ARCH 219 Midterm 2

Schwandbach Bridge. Robert Maillart

extreme slenderness of arch and vertical elements low construction cost and minimal mass

Zeppelin Field Lights

"A Cathedral of Light": 130 beams of light from giant projectors "shoot into the misty night sky like meteors. High up on the cloud cover the shining pillars unite into a glowing square."

Paul Scheerbart

"Glass Architecture" argues new types of arch based on glass walls will create new culture New environment creating a new culture, wants a shit ton of glass everywhere

Main Points of "Ornament and Crime"

"The evolution of culture marches with the elimination of ornament from useful objects", Loos proclaimed, linking the optimistic sense of the linear and upward progress of cultures with the contemporary vogue for applying evolution to cultural contexts.

Glass Pavilion Interior

"box of glass" Entire building was glass Multi-colored

Plans of Concrete Country House, Lessing House, Brick Country House. Mies van der Rohe.

"defined in terms of walls, set number of enclosed spaces"

Aims of The Secession

1. To break with historical modes of art and architecture. 2. To express modern people and modern civilization. 3. To create art as a refuge for modern people Secessions aims for more fundamental social change, art as a spiritual thing instead of just decorative

Three Most Influential Modernist Architects

1920s pre-war, Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, three most influential modernist architects Le Corbusier wrote the most influential book on modern architecture "Towards a New Architecture"

AEG Turbine Factory. Peter Behrens

A Greek temple re-imagined as a modern temple of industry.

Reliance Building. Burnham and Root.

A complete steel frame whose lightness is expressed on the exterior through large windows and light-colored terra cotta: a sense of a skin covering a skeleton.

Robie House. Chicago, Frank Lloyd Wright.

Architects associated with De Stijl saw in Wright's works a dissolution of rigid boxes in favor of overlapping planes.

Ornament vs. Avoidance of Applied Decoration

Architectural expression out of functional elements, windows, railings

Closing of the Bauhaus in 1932

Art taught there was seen as not german enough, coed school, lots of alcohol, substances, jazz, not particularly german Taken down after six years Modernist architects come to the US

The Golden Age 1920s-1930s

At the same time as European modernists developed the International Style, US architects experimented with various decorative strategies for skyscrapers.

German Pavilion at the Barcelona International Exposition. (aka Barcelona Pavilion) Mies van der Rohe.

Built to represent the Weimar Republic in an international context. German authorities want to project a certain image for Germany, avoid political reference to WWI, peaceful country lol wut about WW2 Reconstructed Fluid movement Columns instead of walls for structure Walls aren't what support the roof, separated the structural system from the spatial system High status material used for stone flooring Originally chrome columns Walls provide lateral support, covered with beautiful stones Almost no decoration Chrome, onyx wall, chrome window, still don't care

Kaufmann House Interior

Center, core of house Used materials from around the area, stones from nearby quarry

Buildings that lured Mendelsohn, Le Corbusier, and many other European architects to the US

Chicago Tribune building and American Radiator Building, and the skyline of Manhattan

Casa del Fascio Conference Room

Conference room is visible from the atrium, suggesting symbolically that meetings of party leaders are public. Transparency of the fascist government.

Studies for Purely Architectural Sculpture. Theo van Doesburg and Hans Vogel.

De Stijl - reacted against decorative styles such as Art Nouveau and argued for abstraction and universal principles

Empire State Building Lobby

Decoration in Art Deco style.

More on Bauhaus Building

Each major function of the building has its own expression In some ways FLW was more influential to the modern architecture in europe than he is in the US Influence of Wright's "pinwheel" plan on Bauhaus. Planning different zones based on program, curtain wall used in the studio for maximum light, curtain wall means it provides no structural support Each has a diff expression No insulation because of the curtain wall, cold in winter greenhouse in summer Sense of complete design, idea that this building was filled with materials of high industrial design

Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper Project. Mies van der Rohe.

