APUSH Unit 1 Terms
Covenant
(Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return
Presbytarians
Irish Calvinists who, through Parliament, created a national church that threatened Elizabeth's Protestant/Anglican nationalism.
Slave Codes
Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved african americans and denied them basic rights
Charlestown
Named for King Charles II --rapidly became the busiest seaport in the South. Many high-spirited sons of English landed families, deprived of an inheritance, came to the Charleston area and gave it a rich aristocratic flavor. Religious toleration.
Separtists
One of a group of 16th and 17th century English Protestants preferring to separate from rather than to reform the Church of England
Pueblos
They in the Rio Grande Valley build elaborate irrigation systems and lived in villages of multi-storied, terraced buildings when the Spanish made contact with them in the late 16th c.
Mound Builders
They lived in the lower Mississippi Valley built large permanent settlements around rectangular plazas, used iron tools, wove woolen fabrics, and buried their dead in collective graves covered by mounds.
Triangular Trade
Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.
Salutary/Benign Neglect
Undocumented, though long-standing British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws
Patroonships
Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.
First Families of Virginia
Wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony
Diversity in the Colonies
62% british, 20% african, 18% everyone else- intermarraige creates new identities- most able to social climb and lived comfortably
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
The Elect
Calvin's term for those destined for salvation, regardless of what actions they may commit during their mortal life on earth.
George Fox
English religious leader who founded the Society of Friends (Quakers) (1624-1691)
Mayflower Compact
1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
Dominion of New England
1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros
Martin Luther
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Half-way Covenant
A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.
De Soto
A Spanish conquistador who traveled through what is now Georgia looking for gold and riches. he was the first European to reach the Mississippi River in 1540.
"Utopia"
A book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island without taxation
Congregational Church
A church grown out of the Puritan (a separtists ) church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves
Maryland
A colony founded by Lord Baltimore which acted as a safe haven for Catholics. It included the Act of Toleration
Joint Stock Company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
Bodies of Liberties
A constitution of the Massachusetts Bay Colony that included the right of petition and due process: considered the first comprehensive statement of American liberties (first substantial colonial constitution)....favored written laws over vague English Common law
Act of Toleration
A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.
Pocahontas
A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.
Restoration Colonies
A number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the latter half of the 17th century, ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration. The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus. The two major restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina.
William Bradford
A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. Introduced individual land ownership for incentives and paid off debts to the English creditors with profits from fur trade.
Iroquis Confederacy
A powerful group of Natie Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and the Oneida. Had meetings that included checks and balances, and sachems.
Fundamental Orders of Conneticut
A set of laws that were established in 1639 by a Puritan congregation who had settled in the Connecticut Valley and that expanded the idea of representative government.
Primogeniture
A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.
Black Gold
African Slavery
Leisler's Rebellion
Against the Dominion and pro-Dominion Governor Nicholson (in part because of resentment against NY Aristocracy—political and Social/Economic). Instated Governor Leisler.
King Phillips War
Also in Connecticut Valley—with the Wampagonoag's—leader was known asking Phillip, or Metacom to his own people—caused by encroachments on to their land—he attacked settler 52 towns over a 3 years period, killing over 1,000 Puritans
Columbian Exchange
America to Europe: buffalo, iguana, rattlesnakes, tobacco, maize, corn, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, squash, pumpkins, syphillis Europe to America: battle, pigs, horses, sheep, sugar, bananas, typhus, flu, smallpox
Benjamin Franklin
American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.
Mercantilism
An economic (political) policy that stated there was only a finite amount of wealth in the world. It maximizes exports and minimizes imports.
Bacon's Rebellion
An uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.
Edmond Andross
Appointed head to the Dominion of New England. Hated by colonists for his arrogance, close ties to Anglican Church, Responsible for enforcing Navigation laws, closing down some Town Committees, and silencing Colonial newspapers
Carolinas
Colonies formed when King Charles II granted a large chunk of land to eight nobles
De Balboa
Crossed the land passage in Panama and became the first European to view the Pacific ocean
Ashley Cooper
Earl of Shaftsbury, principal proprietor of the Carolinas: wanted a planned and well ordered community. With John Locke, drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina in 1669—laid out a stratified society. Never implemented
Drake
English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)
Plymouth
Established by religious seperatists (pilgrims) seeking a free place from the Church of England; sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 after getting a charter from the Virginia Company; by the end of the century, Plymouth had become the colony of Massachusetts
Roanoke
Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.
