Arch 250 Exam 4

A style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I and characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves based on natural forms

Arts Nouveau

aesthetic and social vision developed by group at Oxford simple in form, without excessive decoration how they were constructed was often still visible emphasize the qualities of the materials used: "truth in material" reaction against machine-production

Arts and Crafts Movement

Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures Early commission (age 26) included construction of an iron railway bridge. Creates a company to build bridges and viaducts. Ponte Dona Maria railway bridge over the Douro River in Oporto, Portugal, completed 1877.

Describe Gustave Eiffel's area of training (where did he go to school) and technical expertise. What types of structures did he build, what materials dis he use, and what are some of his greatest innovations?

rusticated ground floor, central pediment with minerva and muses, columns are in pairs and are corinthian, balustrade on the roofline.

Describe the Architectural composition of the facade of the Louvre?

Exterior façade draws inspiration from Renaissance palazzo

Describe the appearance of the exterior of the building and identify what historic building it reflects.

Palladian window or Serliana

Describe the exterior appearance of Chiswick House?

The framework is exposed on the surface of the building. Wrought-iron frame (exterior lattice girders) with brickwork skin. Interior had cast-iron columns.

Describe the materials and techniques used to build the Turbine Building at the Menier Factory?

Planned industrial community (Saltworks) with director's house at center, workers' houses around the perimeter, and buildings for the production of salt across diameter. Areas beyond the houses include gardens, recreational facilities, communal buildings = Utopian city.

Describe the types of buildings and their arrangement in Ledoux's plan for the town of Chaux?

created in 1829 to develop practical applications arising from great scientific discoveries = Industrial Science.

Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures

1819 Combined school of painting, architecture, and sculpture • Visitors could find their way around any building without verbal orientation. • Carefully orchestrated sequences of circulation and transitional spaces • Hierarchical arrangements of rooms according to their functional significance • The expression of the axis and cross-axis in elevation section and plan by advancing and receding planes, flights of steps, floor markings etc. • Exterior of building decorated in historic styles, especially Classical and Renaissance architecture.

Ecole des Beaux-Arts

- Barry - plan - Pugin - decoration

Explain how Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N Pugin collaborated to create the house of parliament building (who did what?)

Traditional trip of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class men touring Europe looking at architecture. To gain classical information and collect art.

Grand Tour

1673 major dome on 8 piers ringed with secondary domes

Great model Plan

the forms will inspire for generations to come

How are classical design elements used in the Altes Museum building reflected in later museums?

More gothic Dome design changed to triple-dome design, with interior masonry, second brick cone, and wooden superstructure of exterior dome.

How did Christopher Wren's design of St. Paul's evolve from the Great Model Plan in 1673 to the Warrant Design Plan in 1675?

Celling inspired by Pantheon. The statures are plasters copies of ancient greek an roman gods. The Statue Gallery showcases a collection of ancient Roman sculpture dating to the 1st-3rd centuries.

How did Coke's travels on the "Grand Tour" lead to the interior being designed to be a 'temple of the arts'?

1851 Great Exhibition of London, England 1889 Exposition Universelle, Paris, France 1893 Chicago World's Fair (Columbian Exposition)

How did the "world Fairs" of the 19th century promote architectural and technological achievements?

Buildings should be recognizable for what they were = 'Speaking Architecture' Decoration reflects Classical forms, Renaissance developments, especially Mannerism.

How do the location and decoration of each building in Saline Royale reflect its purpose?

links work to Baroque precedent

How do we know the Louvre is a royal palace? What do the pairs of columns symbolize?

Envisioned a city that went beyond a simple survey, envisioned a city were important buildings occupy strategic places based on changes of elevation.

How does Charles L' Enfant's plan for the city of Washington D.C reflect ideas from the European Baroque, specifically the design of Versailles in France?

Envisioned a city that went beyond a simple survey, envisioned a city were important buildings occupy strategic places based on changes of elevation.

How does Charles plan for the city of D.C reflect ideas from the European Baroque, specifically the design of Versailles in France?

academical village. you live where you learn.

How does Jefferson's designs for the University of Virginia express his ideas about the importance of education in a democracy?

the library was the center not a church like most schools

How does Jefferson's designs refocus the architectural design to emphasize secular knowledge as opposed to theology and faith?

they kept it in the family

How does the Holkham Hall manage to survive in the 21st century?

Elaborate rooflines with figural sculpture silhouetted against sky Pairs of colossal columns

How does the Paris Opera exemplify the principles of the Beaux-Arts?

dental work masonry, roman arches, engaged columns, arcade

How does the decoration draw up Italian Mannerist architecture in Saline Royale?