Early example of all glass enclosed building Radical form, interesting shape At the time no skyscrapers in Europe so it's a big deal apparently Glass/concrete

Apartment. La Citta Nuova. Antonio Sant'Elia

Elevators were still not common

Casa do Baile. Oscar Niemeyer.

Emphasis on curves

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. Umberto Boccione

Express motion, re-envisioning what art can be

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Expressionist phase after WWI, then develops more abstract style. Not a political guy, dutch movement was important for him and also Walter Gropius. Avant garde environment

Notre Dame du Raincy Interior

Exterior wall is a screen of modular concrete units, but the stained glass draws on Gothic traditions. the symmetry and order of Classical architecture and the structural efficiency of Gothic architecture.

Scottish Room, Vienna Secession Exhibition, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh

Fond of the mackintosh's because of how they do furniture and what materials he uses, also margaret's colorful, abstract works.

Johnson Wax Building. Frank Lloyd Wright

Forest of columns Very few sharp angles Lack of external ornamentation (compared to international style for this reason)

Tugendhat House Interior

Free of paintings and sculptures Wonderful chrome columns blah dinning table was once motorized blah flexible open space blah impermanent partitions blah openness blah remarkably revolutionary blah

Chicago Tribune Building. Raymond Hood and John Howells.

Gothic

Party Congress Grounds. Albert Speer

He becomes Hitler's architect and designs the Party Congress Grounds for parades, auditoriums, and other party functions.

Casa del Fascio. Giuseppe Terragni

He is one of the Rationalist architects. local headquarters of the Fascist party Exterior is covered with marble, both durable and symbolically appropriate for a building to represent the people

Industry and Architecture in Germany Major Figures

Hermann Muthesius and Peter Behrens

Buildings adapted to 1916 NYC height restrictions. Hugh Ferriss.

His evocative charcoal renderings of skyscrapers show how designs for tall buildings could be developed from the building envelope prescribed by the height restrictions.

Symmetry vs. Regularity

Historical styles use axial symmetry; in International Style, instead of symmetry there is a regularity derived from regularity of underlying structure.

Scheu House. Adolf Loos.

Houses are utilitarian things, for the resident not the city, the house must be designed to serve the modern owner Devoid of ornament

Schroeder House. Gerrit Rietveld and Truss Schroeder.

Importance of universal culture Abstract planes, not closed off

Modernism

In general, refers to a family of concepts, forms, and buildings that first develop in the 1920s in Europe By the 1930s, American architects were familiar with the work of Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, and other European modernists. At Harvard, Gropius trained students in a Bauhaus-inspired architecture program. Mies van der Rohe arrived in the U.S. in 1937 and settled in Chicago, teaching at the Armour Institute. However, many American designers argued that American buildings should be distinctly American. Frank Lloyd Wright, a generation older than the European modernists, criticized them even as his own work showed parallels with modernist architecture. In general, the reach of modernism in the U.S. prior to WWII was limited to a few areas such as Boston. Unlike in Japan and Brazil, in the U.S. modernism did not become a style for public institutional buildings until after WWII.

The Persistence of Tradition

In the 1930s, nationalist governments in Italy and Germany promoted architecture that was influenced by Classical precedents. Hitler and his architects looked to ancient Rome for symbols of political power, but also used modern technology to create spectacles for the masses. In Italy, architects referred to historical architecture in a variety of ways. Some works, such as the Casa del Fascio in Como, appeared primarily modernist, while others were more explicit in their use of the Classical past. In the United States during the Great Depression, the government sponsored Classical buildings in Washington to commemorate American history and culture. In all three settings, Classical architecture was manipulated and modified to serve modern political means.

