APUSH notecards

Great Depression

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it (1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.

Covert Resistance

The secret/discreet form of resistance during the time of slavery. Covert resistance appeared in Gullah, religious songs, songs with secret meanings of escape, doing poor/slow work, etc. This was one way slaves upheld their African customs, also Gullah, the ring shout dance, etc. Mixing that culture with American culture, they inadvertently created a uniquely African American way of life. In addition, the resistance in the form of escape or poor work helped fuel the growing discontent with slavery, helping lead to their eventual emancipation.

Atlantic Slave Trade (16th-19th cent. ch. 2)

Transportation and enslavement of (mostly) African people. The slaves were shipped to the Americas by way of the Atlantic ocean. Slaves were mostly taken from West Africa and used as a labor source in the New Colonies (primarily southern colonies). Slaves aided the development of the plantations by providing cheap labor. Slavery shaped much of America's history because it was a trend that was consistent throughout all the colonies.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

the three goals of FDR's New Deal. Relief of American people's immediate needs; Recovery of America's business and economy; and Reform of laws to prevent the nation's problems from happening again.

Franklin Roosevelt

1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944; Democrat; New Deal to end great depression (created an "alphabetocracy" of agencies): two parts: First 100 Days and 2nd New Deal; social security created under the New Deal, opposition from Supreme Court, so he tried "court packing" (people didn't like that), tried to maintain neutrality in WWII, but had ties to allies (Lend Lease Act, strong economic ties), 1941: Pearl harbor ("a date which will live in infamy"), US enters WWII, died in 1945 while in office 1932 to 1944; Created New Deal reforms to combat Depression; Established Social Security; Assisted homeless & unemployed; Federal Deposit Insurance Company; Security & Exchange Commission; Civil Conservation Corp (CCC); Led US through WWII; Established United Nations; Led US from isolationism to internationalism; America became a superpower; Government permanently expanded its role in society; Focused attention & power in Oval Office

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Homogeneous Society

A society of people of all the same nature: their origin of nationality. One example would be the Puritan New England colonies. An example to the contrary would be the intermixed Spanish and American Indian territories. When one group of people live together exclusively they achieve a very single minded society. That is evident in New England. They achieved a strict and moral religious society with their single sighted goal of "a city on a hill". At the same time, they hindered acceptance and advancement with their strict intolerant rules/laws.

Mercantilist Economy

America provided raw goods to Britain and Britain used those goods to manufacture products that were sold in European markets and back to the colonies. The increase of mercantilists in the 18th cent. led to the Triangular Trade, which traded raw and manufactured goods and slaves between America, Europe, and Africa. As mercantilism benefitted the settlers and some Indians, it started a slave trend in the colonies. Due to the increasing rate of raw goods being produced, there was more land to cover and more people were needed to farm the land. Indentured servants were brought to America, Native Americans were exploited, and slaves were shipped in from Africa.

Atlantic World

Consists of the empires bordering the Atlantic Ocean that interact and trade with one another. The Atlantic World began when New England created a trading web across the Atlantic that brought the bordering countries into interaction. These crucial relationships molded the global politics and economics.

Enlightenment Ideas

Created by European thinkers, they involved new age theories of government, philosophy, sciences, and education. These ideas came to the new world along with the immigrants. These revolutionary ideas encouraged free thinking in the new world, which would lead to the ideas that independent America would be founded on.

Staple Crops

Crops that formed the economic foundation for most civilizations (corn, rice, indigo, tobacco). Staple crops led to the creation of the plantation colonies : Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. As these crops became more popular in the colonies, the more slaves were needed to grow the crops. As well as slaves, staple crops led to the expansion of land needed westward along rivers. The led to even more Native American conflict with the settlers.

World War II (1939-1945)

D- The causes of World War II were: growing Italian fascism, war being declared by Great Britain and France after Germany invaded Poland, Japanese invasions in China, and the growth of Hitler's Nazi Party. The World War had started since nations from Europe and Asia were being affected, but the U.S. remained isolationist until the bombing of Pearl Harbor and German submarine warfare was too much to resist. Sig- World War II consisted of many significant actions by all nations. German Nazi's set up concentration camps for Jews and other minorities because they were inferior to the rest of the European people, and many of these minorities weren't put into camps--they were immediately executed. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, which later affected the Americans' use of nuclear weapons and led to the creation of Japanese internment camps in Western America. Internment camps were not created for Italians and Germans in America because they had no distinct physical features like the Japanese-Americans. The U.S. lost its neutrality after being tormented by German submarines and Japanese kamikaze pilots. The U.S. forever changed the war after dropping the first two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending WWII for good and showing the rest of the world that they had nuclear weapons that they weren't afraid to use.