Public façade of royal seat of power. o Has a series of elements linked by colonnades o Horizontally, façade divided up into a base o Emits overwhelming sense of power and authority

How does the design of the facade of the Louvre reflect Italian Renaissance principles?

detailed with the doric order and then further in the entrance it is made to look like a salt mine

How does the gate house combine Neo-classical architecture and decorative details that relate to salt production at Saline Royale?

Both rebuilt after burning down

How does the house of parliament compare to the U.S Capitol building in washington, D.C?

Interior reading room inspired by barrel vault, but built with plaster and wire vaults resting on cast-iron semi-circular arches and columns.

How does the interior combine Renaissance design with new materials such as cast iron?

Plan of church is a Latin cross, with nave and aisles, transepts, choir, chapels. Designed the building with a cloister or ambulatory around the sides it reflects medieval churches.

How does the plan and decoration of the church of the Sagrada Familia reflect medieval churches?

The plan is by Barry, designed to reflect the balance of powers in the British Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons.

How does the plan of the House of Parliament building reflect the government of Great Britain?

its the beginning of the "mining towns"

How does this complex demonstrate the rising importance of industrialization in the 18th century?

they used rose windows and it was baroque inspired. simplistic yet intricate in certain spots.

How does this missions of San Antionio relate to the style of architecture used for the churches? What are the missions today?

Designed with different parts of the building having different volumes. Each space is linked, visually and spatially. Decorative style of the interior is called "Second Empire"

How is the decoration particularly suited to its purpose?

1010 feet tall, built of iron with masonry foundations, 15,000 pieces of iron; 1,050, 846 rivets. Components prefabricated then assembled on site with four pivoting cranes.

How long did it take to build and what materials and processes contributed to its rapid construction?

Construction took 26 months with 250 workmen.

How long did it take to build the Eiffel Tower?

architectural movement which began in the 1740s in England. revive medieval forms, in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time. Example: Strawberry Hill by Horace Walpole

Neo-Gothic or Gothic Revival

Is a style based on the signs of the 16th-century Italian architect Andrea Palladio. Country villas, and temple style functioning homes.

Neo-Palladian Architecture (Palladianism)

1675 Plan based on basilica, references to Gothic architecture.

Warrant Design Plan

tripartite design, rustication, temple façade.

What Palladian characteristics are seen on the exterior of Holkham Hall?

Georgian Gothic revival or Gothick

What Style of Architecture is Strawberry Hill?

Display works of art, rather than a residence

What about the design of the Chiswick House is new or innovative?

Fortuna, Pantheon

What ancient buildings does Holkham Hall imitate?

Interior reflects gothic doorways and in the round room is biased on a rose window from old St. Pauls. Decoration around the fireplace is a copy of the tomb of archbishop Warehame in westminster abby. Stained glass windows, papier mache, and gilded vaults.

What are some Techniques and materials used in the construction of Strawberry Hill? What are some of the medieval monuments strawberry hill is deliberately imitating? What are some of the Characteristics of Horace Walpole's house Strawberry Hill?

the Pantheon and the theater of Marcellus

What are some of the ancient roman buildings that served as prototypes for the University of Virginia?

library the dorms and dinning halls also the pavilions

What are some of the building types that Jefferson designed for the campus?

The shape of the windows is based upon Palladios's Basilica in Vicenza = Palladian window or Serliana.

What are some of the characteristics of the Chiswick House borrowed from the Italian Renaissance?

Ionic columns, roman temple,

What are some of the classical design elements found in the Altes Museum?

built using cast and wrought iron used the largest sheets of glass ever made built extremely fast. procreated off site. human and horse power.

What are some of the innovations in material and construction introduced by Paxton's Crystal Palace?

incorporates industrial yet still classical and detailed

What are the most important characteristics of the Beaux-Arts style of architecture?

Villa rotunda by Palladio

What building inspired Lord Burlington when he designed the Chiswick House?

The facade draws inspiration from the louvre. also influenced from the church of S, Agnese

What buildings could have been a source of inspiration for Saint Paul's Cathedral?

- Born in England, around Europe, and practiced as an engineer and architect in and around London: apprentice to an engineer - Member of Freemasons. - Came to the US, first professionally trained architect to practice in the US. - Continued on Thortons design, but enlarged the porch, He also designed the House and Senate Chambers. - First trained architect to work in the US. - Appointed Surveyor of public buildings in Washington DC.

What do we know about Benjamin Henry Latrobe's training and career? what did he contribute to the United States Capitol Building?