Hôtel Particulier and Counter-construction. Theo van Doesburg and Cornelis van Eesteren

Influence of asymmetric centrifugal composition of De Stijl Influence on the bauhaus, idea of space fundamentally changed Floating planes

More on Secession Building

Iron dome, made up of leaves, organic ornament Freedom because it isn't confined by the baggage of the past, historical influence Very engaged in ornament, FLW is more sparse with his ornament, likes the form of the building to hold most of the visual appeal Flat, derived from plants

Still Life. Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier and his colleague Amadée Ozenfant develop Purism in painting

New Bauhaus Building. Walter Gropius

Left-leaning politics of Bauhaus lead to the closing of the school in Weimar and re-establishment in Dessau. The new Bauhaus building is one of earliest executed buildings expressing the New Objectivity

De Stijl Movement

Loose affiliation of artists, designers, architects reacted against decorative styles such as Art Nouveau argued for abstraction and universal principles Balance between the universal and the individual Asymmetric, not bound by culture or time

Schroeder House Interior

Lots of light, moving pieces

Japanese Modernism

Making connections between modernist ideas and traditional Japanese architecture, similarities Lots of movable partitions in Japanese architecture Transparency of space, parallels to modernist architecture

Altes Museum. Karl Friedrich Schinkel

Meis appreciated this building, classicism vs avant garde, meis' conflicting interests

Tugendhat House. Mies van der Rohe.

Modern abstract blah blah gorgeous materials blah glass steel stone onyx garden and first floor as one blah innovative for its time blah had air conditioning and electrically controlled windows blah so cool blah no ornament sense of volume instead of mass or whatever and the inside has chrome columns blah

Chest of drawers, Adolf Loos

Modern culture, modern techniques, the right is degenerate because it isn't ornament free or purely functional He is opposite of art nouveau

Ceska Chair. Marcel Breuer

Modern industrial material is domesticated: chromed steel becomes material for residential settings, not just industrial ones.

Weissenhofsiedlung. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and others.

Modernist architecture heavily used in large scale public buildings, urban development Around the neighborhood space is not enclosed

Okada House Interior

Modernist half No ornamentation FLW highly appreciated Japanese architecture, so did Bruno Taut and Walter Gropius

Hôtel Particulier and Counter-construction. Theo van Doesburg and Cornelis van Eesteren. De Stijl

Moving away from conventional architecture

Piazza Augusto Imperiale. Mussolini

Mussolini demolishes existing fabric around the mausoleum of Augustus and creates new buildings to line the square. He leaves three churches as monuments.

Looshaus (Goldman & Salatsch building) Adolf Loos

No historical ornamentation, removal of historically identifiable architecture High quality of materials for modern feel

Villa Savoye. Le Corbusier.

Not a static object but something you move through and experience with your senses Le Corbusier: "A house is a machine for living in."

Station for airplanes and trains. Antonio Sant'Elia.

Not static buildings, but vast, colossal, and dynamic Exciting and ever-changing

Ministry of Education and Health. Lucio Costa and others

One of first buildings using Le Corbusier's Five Points Strong symbol of modern state of bureaucracy Use of tile Fins on north face to block sun

Zeppelin Field. Party Congress Grounds. Albert Speer

Only the Zeppelin Field is completed. He uses a stripped Classicism for monumental effect.

Notre Dame du Raincy. Auguste Perret

Perret's basic principles: 1. reinterpretation of historical elements in modern materials. 2. reconciliation of Classical and Gothic attributes. 3. creation of forms suitable to a given material.

Chair. Gerrit Rietveld. De Stijl

Planes, rods, abstract elements, primary colors, no historical ties

Snow, Glacier, Glass, from Alpine Architektur. Bruno Taut.

Possibility of a new culture with these forms

Piazza Augusto Imperiale. Mussolini

Represents transition from republican to imperial Rome defined by administrative buildings in a stripped Classical style

Looshaus Interior

Simple forms, beautiful materials, shows that the materials are not structural, Ornament free

Frey House I, Palm Springs. Albert Frey

Simple planes defining space (similar to Mies)

Barcelona Chair. Mies van der Rohe

Simplicity in form and emphasis on high quality material

Bauhaus Curriculum

Study fundamental materials first, then span outwards towards a specialization

Weissenhofsiedlung. Stuttgart, Germany

Symmetric, but a different type of symmetry Less of a left/right symmetry

The Secession

The Secession was a group that split from the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1897, seeing it as too conservative. At first, Secession designers were heavily influenced by Art Nouveau, although there was no single style within the Secession. Like Art Nouveau, the Secession encompassed art, architecture, furniture, and decorative arts. Theseus/minotaur on the poster is a statement that they are advocates for higher society over barbarism.