Indentured Servants

Displaced English workers and farmers desperate for employment. Many were young not too poor, not too rich men. They were shipped to America and labored for Chesapeake masters for 4-7 years. In exchange the masters paid their voyage and room/board. After their contract expired they received a small plot of land and their freedom. Indentured servants provided a labor force to work the tobacco fields and increase the colonies' economic gains. Also, they helped to increase the population as 300,000 young men came to America as servants. In the end the labor force they created was still too small for the large plantations so owners had to also turn to Africans.

Immigration Quotas

Emergency Quota Act of 1921, restricting newcomers from Europe in any given year to a definite quota, which was at 3% of the people of their nationality who had been living in the United States in 1910. Immigration Act of 1924 replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Different countries were only allowed to send an allotted number of its citizens to America every year. Japanese were outright banned from coming to America. Canadians and Latin Americans, whose proximity made them easy to attract for jobs when times were good and just as easy to send back home when times were not, were exempt from the act.

Space Race (1957-1960s)

ID- A competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States. It began when the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik, in 1957. This race was fueled by the fears and tensions of the Cold War. Sig- Not wanting to be bested, the president wanted to further the United States' dominance in this competition by adding more math, science, and foreign language requirements in schools. Space technology became very important because of its potential military usage.

Cold War (1945-1952)

ID- A conflict the Soviet Union and The U.S. that never resulted in actual physical war between the two but deadly threats. The Soviet Union was communist and intent and spreading it and The U.S. wanted to contain communism. The tension led to a buildup of deadly arms on both sides. Sig- The constant fear of nuclear attack during the time of the Cold War made a big impact on America. Bomb shelters were created and attack drills were practiced often. At home, the red scare caused many people to be accused of being communist and were tried. The Cold War finally ended when the Soviet Union disintegrated. Having severe economic problems, The Soviet Union got a new ruler and economic reforms. The Soviet Union's influence over Easter Europe decreased, and countries near by moved away from communism. By 1991 The Soviet Union had fallen apart and the Berlin Wall had been torn down.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

ID- A great landmark case in the supreme court led by a team of NAACP lawyers. They argued that segregation of black children in public schools was unconstitutional because it violated the the 14th amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws." Sig- The court ruled that 1) separate facilities are inherently unequal and unconstitutional and 2) school segregation should end with all deliberate speed. There was massive opposition in the south, including a resurgence of the KKK, the closing of public schools, and an attempt by governor Orval Faubus to stop 9 black kids fro, integrating at Central High School.

Communism

ID- A political theory in which all property is publicly owned. Although countries around the world differed in their practice of communism. Sig- This theory was cause for a lot of The U.S.'s international affairs during this period (i.e. The Cold War, Korean Conflict, etc.). Communism was the cause of the Red Scare. In the U.S. people were so afraid of communism spreading to The U.S. that they started to turn on eachother. People began accusing each other of being communist, many were prosecuted, black listed, or lost their jobs due to accusations

Optimism (1945-1960s)

ID- After World War II, Americans had many optimistic views on their nation's future. The economy boomed, people started to believe in their own civil rights, and political parties started to emerge. Automobiles, radios, and televisions were found in almost every American home. Sig- Television shows and movies were played nationwide and provided a source of entertainment and a stress-free environment for Americans. Everyone was updated with recent news via radio, television, and newsletters, especially with the increasing use of media. The youth represented themselves through their new clothing styles and by creating a counterculture. Many concentrations of teenagers were found at concerts and at school because of the new push for youth education. With the rise in national reformations, Americans felt good about themselves and their country's future.

Baby Boom (1946-1964)

ID- After World War II, lots of soldiers returned home, got married, and had children. This generation of children had a great impact on the economy; as the children started to grow up, different industries were needed. For example, when the baby boom began, there was a high consumer demand for baby supplies, but these supplies weren't needed once the baby boom babies grew up. Sig- In the 1960s, when the babies were teenagers, new designers were needed and a period of counterculture became popular. This was the decade of the hippies and the sexual revolution. In the following decades, the job market was affected by the high number of workers, employed and unemployed.