Regulator Movement
Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite
Coronado
Explored Arizona and New Mexico in search of fabled cities of gold; en route his expedition discovered two awesome natural wonders: the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of Buffalo
Pizzaro
For Spain. led a small army in an invasion of the Inca Empire. He conquered the Inca and gained huge amounts of gold and silver for himself and Spain.
Oligarchy
Form of government in which a few people have the power
Lord Baltimore
Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.
George Calvert
G. Calvert is also known as Lord Baltimore (and a Catholic), invested in the Virginia Company and eventually got land for his family; helped finding Maryland.
Three G's
Gold, glory, and god were the regions for the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Roger Williams
He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
Headright System
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
Sir Thomas Moore
Humainst. Beheaded by Henry VIII because he refused the Act of Supremecy. He wrote Utopia
Visible Saints
In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.
Jeremiads
In the 1600's, Puritan preachers noticed a decline in the religious devotion of second-generation settlers. To combat this decreasing piety, they preached a type of sermon called the jeremiad. The jeremiads focused on the teachings of Jeremiah, a Biblical prophet who warned of doom.
Mayans
In the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, the Mayans created had a 0 in their numbering system and created an accurate calender.
Powhatan
Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia.
Great Awakening
It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).
John Cabot
Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)
Virginia Company
Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.
John Peter Zenger
Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
De La Warr
Led a relief party, imposed harsh military rule, and undertook aggressive military action against Indians in English colonies
Royal African Company of England
Maintained a monopoly on African trade in the mainland colonies; kept prices high and supplies low; monopoly broken in the 1690s; prices fell and supplies increased
Inca
Natives who lived in Peru and was settled by Pizarro. There was a complex political system (voting/representation).
New England Confederation
New England Confederation was a Union of four colonies consisting of the two Massachusetts colonies (The Bay colony and Plymouth colony) and the two Connecticut colonies (New Haven and scattered valley settlements) in 1643. The purpose of the confederation was to defend against enemies such as the Indians, French, Dutch, and prevent intercolonial problems that effected all four colonies.
Antinomian Heresy
New category of crime created due to Anne Hutchinson. It means hostile to the law.
George Whitefield
One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.
Elements of Civilization
Organized government, organized religion, division of labor, class structure, and a system of writing.
De las Casas
Owned an encomienda, but was agains unethical treatment of natives, he became a priest and asked the king of spain to make people treat natives well, unwittingly icreased slave trade
William Penn
Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.
Indentured Servants
People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.
Puritans
Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.
Thomas Hooker
Puritan minister who led settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut for more land, religious toleration, and voting rights.
Cotton Mather
Puritan theologian, who urged the inoculation against smallpox, played a role in Salem Witch Trials.
Pequot Wars
Puritans settlers expended west onto Indian Lands in the Connecticut Valley-conflicts-settlers surrounded and burned Indian settlement, killing approximately 400 Indians, inc. women and children
General Court
Representative assembly of Massachusetts Bay Colony
New Lights
Revivalist ministers who emphasized emotive spirituality and encouraged missionary work among the natives, as well as founding many long-standing educational institutes, such as Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth.
Governor Berkeley
Royal governor of Virginia who adopted policies that favored large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf. Failed to protect backwoods farmers on Virginia's western frontier from Indian attacks and resulted in Bacon's Rebellion.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
Salem Witch Trials
Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.
Protestant Work Ethic
Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group
Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
De Leon
Spanish explorer who established Florida as a Spanish possesion, while he was searching for the fountain of youth.
Black Legend
Suggests that Spanish Colonization was not all bad...that suggestion is a mere legend...Spanish brought a modern civilization, culture, language, education system, system of government that benefited Latin America
Enclosure Movement
The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.
Aztecs
The Azetcs were a Native American Empire who lived in Central American. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521.
Georgia
The buffer colony which housed those in debt and needed prison reform, the charity colony, founded by James Orglethorpe
Freedom Dues
The dues of a master to his indentured servant after the servant's period of indentured servitude. They included simple clothing, tools, and sometimes a parcel of land
House of Burgesses
The first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.
Jamestown
The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588
House of Delegates
The lower house for the General Assembly of Virginia
Jonathan Edwards
The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.
Newfoundland
The site of England's first colonization efforts in the new world.
Paxton Boys
They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
Magellan
This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world
Old Lights
Those who defended the existed order
Chesapeake
Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements.
James Oglethorpe
founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his intrest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat.
Ann Hutchinson
the articulate, strong-willed and intelligent wife of a prominent Boston merchant. She espoused her belief in direct divine revelation. She was hauled before the General Court and banished from the colony. She was undermining the fragile social system by claiming to know which neighbors had been saved and which ones hadn't. She settled on an island south of Providence and near modern Portsmouth, Rhode Island.