Power Station. Antonio Sant'Elia

The futurists don't actually execute many buildings, new technology shown

Origins of the Skyscraper

The modern skyscraper is defined not only by its height, but also by its function: to house office space. As various industries expanded in the 1800s, administrative needs multiplied. Innovations such as telephones allowed administrative functions to become independent of manufacturing and other processes.

Zoning Legislation

The zoning ordinance creates five districts each with different regulations. The basic formula related the street width to the maximum height of the vertical wall of the building, with setbacks required above that level.

Compositions. Piet Mondrian. De Stijl

Universal art and architecture

Mass vs. Volume

Use of load-bearing wall emphasizes mass; use of skeletal structure with curtain wall emphasizes volume. Weighted versus weightless feeling

Scheu House Interior

Vessel for use, not a complete design Says that the architect is responsible for the walls, the rest is up to the inhabitants of the house Against over designing Dark and light, simple designs, use of some iron Reminiscent of FLW

Otto Wagner

Viennese architect and educator, represents transition from historical to modern. Thought the ringstrasse was a disappointment because it was historical and conservative.

Villa Mairea. Alvar Aalto

Visual interest from color and space shape, lots of wood, group together and wrap columns very different from le corbusier, evoke sense of forest

Glass Pavilion, Werkbund Exhibition. Cologne. Bruno Taut. Expressionist

Was actually very colorful, the glass was multi-colored Was dismantled, so no more recent pictures

Antonio Sant'Elia

expresses idea of nature of senses, ephemeral and swift rather than heavy and static

The Bauhaus (Bauhaus Manifesto, Lyonel Feininger)

a school to unify arts, crafts, architecture strong expressionist tendencies in early years

Casino Pampulha. Oscar Niemeyer

an escape from the existing city Sense of le corbusier but also transparency and luxurious material like mies van de rohe Shape is neither le corb or mies Artificial lake, prestigious form of entertainment for the wealthy

Rationalist

architecture must develop from logic argued tradition remained relevant

Empire State Building. Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon

art deco interior

The Kiss. Gustav Klimt

curvilinear shapes and decorative patterns influenced by Art Nouveau Provocative because decorative, flat patterns, radical influences

Rockefeller Center. Reinhard & Hofmeister; Harrison & MacMurray; Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux

decoration in art deco The city of skyscrapers: an urban complex composed of high-rise buildings, with the plaza serving as (quasi) public space.

Lovell House (Health House). Richard Neutra

designed for a physician who emphasized sunlight, exercise and hygiene as elements of healthy living one of the first steel frame house in US

Robert Maillart

develops many reinforced-concrete systems gives bridges distinct forms combines strength of stone and steel

Great Hall. Albert Speer

domed hall inspired by buildings such as St. Peter's and the Pantheon, but far larger-220 meters high

Lucio Costa

first prominent Brazilian modernist

The Deutscher Werkbund

formed to help integrate art and industry at a national level major figures: Hermann Muthesius and Peter Behrens argued that the artist/architect/craftsman must be integrated with modern production

Dynamism of a Dog. Giacomo Balla.

futurism

Toward an Architecture. Le Corbusier.

he wrote dis

Apartment building. Weissenhofsiedlung. Mies van der Rohe.

horizontal glass windows "symmetric but not for the sake of symmetry" Functional elements become ornamentation for the building Inner walls were not load bearing, could be re-oriented to fit housing needs, repartitioned radical, unfamiliar