Juvenile Delinquency (1950-1960)

ID- After a large period of conformity and alienation, the baby boom children grew up to challenge traditional beliefs. They rebelled against the education system, created anti war movements. These youth were also very emotionally expressive through music, and art. As well as experimenting with sex and drugs. Sig- Although the rebellion of these so called delinquents showed the frustration and alienation of the youth of this time. The adults were annoyed with their refusal to cooperate with societal standards. However, these delinquent youth eventually had to outgrow their rebellion and calm down to find jobs.

Conservatism

ID- After the huge surge in the "free-thinking" hippies of the 1960s and 1970s, more traditional Americans disagreed with the free love and carefree attitude of these radical people. Some classified themselves as the Moral Majority, which was a conservative Christian political action committee. Sig- The conservatives of the late 20th century were marked as Americans who disliked the thought of Big Government, and preferred laissez-faire policies. Although Richard Nixon was considered a Conservative, he took many actions as president that would suggest otherwise, such as creating tax cuts.

Social and Economic Equality (1960s-present)

ID- After the nation was swept with the African-American Civil Rights movement, many other minorities began to realize that they desired equality, too. They began to pin for their rights using the same tactics as the famous Civil Rights movement. Sig- Minorities such as Latinos, Native Americans, and women all wanted to have their own right to equality. They began to form groups and unions to concentrate their efforts for change. Most of their requests were not even that demanding, such as the Latino farm workers' request for basic rights such as having a bathroom break on the job.

Environmental Problems (early-1970s)

ID- Air and water pollution along with the destruction of the environment and wildlife represented the growing concern of the public. There were massive oil spills and industrial disasters that questioned the benefits of modern technology. Sig- Congress passed the Clean Air Act and created the Environmental Protection Agency along with the Clean water Act and Endangered Species Act. Superfund was created to clean up toxic dumps. These laws regulated toxic substances, public drinking water systems, dumping of waste, and protected natural environments and wildlife.

Collective Security (1945-1980)

ID- Collective security is a term used for nations that are dependent on a national or international organization as their defense against aggressors instead of having a national self defense. The United Nations was established in April 1945 to keep world peace and to support and struggling, powerless countries. A Security Council was formed and headed by the U.S., U.S.S.R., China, Britain, and France, who were given permanent veto powers. Sig- One of the United Nations actions was the formation of Israel, a new nation that would act as a homeland for Jews. Other programs supported nations worldwide by providing them with food, education, and health benefits. During the Cold War, Soviets had attempted to starve out all Allies in Berlin so they could have total control over Germany's capital, but this led to the Berlin Airlift. Nations from Germany's occupational zones (U.S., Britain, France) all carried food and supplies on planes and dropped them into the capital with mini parachutes.

Containment

ID- Containment was a foreign policy used to stop the expansion of communism. The U.S. went about this by making alliances with other countries that wanted to resist becoming communist. Sig- This was especially important during the time of the Cold War. Truman responded to the communist Soviets with the formation of the containment doctrine in 1947. This doctrine came from George Kennan, and it declared that the Soviet Union and communism were expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War.

Decolonization

ID- Decolonization is the process, whether peaceful or not, of giving a colonized region its independence. For example, France "decolonized" (Vietnam fought France and beat them) the nations that made up French Indochina which they owned which led to the creation of Vietnam and eventually started the Vietnam War due to conflicts in ideologies. Sig- The significance of decolonization during this time period is the nations that it created and the actions that they took. For example, when the US backed President of Vietnam wasn't doing much good and was found to be very corrupt, Ho Chi Minh emerged as an alternative candidate. But, since he was communist, this led to the Vietnam War when the North (Communist/Ho Chi Minh) fought to unify Vietnam under communism.

Massive Retaliation (1953-present)

ID- Dulles advocated placing greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power and spending less on conventional weapons. In theory this would save money (more bang for the buck), help balance the budget, and increase pressure on enemies. In 1953 the US developed the first hydrogen bomb but within a year the soviets had their own hydrogen bomb. Sig- To some, the policy of massive retaliation seemed like a policy for mutual extinction. Nuclear weapons proved to be a powerful deterrent against the superpowers fighting an all-out war between themselves.

