the ''rights of humanity'' should not be ''confined to the male line.''

Notes on the State of Virginia

Written by Thomas Jefferson and published in 1785; a comparison of the races that claimed blacks lacked, partly due to natural incapacity and partly because the bitter experience of slavery had rendered them disloyal to the nation.

Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

Written by Thomas Jefferson, this bill eliminated religious requirements for voting and officeholding and government financial support for churches.

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

a black veteran of the abolitionist movement, embarked on a two year tour, lecturing on "literacy, land, and liberation"

the Popular Front

a period during the mid-1930s when the Communist Party sought to ally itself with socialists and New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of the capitalist system rather than revolution

engagés or indentured servants

a servant or slave who was formally bonded to be such a worker OR Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

matrilineal societies

a society where the children became members of the mother's family instead of the father's

Mexican War

after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000

Treaty of Greenville

after largest csualties suffered by american troops to indians (630), Indians cede most of ohio and indiana to national govt

Toleration Act (1690)

allowed Protestant Dissenters (but not Catholics) to worship freely, although only Anglicans could hold public office; Glorious revolution

sharecropping

allowed each black family to rent a part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers Crop-lien system Tenant farming Exodusters - started anew in western territories from south

Continental Congress

coordinate resistance to the Coercive Acts; colonial leaders from all colonies except Georgia; defended actions w/ "the liberties of free and natural born subjects w/in the realm of England", and the "immutable law of nature' also used principles of the constitution (British) and Lockean ideas of universal liberty

Indians of E. N. America

corn, squash, and beans and supplemented it by fishing and hunting. Tribes frequently warred with one another; however, there were also many loose alliances. Diverse

Office of War Information

created in 1942 to mobilize public opinion, illustrates how the political divisions generated by the New Deal affected efforts to promote the Four Freedoms. The liberal Democrats who dominated the OWIs writing staff sought to make the conflict a peoples war for freedom.

Poe

explored deeper world of emotion w/ tragic books embrace the search for a new liberating spirit 1st book in 1827 Fear is the strongest emotion Frowned upon optimism

Sojourner Truth

former slave who escaped and became an abolitionist and women's rights activist

Robert Smalls

former slave who worked on docks and secretly delivered conf. ship to union forces, elected five times in congress

Specie

gold or silver

Swamp Fox

militias under Francis Marion that used hit and run attacks to help erode Bitish presence in SC; also brutal treatment of Americans by Colonel Tarleton persuaded many americans to join patriot cause

Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

opposed the 15th amendment b/c it did nothing to enfranchise women. National Woman suffrage association, led by stanton

Prime Minister George Grenville

ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1764

yeomen

small scale white farmers

animism

the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

After the war, the slaves who fought for the British

they claimed that it would dishonorable to go against their word but they ended up in Nova Scotia, England, and Sierra Leone some even re-slaved.

Robert Carter III, 1796 and Richard Randolph

they provided emancipation for many of their slaves

Washington's farewell address

warned against party spirit and told countrymen to avoid international power politics

Benjamin Rush 1773

warned that slavery was one of those "national crimes" that one day would bring "national punishment"

Underground Railroad

was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century enslaved people of African descent in the United States in efforts to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause.

Oliver Cromwell

who ruled England from 1649 until his death in 1658, pursued an aggressive policy of colonial expansion, the promotion of Protestantism, and commercial empowerment

black communities

with the end of slavery, institutions that had existed before the war were greatly strengthened and began to expand. some examples: black families, free blacks churches and schools, and the secret slave church all expanded and freed from white supervision

seditious libel

A crime that included defaming government officials in published works.

factories

Portuguese fortified trading posts on the western coast of Africa.

English liberty

An idea that certain ''rights of Englishmen'' applied to all within the kingdom.

Stono Rebellion

An uprising in South Carolina by slaves that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

republicanism

Political theory in eighteenth-century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom.

The Sovereignty and Goodness of God

A popular captivity narrative written by Mary Rowlandson.

Zheng He

A Chinese Admiral who led seven large naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean.

Neolin

A Delaware religious prophet whose teachings contributed to Pontiac's Rebellion.

Popé

A Pueblo Indian who became the main organizer of an uprising that aimed to drive the Spanish from their colony and restore the Indians' traditional autonomy.

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan compromise allowing for the baptism and a subordinate church membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration.

Metacom

A Wampanoag leader, called King Philip by colonists, who was the mastermind behind a 1675 uprising against settlers known as King Philip's War.

Roanoke colony

A base set up off the North Carolina coast in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh.

Father Junipero Serra

A controversial figure who founded the first California mission in San Diego in 1769.

Glorious Revolution

A coup engineered by a small group of aristocrats that led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II

maize

A crop that formed the basis of agriculture in the Western Hemisphere.

Walking Purchase

A fraudulent transaction in 1737 whereby Pennsylvania Governor James Logan acquired a large tract of land by hiring runners to mark land; the Lenni Lanape Indians had agreed to cede land that a man could walk in thirty-six hours.

Loyal Nine

A group of merchants and craftsmen who had taken the lead in opposing the Stamp Act.

Gullah

A language that mixed various African roots that was mostly unintelligible to whites.

Uprising of 1622

A surprise attack on Virginia's settlers that was led by Opechancanough.

headright system

A system in which any colonist who paid for his own or another's passage from London was rewarded with fifty acres of land.

''task'' system"

A system whereby individual slaves were assigned daily jobs, and the completion of which allowed them time for leisure or farming of their own.

''cousinocracy''

A term referring to the tight-knit and intermarried nature of the Virginia upper class.

mercantilist system

A theory that government should regulate economic activity as to promote national power.

backcountry

An area stretching from central Pennsylvania southward through the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and into upland North and South Carolina.

Pequot War

An armed conflict that led to the destruction of one of New England's most powerful Indian groups.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

An autobiography of an freed slave that gives insight into slave life and challenges many period stereotypes towards blacks.

runaways

Escaped slaves seeking freedom from their owners.

circulating libraries

Establishments that made possible wider dissemination of knowledge, as books were still expensive. The first, the Library Company of Philadelphia, was established by Benjamin Franklin in 1731.

Great Awakening

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield.

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia expelled by the British.

freedom of expression

Generally not considered one of the ancient rights of Englishmen; there was no legal protection of free speech in the 17th century.

Black Legend

Idea that the Spanish New World empire was more oppressive toward the Indians than other European empires; was used as a justification for English imperial expansion.

Great Migration

Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years.

writs of assistance

One of the colonies� main complaints against Britain, the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling.

Sons of Liberty

Organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act.

Creoles

Persons born in the New World of European ancestry.

peninsulares

Persons of European birth living in the colonies.

captivity narratives

Publications written by colonists who had been captured by Indians.

Pilgrims

Puritan Separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620.

Society of Friends (Quakers)

Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the �inner light� or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.

''deference''

The assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried a right to public office.

Tenochtitlán

The capital city of the Aztec empire, in present-day Mexico.

sugar

The chief crop produced by slaves in the Western Hemisphere during the eighteenth century.

tobacco colony

The expansion of tobacco cultivation in Virginia.

House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in colonial America.

John Winthrop

The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

John Smith

The leader of the early Virginia colony.

Bacon's Rebellion

Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley�s administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands.

Pueblo Revolt

Uprising in 1680 in which Pueblo Indians temporarily drove Spanish colonists out of modern-day New Mexico.

Two Treatises of Government

Written by John Locke around 1680, but became largely influential in the next century. He wrote on the principles of government, the social contract between man and government, and the natural rights of man.

A Discourse Concerning Western Planting

Written in 1584 by Richard Hakluyt, this work lists twenty-three reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies.