APUSH Period 5

The 13th amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights.

13th - abolished slavery 14th - citizen if born in US (equal protection under law( 15th amendment - universal male suffrage (didn't mention gender)

The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution.

14th said all persons born or naturalized in U.S. were citizens 15th didn't mention gender Some people believed blacks suffered long enough and they needed rights first

Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land in the South.

Black codes Contracts bound signer to permanent and unrestricted labor Plantation owners owned majority of land

Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve.

Black codes Sharecropping Civil Rights Act of 1875 African American, Hiram Revels, elected in 1870 to take the Senate seat from Mississippi Presidential vs. radical reconstruction - Congress determines when to re-admit states Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African Americans rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights int he 20th century.

Black codes Sharecropping Presidential policy (giving Johnson power to grant individual pardons to "disloyal" southerners KKK

The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased immigration to and settlement in the West

California gold rush Religious refuge Farmers can move West and make more money because they could get more land South wanted to expand slavery

Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states' rights were protected by the Constitution.

Congress couldn't deprive anyone of property, slaves were property Everyone, including poor whites, were higher in social standing than slaves Framers of Constitution didn't intend Africans Americans to be citizens Slaves had it better off than northern factory workers African Americans, like Native Americans, were savages

The Second Party Sytem ended when issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.

Election of 1860 caused the break up of Democrats (Northern Dems and Southern Dems) Kansas Nebraska Act caused Republican Party to develop Know Nothings Party Whig Party is gone

Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America's founding democratic deals.

Ensured all men were created equal Kept European countries from aiding South Boosted Union moral

Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.

Farmers can gain more land in West Push Republican values in "inferior" Native Americans South wanted to expand slavery Ostend Manifesto (going to Cuba in attempt to take it over) Walker Expedition Spread US beliefs and institutions

The North's expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy's dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free-labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor.

Free soil movement - keep slavery from expanding West only be opened to whites to prevent immigrants and free blacks from taking jobs from whites

Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development.

Government provided subsides for RR Homestead Act (gave land with promise to improve land)

Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs.

Irish settled in cities Northwest, Catholic Germans settled midwest (frontier) as farmers Chinese settled in West as miners, farmers, and factory workers Nativist movements Immigrant children attended religious schools

African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves' escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals

John Brown's Raid Underground Railroad Uncle Tom's Cabin

U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia

Kanagawa Treaty (opened trade with Japan) Clipper ships Missionaries spread Christianity in China

The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories

Kansas Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Compromise of 1850 Wilmot Proviso (accepted by House because most were Northerners, rejected in Senate because there was an equal amount of Northern (free) and Southern (slave) states Dred Scott decision

The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict.

Kansas Nebraska Act -> Bleeding Kansas Compromise of 1850 -> Popular sovereignty Compromise of 1850 ->Fugitive Slave Law Dred Scott decision ->Lincoln-Douglas debates Slaves were property and couldn't be taken away Congress didn't have power to regulate slave territories LA added as a free state (tips balance in favor of free states) Slave trade abolished in D.C

A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence.

Know Nothings Union Party

Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates Confederate States of America Election showed southerners that they had no say in government

The U.S. added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican-American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands.

Mexican Cession Oregon Territory Gadsden Purchase Wilmot Proviso

U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from Americans Indians and Mexico, altering these groups' economic self-sufficiency and cultures.

Slavery moved into Texas territory Americans didn't listen to Mexican government US expected Natives to adopt white ways

Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation re-framed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping undermine the Confederacy.

Trent Affair Antietam Confiscation Acts Slaves freed in all areas of rebellion that kept European countries from siding with the Confederacy

Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front position.

Union used factories to make weapons Confederacy used cotton in attempt to get trading partner Britain to help them Both sides used drafts North: rich could higher someone to take their place in draft South: Farmers didn't want to fight or let their slaves fight

Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South's infrastructure.

Vicksburg (won Mississippi) Grant Sherman's March (destroyed South infrastructure) Anaconda Plan (block South) Antietam (kept European countries from aiding Confederate) North: large population and more factories