Middle-Class Suburbanization (1950's)

ID- During this great economical boom, jobs were plenty, and wages were high enough to live privileged lifestyles. Americans no longer had to live in small city apartments within walking distance of their jobs. Now they could afford to live out in suburbia and drive to wherever their job was located. Housing contractors developed an efficient construction system in which a large mass of similar houses were built extremely quickly. Americans began to move out of the cities and into the suburbs. Sig- This large scale migration distributed the masses out of the city and into more open suburban areas. This created a need for more suburban schools, grocery stores, and other community needs. The similar housing style contributed to conformist lifestyle. Although some jobs moved out to the suburban lands, a large majority remained in the large cities, which were now easily accessible by car, which mostly all of middle class americans had at this time.

Hydrogen Bomb (1952)

ID- In 1952, president Truman approved the development of a bomb a thousand times stronger than the A-bomb that had destroyed Hiroshima. Also in 1952, the hydrogen bomb or H-bomb was added to the US arsenal. Sig- The hydrogen bomb was so powerful that the superpowers knew that even if their enemies had a few H-bombs, both countries would anielate each other. In this way, the hydrogen bomb prevented the superpowers from, fighting an all out war between themselves.

Civil Rights Movement (1950-1968)

ID- It was a movement with revolutionary significance to race relations within the United States. after world war 2, people started to demand change regarding race relations. African Americans were still by law segregated from whites in schools and were kept from voting by poll taxes and literacy tests. Sig- Events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Central High School integration movement, and sit-ins by college students forced law-makers to change racist legislation. The Civil Rights Movement showed how unfree and undemocratic the US was but also changed attitudes and actions towards blacks for the better.

Non-Violent Civil Disobedience(1957-1960s)

ID- It was a way to protest the laws that promoted inequality and racism in a non-violent way. Sig- It allowed blacks and other mistreated people to protest in a way that they think is morally right. Also, it helped the movement gain sympathy and momentum because when people across the country saw peaceful sit-ins and marches met with violent police forces, they gave their support to the civil rights movement.

Liberalism (mid-1960s)

ID- Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Sig- This idea led various liberal groups to identify with blacks' struggle against oppressive controls and laws. The first group were college and university students.The Students for a Democratic Society(SDS), led by Tom Hayden, issued the Port Huron Statement. This statement called for university decisions to be made through participatory democracy. They became known as the New Left which represents liberalism.Students protested on a variety of university rules. Demonstrations grew as the US got involved with the Vietnam war for anti war protests.

Lyndon Johnson (1964-1968)

ID- Lyndon Johnson became the president after the death of Kennedy, in the midst of the Vietnam War. Johnson is most well-known for the great advancements he helped make in the civil rights movement, as well as his "Great Society" policy. Even though America was fighting a lost war, Johnson continued to send reinforcements into Vietnam, ruining his public image. Sig- The civil rights movement soared in the 1960's because Johnson supported desegregation. Desegregation and integration were Johnson's greatest achievements during his presidency. Although America simply could not win the Vietnam War, Johnson continued to funnel troops and supplies into the war effort. Because of this, the public people began to hate Johnson. This caused him to refrain from running for re-election at the end of his first term.

Conformity/Homogeneous Mass Culture (1950')

ID- Mass culture and conformity go hand in hand with the idea of the nuclear family. During this era people would rather fit in than stand out. Families lived in identical subdivision houses, drove the same car, wore similar clothes, and lived similar lifestyles. There was extremely little individuality, however social competition was high. The idea of "keeping up with the Joneses" meant buying all the things your neighbors had to avoid seeming out of place. Sig- Conformist culture was a great aspect of american life for companies to profit off of. Families would buy pretty much anything they believed would make them fit in. However, the similarity of all people sparked deep alienation within citizens. Although people blindly followed the trends, they recognized their limited individuality. Songs like "Pleasant Valley Sunday" and "Little Boxes" mocked the conformist lifestyle. Eventually the children raised in this widespread lifestyle will grow into the culturally rebellious group known as the hippies who reject traditional values and believe in pursuing individual life paths.