Hitler's Berlin Plan

imagined a colossal north-south axis with the Great Hall at the north end

Roof garden, Ministry of Education and Health. Roberto Burle Marx

influence of modern art

Adolf Loos

known for polemical writings about architecture, design, and fashion reacted against revival styles "Ornament and Crime" thinks that the more primitive the culture, the more the ornament Secession likes non-historically tied ornament, he wanted no ornament children can smear excrement on walls but we cant bcuz then we're degenerate

Auguste Perret

learned classical principles at Ecole de Beaux-arts influenced also by the structural rationalism of Viollet-le-Duc learned construction methods in his father's firm

Viollet-le-Duc

limited number of natural laws can produce a diversity of variations claimed that a variety of forms should develop through the application of basic principles

Peter Behrens

major figure of Deutscher Werkbund becomes the director of design for AEG, responsible for graphic design, industrial design, and architecture

Alvar Aalto

mastered the language of European modernism but developed his own approach based on more expressive forms and a wider variety of materials relationship between nature and architecture, in terms of both space and materials

25 bis rue Franklin apartment building. Auguste Perret

maximizes the window area and creates an open façade that plays off the adjoining buildings and rationally expresses three distinct vertical zones Inside, the skeletal structure allows thin partitions and spatial freedom. Ornament in the spaces between the frame members is recessed and treated as a decorative rather than structural surface.

François Hennebique Stirrups

most important figure in concrete construction in Europe created worldwide system of offices that supervised concrete construction address SHEAR forces with stirrups

Centennial Hall. Max Berg

multi-purpose, reinforced-concrete structure for a political monument- 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Nations minimal decoration and emphasis on the central space create a focus on the spectacle rather than on the architecture Span of 67m greatly exceeds historical domes. The minimal decoration and emphasis on the central space create a focus on the spectacle rather than on the architecture.

Futurism

obliterate traditional culture, emphasizes motion, portrays dynamic of contemporary life More radical than Loos, focused on the dynamic nature of things Nationalistic movement, many die in the war, why it is so short lived (WWI)

Ernest L. Ransome's Unit System

practical innovations in reinforced concrete in the US patented a comprehensive system of floors, columns, and beams that become a standard method for industrial buildings

Dom-ino House. Le Corbusier

radical at the time Conventional house has basement and attic, domino first floor for car and roof terrace Thick walls means openings are relatively small, windows

Okada House. Sutemi Horiguchi

remodels the existing wooden building and adds a concrete wing Compare with Theo van Doesburg's Counter Composition V top mid picture is euro modern, top left is traditional japanese, tying the two together

Frank Lloyd Wright

shared certain characteristics with European modernist architecture: destruction of the box; freedom from historical styles; asymmetric planning; flowing spaces denied any European influence on his own work and disparaged European modernist architects

Secession Building. Josef Maria Olbrich

temple to art, modern with explicit reaction to the historical styles of the Ringstrasse buildings Steel for large open spaces, temple up front, exhibition hall in the back Surface ornamentation, no carvings

Industrial Design. Bauhaus

textiles and lamps were some of the most successful of Bauhaus attempts in collaboration between artists and industry

Glass skyscraper project. Mies van der Rohe

the most important thing about using glass is not the effects of light and shadow, but of the rich play of reflection Fundamentally different way of understanding expression, I guess

Kaufmann House (Falling Water). Frank Lloyd Wright

use of native materials (stone) Re-established status for FLW Asymmetrical terraces, on the water instead of next to it

Ministry of Education and Health Interior

use of tile common Le Corbusier is the most influential in this area

Principles of International Style

• Architecture as Volume • Regularity • Avoidance of Applied Decoration Regularity - shared metric to give order "regularity instead of symmetry"

The Third Rome (Mussolini's 3 principles)

• Demolition of historic fabric. • Isolation of historic monuments. • Revaluation of monuments in a new context

Le Corbusier's Five Points of a new Architecture

• Piloti • Free plan • Free façade • Horizontal windows • Roof terrace