apush period 6

boss tweed/thomas nast

-William M. "Boss" Tweed was the boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party headquarters in New York City. Tweed ran an organization that helped immigrants in neighborhoods, most notably the Irish, and rose in politics as his society expanded. He was later convicted in 1877 for stealing an estimated 1-2$million in taxes through political corruption, His political machine played a major role in controlling New York City politics. -Thomas Nast was a cartoonist who relentlessly attacked Tweed's corruption. Tweed despised Nast because, although many people in Tweed's district couldn't read about the corruption, they could understand the pictures and it ultimately led to the conviction of tweed

dawes act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners, it took of all of their communal land reservations and divided them up into individual tracts for families and got rid of tons of their land

standard time

A system adopted in 1918 that divided the US into four time zones. Given to us because of the Railroad system.

indian troubles

As white settlers moved into the Great Plains region, they battled the Plains Indian tribes in a series of conflicts known as the Sioux Wars, which lasted from 1854 to 1890, the discovery of gold in the Black Hills region of South Dakota brought prospective miners into the area and onto the hunting grounds of the Sioux Indians. The US Army responded to the pleas of the white settlers and miners for protection against the Sioux, and the Great Sioux War of 1876-77 erupted. the battle of little big horn was the last major conflict between the US Army and the Sioux tribe. the ghost dance also took place during this time because Americans killed all of the buffalo and native Americans wanted to drive out the white men and bring back the buffalo

jacob riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen, focused on photographing children, particularly theives to promote change and reform

populist party

Founded 1891 - called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers, was founded for the purpose of correcting the issues most applicable to the people

new immigrants

Immigrants came from war-torn regions of southern and eastern Europe, such as Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Croatia, and Czechoslovakia. This new group of immigrantswas poorer and less educated than the Irish and German immigrants who had made the journey to the United States earlier in the century, they came to the east but on the other side of America, Chinese immigrants came to work and mine and made up a significant amount of the Californian population, all immigrants, especially Chinese were viewed as a different race and discriminated against.

trusts

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a "trust" was a monopoly or cartel associated with the large corporations of the Gilded and Progressive Eras who entered into agreements—legal or otherwise—or consolidations to exercise exclusive control over a specific product or industry under the control of a single entity. ex: Rockefeller and his company standard oil

homestead strike/pinkerton

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

railroad impact on farmers

Land, mining, and improved transportation by rail brought settlers to the American West during the Gilded Age. New agricultural machinery allowed farmers to increase crop yields with less labor, but falling prices and rising expenses left them in debt, even though farmers were mad about the railroads and complained about them, they still brought the farmers the equiptment they needed

slum conditions

Most cities were unprepared for rapid population growth. Housing was limited, and tenements and slums sprung up nationwide. Heating, lighting, sanitation and medical care were poor or nonexistent, and millions died from preventable disease. Many immigrants were unskilled and willing to work long hours for little pay. many people were crowded together and waste was everywhere

munn v. illinois

Munn v. Illinois drew an important and lasting distinction between interstate commerce, which is the federal government's domain, and domestic commerce, which a state is free to regulate. Munn v. Illinois was considered a win for the National Grange because it upheld the maximum prices they had fought for,,,,,The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders (intrastate), including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. 1895, Any action against manufacturing monopolies would have to be taken by the state.,,, point is: STATE COULD REGULATE BUSINESS

homestead act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

settlement houses

Settlement houses were organizations that provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants, often including education, healthcare, childcare, and employment resources. Many settlement houses established during this period are still thriving today. Jane Addams was on the frontline of the settlement house movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and started the hull house

plessy v. ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal, caused jim crow laws to formed, resulted in separate but not the equal part

andrew carnegie - gospel of wealth

andrew carnegie believed that rich people with money to spare like him had a God given duty to to be philanthropic and not die with so much money in their possession but to plug it back in to society so that other people had a chance to make it big like he did, he did this not by giving people free charity but by investing it in public works like libraries, theaters, concert halls, and public universities

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

social darwinism

social darwinism is a theory that is derived from biological darwinism which means survival of the fittest or the concept of big fish each littler fish, many people applied this concept to the time because big businesses and corporations gobbled up little businesses and took over entire industries through horizontal and vertical integration

labor union effect on business in the gilded age

the great railroad strike of 1877 shut down more than 60% of the nations railroads- this particular strike caused railroad owners to listen to the laborers so no more violence occurred , angry laborers started strikes and slowdowns demanding higher wages and fewer hours, knights of labor was a huge union with lots of following. labor unions during this time period were not largely successful but they set the stage and were the start of labor reform movements to come

horizontal integration

type of monopoly when a company buys out all of its competition and takes over an entire industry, ex the rockefellers buying up 90% of the oil industry and creating a large monopoly called standard oil

vertical integration

type of monopoly where an investor buys out all of the processes associated with their products as well, ex a steel industry monopolizer buying up the mining business, transport business, and everything that is associated with the production of steel

pullman strike

when George pullman tried to cut the wages of his workers during the panic of 1893, the workers tried to bargain with him but he went ahead and fired all of them. this caused them all to go on strike and Eugene v. debs instructed the laborers of his union not to work on any railroad cars that said pullman on them. the railroad owners sided with pullman and they developed a scheme to load mail in the train cars so that when workers refused to work on the cars, they were technically by law interfering with federal mail and debs and many union members were jailed. strike ended after that