Multilateral Economic Framework (1945-1980)

ID- Multilateral economic framework is the concept of maintaining world peace and having different world powers regulate the world's economy in unison. The Western Allies created the International Monetary Fund to regulate currency exchange rates and to encourage world trade. Sig- In 1947, the Truman Doctrine was formed to prevent the spread of communism and to contain the Soviet Union. The U.S./Truman proposed that it would aid any nation that was fighting Communist aggression as an act of containment. Also, the Marshall Plan was revised and sent over $12 billion to help with the rebuilding and recovery of Western Europe.

Nationalist Movements (1948-1960)

ID- Nationalist Movements refers to any mass strive towards pride and nationalism in one's country. This includes countries such as Egypt, Vietnam, Iran, and India. Each movement caused different events such as the Vietnam War, Suez Crisis, and installments of new leaders. Sig- Nationalist Movements in different countries sparked revolutions that the US would want a say in, in some cases. For example, when Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh blended a strong nationalism with a concept of communism, he attempted to bring that to all of Vietnam, which meant ousting the US backed anti-communist, South Vietnamese President, Diem. Ho Chi Minh's blend of nationalism also gathered him the support of many Vietnamese people which also led to the cancellation of the elections in fear of Ho Chi Minh being legitimately elected by the people.

Nonaligned (1948-1960)

ID- Nonaligned refers to a country's affiliation with other nations, particularly superpowers such as the Soviet Union or the US. It can also refer to groups such as Allied or Axis powers. Famously nonaligned countries include Switzerland during WWII, and India during the Cold War. Sig- The significance of nonaligned countries during this time period includes some of the impacts of these countries staying neutral during times of conflict. For example, during the Cold War, most countries aligned with either the Soviet Union or the United States. One example of a country milking the benefits of being nonaligned (which meant that each side would "court" them) was Egypt when the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, openly interacted with the Soviets. They attempted to milk the benefits in order to get the funds to build a dam in the upper Nile and when the US saw this clear communist affiliation, they pulled out. This also was one of the causes of the Suez Crisis, because the President of Egypt decided to nationalize the Suez Canal.

Postwar Affluence (1945-1950s)

ID- Postwar affluence was the result from America's production efficiency after World War II. For example, research and development rose as an industry and led to the creations of other industries such as electronics, plastics, and aerospace (NASA). These new industries and job opportunities were mostly located in the Sunbelt. Also, the use of new and cheap energy led to the increase of many consumer products. Sig- Research and development contributed to new inventions, leading to more technology and less people working in rural areas. As people were forced to find jobs in cities, American production was never better. For energy, all homes received oil, gas, coal, and water through electrical cables that connected several communities. This also meant that energy became cheaper, which helped the automobile industry--almost every family owned two cars!

"Great Society" (1963-1966)

ID- The "Great Society" policy was an idea Lyndon Johnson had during his campaign against republican Barry Goldwater. His idea for Great Society was for Americans to work together to build a society that eliminated the troubles of the poor, as well as creating equal education and job opportunities for all. Sig- The Great Society idea came about as a direct result of the impending civil rights movement. A major feature of the Great Society was the "War on Poverty." The "War on Poverty" caused the government to raise minimum wage as well as create programs to train the poor for new and better jobs.

National Energy Policy (1970s)

ID- The American oil consumption of gasoline and other products was rising, leading to an increasing dependence on oil imported from abroad. This led to the energy crisis and intervention from OPEC during the 1970s. Sig- Many presidents, such as Jimmy Carter, had plenty of thoughts on how to change the way the United States created and consumed its energy. Carter had many ideas that included alternative energy sources such as solar and the deregulation of oil and natural gas prices.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

ID- The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, and gender. This act was proposed by Kennedy in 1963, and was signed into law by Lyndon Johnson on July 2nd, 1964. Sig- The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered to be one of the most impactful achievements of the civil rights movement. By prohibiting segregation in public places, it allowed for integrated schools and workplaces.

Korean Conflict (1950-1953)

ID- The Korean Conflict was from 1950-1953. North Korea was supported by their fellow communists,The Soviet Union, and the "democratic" South Korea was supported by The U.S. and a small United Nations force. The U.S. was involved in the hopes that they could communism from spreading to all of Korea. Sig- In the beginning is seemed as though The U.S. and South Korea would be successful until China got involved and pushed their forces back down to southern Korea. After two years of negotiations, an armistice was signed that set a new 38th parallel, allowed POWs to go, and created a 2 mile demilitarized zone.

