Biology Exam 3

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks?

evolution

Flavr-savr tomatoes were the first GMO that were approved by the FDA for human consumption.

True

A product of photosynthesis, ________ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms.

glucose

................................is any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

antigen

occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus. This is an example of ________.

antigenic drift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called ________.

antigenic shift

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

The modern era of genetic manipulation began when scientists first learned how to insert genes into

bacteria

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ________ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.

carbon

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

Wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of

climate change

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ________ cycle.

lytic

Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

methane and carbon dioxide

Genetically modified bacteria can be used in biotechnology to produce

pharmaceutical compounds

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as

plasmids

Which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle?

respiration from humans and animals

European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.

endotoxin

Climate can best be described as

the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ________ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ________ of the chloroplast.

thylakoid; stroma

Antigens are

foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA?

Adenine pairs with uracil.

Global climate change is acccelerating the development of GMOs to

All are correct

The ultimate goal(s) of successful plant GMOs is(are) to

All are correct

Which of the following is a potential use for genetically modified animals?

All are correct

Which of the following is a way that bacteria have been genetically modified?

All are correct

Which of the following is the focus of current GM plant research related to improving health of the human population?

All are correct

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain a constant internal environment.

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks?

All of the answer choices are correct.

...............................act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

Cytokines

All genetically modified organisms are transgenic.

False

Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.

False

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen?

Glaciers and snow coverage decrease.

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.

By genetically engineering pigs, scientists are investigating ways to

Provide organs for human transplants

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.

What do all greenhouse gases have in common?

They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy.

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification?

They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell.

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered

in a way that would not occur in nature

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been

increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

Which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.

How does climate change affect earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

The greenhouse effect

is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

In the ........................... cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA. the virus remains inactive (or latent).

lysogenic