Wren invented a model, the Panorganum Astronomicum, to demonstrate the periodical positions of the earth, sun, and moon. Professor of astronomy at Oxford. After the great fire of London he was one of three to see the rebuilding of London.

What do we know about Christopher Wren and his accomplishments?

French Born architect and civil engineer

What do we know about Pierre Charles L' Enfant's background and training?

laid out the streets in Washington DC

What do we know about Pierre Charles L' Enfant's background and training?

18th century revival of Palladian Architecture by Burlington and his circle.

What does the term "Neo-Palladian" mean?

it burnt down

What happened to the medieval church that stood on the same location as Saint Paul's Cathedral?

burned down

What happened to this building after the Great Exhibition had Closed?

Integration of structure and decoration seen in polychrome brickwork. Decorative pattern of cacao tree and M for Menier in the circular panels.

What materials are used to provide exterior decoration and how does this tell us about its original purpose?

Gothic architecture and Art Nouveau with his own artistic vision = Catalan Modernisme

What older and contemporary styles did Gaudi combine to create the style he called Catalan Modernisme?

The Menier company produced pharmaceuticals and chocolate.

What purpose does this factory complex serve?

Ecole des Beaux Arts- combined schools of architecture, sculpture, and painting; Garnier Joseph Paxton Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures- to develop practical applications arising form great scientific discoveries- industrial science. Combines manufacturing and engineering; Gustave Eiffel

What role did the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures play in 19th century architectural design in France and elsewhere? Who are some famous graduates form each school?

first public art museum

What type of building is the Altes Museum and why is this historically significant?

industrial community for a salt production place. "utopia"

What type of building/function did Saline Royale serve?

First public art museum in Europe. Established a connection between Neo classical architecture and the fine arts modern Europe.

What type of building/function did the Altes Museum serve?

Church

What type of building/function did the Saint Paul's Cathedral serve?

Son of a farmer. No formal education. Became a head gardener of a duke and then did public commissions for parks. Self taught. Paxton submitted a design for the Great Exhibition of London in 1851.

What was Paxton's training and background? How did he earn the commissions to build the exhibition hall?

it allowed men to travel and expand there knowledge of classical architecture also collecting art from different places

What was the "Grand Tour" and how did it contribute to Neo-Palladian Architecture and art collecting in Europe?

Faith and Gothic go by hand by hand. Spirituality inspires his designs. Middle Ages and Gothic architecture = greater spirituality and craftsmanship

What were Pugin's views on Gothic (medieval) architecture, especially as compared to Renaissance or Neoclassical architecture?

Ecole des Beaux-Arts Consists of Renaissance and Classical architecture.

Where did Labrouste go to school? How does the library express the ideals of this school?

Ecole des Beaux-Arts

Where was Garnier trained as an architect?

wish to return to earlier architecture and wish to break away from political ties

Who are the Neo-Palladians and what motivated them to move away from the earlier styles of Christopher Wren?

The complexes were built by Franciscan missionaries in the 18th century and illustrate the Spanish Crown's efforts to colonize, evangelize and defend the northern frontier of New Spain.

Who built the missions of San Antonio and what was their original purpose?

Friedrich Wilhelm III

Who commissioned Schinkel to build the Altes Museum?

-Ruskin lived in England from 1819-1900. -Art critic, writer, social commentator. -Opposed industrial revolution and technological progress on the grounds that they lead to a decline of social values and artistic quality. -Creator of the Arts and Crafts movement. Promoted craftsmanship over industrial production.

Who was John Ruskin and what role did he play in defining 19th century opposition to the Industrial Revolution?

Thornton Two equal wings (Senate, House of Representatives) linked by central dome (unity of the nation).

Who was the first Architect of the capitol building? What was symbolic about his original design?

to show ideal symbolic language

Why did Schinkel choose to use the Classical orders in his buildings?

Neoclassical is Greek Architecture Greeks invented democracy

Why did people like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson believe that the Neoclassical style of architecture was appropriate for the capital building of the United States?

British forces attach the city and burn the Capitol in 1814. The dome was completed in 1866.

Why did the US capitol building take so long to finish? what were some of the challenges and setbacks?

- Fire in 1834 destroyed it - Gothic/ Elizabethan style

Why was it necessary to rebuild the House of parliament in London? What style is the new building and why was this style selected?

1886 French Ministry of Trade held a competition to build 'a new world wonder', an iron tower to symbolize technological progress and industrial development. Located on Chaillot Hill, it has served as a radio tower.

Why was the 'Eiffel Tower' built in Paris at this time?