Middle East (1948-1960)

ID- The Middle East is mainly comprised of all Arabic countries including several ethnic groups such as the Arabs, Kurds, Turks, and Persians. This area during this period as well as currently, is one that experiences large revolutions and some political instability due to them. Some revolutions/political changes include that of Iran. Sig- Several major events occurred in the Middle East during this time period. This includes the Suez Crisis in Egypt which occurred when several other countries such Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt in reaction to the nationalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.

OPEC (1960)

ID- The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries was created in 1960 to unify and regulate the countries, mainly in the middle east, that used oil as their main export. Sig- In 1979 when a massive fuel shortage occurred in the US, OPEC raised the price of the petroleum. This cause a huge inflation in the United States' economy right as president Jimmy Carter went into office.

"Sun Belt"(1945-1960)

ID- The Sun Belt is the section of 15 states in the southern region of America. These states experienced tremendous growth in the job market during the 40's and 50's. Although the job market was steady during this period, Americans moved to this region due to the job availability. Sig- The migration of citizens towards this region stimulated local economies. Also, do to the large population of this region, they became a political powerhouse, gaining more representative seats for these states

Vietnam War (1964-1969)

ID- The Vietnam War was a long and costly war starting in 1955 and ending in 1975. It was a conflict between North Vietnam and it allies (known as Viet Cong) and South Vietnam and its ally The U.S. During the Cold War, not only did the U.S. build up tension toward the Soviet Union but also towards any of its allies. North Vietnam was communist, and President Kennedy was worried about the "domino theory", if one Asian country falls to communism they all will. Therefore, the U.S. began its military and financial support for Diem and South Vietnam. Sig- Many U.S. troops were being sent to Vietnam, there was even draft. Just as the intensity of the war increase, so did its opposition at the American home front. Many Americans did not support the war, and even burned their draft card. An example of opposition towards the war is the protest that took place outside of the Pentagon. The anti-war movement increased, and when Nixon came to presidency he tried to start pulling troops out of Vietnam and have public peace talks in Paris. In 1973 the war finally ended with a peace agreement between the U.S. and North Vietnam. However conflict between North and South Vietnam continued. Thousands of Americans died and billions of dollars were spent

Desegregation

ID- The first emergence of legal desegregation was during the 1960's. The desegregation of public schools and other public places was caused directly by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, after a 9-year battle between African Americans and white Americans. Sig- Although desegregation is linked to the 1960's, the civil rights movement started in 1955. Even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted, white Americans were still unwilling to let African American children into schools with white children. However, this period of desegregation is thought of one of the greatest victories in the civil rights movement.

Military-Industrial Complex (1960)

ID- The idea of a "Military-Industrial Complex" was used by Eisenhower in his farewell speech when talking about his fear of the United States becoming one. What it actually is, is a relationship between a nation's military, economics, and government. It also means a close relationship between industrial production and military policy. This would, in turn, mean a society that is based completely on the military is also purely meant to provide anything that it needs in terms of industrial production. Sig- Eisenhower used this term because he was fearing that the United States was focusing too much on war because at the time, the United States was upgrading all of its defenses and military equipment because of the Vietnam war and for the Cold War in general. Eisenhower also warned that this massive development in armaments could prove detrimental to the United States, but he did recognize the immediate cause for this (Cold War).

Nuclear Arsenal (1917-present)

ID- The nuclear arsenal was an enormous collection of nuclear weapons big and small, relatively, including (A-bombs and H-bombs). It has grown to include nuclear war heads, capable of hitting targets across the globe, and nuclear defense systems that can destroy nuclear war heads in space before the destroy a city. Sig- These nuclear arsenals prevented the superpowers from fighting a large scale war because they both knew that the other one's nuclear arsenal was extremely powerful. However, the arsenals could not prevent "brush fire" wars between the superpowers, like the one in the Middle East or the Cuban missile crisis.

Escalation (1968)

ID- The policy of increasing military involvement in Vietnam. Sig- The rising political instability of South Vietnam came from the leader Diem being killed. This led to President Johnson and Secretary of Defense McNamara increasing U.S.'s military and economic support for the region. As the war escalated, The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed, it gave President Johnson broader powers when it came to war decisions. Operation Rolling Thunder ensued which consisted of frequent bombing raids. As the war intensified, so did America's involvement.

Burgeoning

ID- The process of burgeoning means to begin to flourish rapidly. The 1960's were a time of civil rights burgeoning, especially in the area of feminism. The second wave of feminism came in this period, and with it came protests, the National Organization of Women, and the creation of the Women Studies Department. Sig- The National Organization of Women (NOW) was the greatest feminist organization and is still in existence today. It fought mainly for the opportunity for women to receive higher education, as most women of the time were expected to only be mothers and homemakers.

Traditional Nuclear Family (1950's)

ID- The traditional nuclear family was one constructed by mainstream americas idea of a proper family, and emphasized by american media and advertising. The nuclear family included a father, a mother, and usually two children, one boy and one girl. In this idealistic situation, the father would go to work at a 9-5 office job, and the mother would stay home attending to the children and the housework. This family lived in suburbia in a medium sized house. Sig- During the late 40's and early 50's when this generalization was popular, companies would advertise with this standard in mind. Cleaning and kitchen products were directly advertised towards women, claiming to make their household chores easier, under the assumption that only women would be doing the housework. While the nuclear family did offer a sense of security and belonging to families who fit this stereotype, it limited both women and men by supporting gender roles. The nuclear family would soon come to be non-existent as women broke into the workforce.

Immigration Act of 1965

ID- This act abolished discriminatory quotas based on national origins of the 1920s. Sig- There was a great shift from most of the immigrants coming from Europe and Canada to immigrants from Latin America and Asia. This occurred because refugees of communist takeovers from Cuba and Vietnam arrived.

Détente (1969)

ID- This french word, meaning truce or cease-fire, was used to describe the effort by Richard Nixon to ease the Cold War tension. Sig- This deliberate reduction of tension and enhancement of world peace came about in the middle of the Cold War. The treaty was marked by the signing of the SALT I, which was the Strategic Arms Limitation Talk with the USSR.

Counterculture (1960s)

ID- This new culture was expressed by young people of the baby boom in rebellious styles of dress, music drug use, and communal living. The dress code included long hair, beards, beads, and jeans. Some singers gave voice to the younger generation's protests while other rock bands provided the beats and lyrics of the counterculture. Sig- the baby boomers believed fervently in the ideals of a democratic society. They wished to cut out unresponsive authority, poverty, racism, and war. the distrust of the government expanded when they learned about the secret bombing in Cambodia as well as the realities of the Vietnam war that differed from what was told by the president.

Sexual Revolution (1960s)

ID- This revolution derived from the attitudes from the counterculture on sexual expression. Alfred Kinsey's research indicated that premarital sex, marital infidelity, and homosexuality were more common than anyone had suspected. Sig- Antibiotics for venereal diseases and birth control pills were introduced as a result. This led to casual sex with a number of partners rather than for children or a creation of a family. Sexual themes in advertisements, magazines, and movies made sex appear to be just another consumer product.

Anglicanization

Loyalty to British culture; bringing British life overseas to the colonies instead of embracing a new culture. After the Protestant Reformation, Puritans and Separatists left England for the northern American colonies because of Henry VIII's religious dominance. Though the Anglican religion was not continued in the American Colonies, English laws still applied in some colonies. Royal colonies were controlled by the governors appointed by the English crown so everyone had to accept English social, political, and institutional patterns of life during the 18th cent.

Dutch Colonization

The Dutch settling of North America started with Fort Nassau, which served as a trading post with the Indians. Fort Nassau was soon replaced by Fort Orange. The Dutch West India Company created the province known as New Netherlands on the east coast. The New Netherlands of the east coast stretched so far north the English forced the dutch to retract its border and one if its main trading posts with it.

Overt Resistance

African slaves in the colonies had resisted their owners since their first introduction to North American, but over time their tactics were refined in many forms, overt or visible resistance being one of them. Either by rebellions(ie the Stono Rebellion 1739), running away, or performing daily acts such as slowing down work, slaves had many overt tactics to resist against their captors and owners.

Intermarriage (ch. 2)

Two people of different races marry, during colonial times this was often illegal. Despite it being illegal, intermarriage sometime occurred strategically. Intermarriage was looked down upon, especially with African American slaves. If a white person married a slave they would have to assume the status of the slave. Sometimes intermarriage was used to show alliance (ex. Pocahontas and John Rolfe, Powhatan and Jamestown.