Archaeology Final
(test 2) 9. What is a major issue zooarchaeologists face in analyzing their assemblages? What are two analytical concepts they use to overcome this obstacle?
-A major obstacle is bone identification within faunal assemblages. -in order to reconstruct human behavior they developed methods of analysis for all issues of bone identification. -one example is if it is hard to quantify how many specimens are being analyzed you can count the raw number of identified bones per species, the number of identified specimen (NISP) (inflated), as well as the minimum number of individuals necessary to account for the bones (more accurate). -a solution to determination is the concept of sexual dimorphism which is the size and shape variation of male and female bones to determine the sex
(lect 1) 1. What is anthropology and how is it different from other disciplines that study humans?
-Anthropology is the study of what it means to be human. It is different from other disciplines that study humans, because it is holistic, integrative and comparative. Holistic because it looks at the biological, evolutionary and cultural reasons for human behaviors. Integrative because it combines different sources and fields. Comparative because it takes a cross-cultural viewpoint.
(test 2) 10. What do archaeologists hypothesize Chacoan cylinder jars were used for? What are three lines of evidence they use to support this hypothesis?
-Archaeologists hypothesize that the Chacoan cylinder jars were used as part of an ancient Mesoamerican Mayan ritual where the bride had part of her value determined by her ability to create a frothy head on her fiancés chocolate drink using a molinillo and a long, deep cyndrical cup similar to the ones found in Chaco canyon. -Archaeologist believe this practice came to North America because: 1. Patricia Brown found traces of theobromine in the cylinders indicating cocao was in its liquid form because the jar absorbed it 2. the cacoa was associated with long distance trade so it is possible it originated else where 3. the mayans had creation myths with the Mesoamerican mayan marriage rituals therefore archaeologists hypothesized that the cylinders were used for a similar ritual
(lect, 19) 1) What is the Garbage Project? Who started the project and when? What myths about America's landfills has the Garbage Project helped to dispel?
-Designed by William Rathje in the 1970s to study the garbage of Tuscon, Arizona. -designed project based on technique of studying ancient garbage to reconstruct daily life of path society -Ultimately found, based on results, that interviewing and questionnaires are an extremely inaccurate representation of modern daily life bc ppl lie or underrepresent their daily habits -discovred that landfills are full of paper that people don't recycle
(lect. 19) 3) Discuss Nazi archaeology. How was Nazi archaeology used to assert the superiority of Germanic people? How does Nazi archaeology illustrate the danger of a single group appropriating complete control over the past?
-Nazi archaeology focused on linking Germanic culture to certain types of artifacts to help rebuild German culture after WW1 -Nazi elite was inspired and used german artifacts in other countries as proof of their claim to most of Europe. -They largely ignored prehistory to justify their claim to territory. -Heinrich Himmler (leader of Hitlers personal army) used archaeology to help justify the development of a wing in the army dedicated to ancestor heritage. Him and his military looted museums and homes throughout the war to look for artifacts that would help their claim -misinterpreted relevant evidence and suppressed contradictory evidence
(lect. 19) 2) What is the difference between a pure and applied science? Give two examples discussed in lecture of applied archaeology and note which of the four strategies each represents.
-Pure science is the conduction of systematic research towards the acquisition of knowledge simply for the sake of it -applied science is the conduction of research to gain knowledge for the purposes of solving a specific and recognized issues -The garbology project represent strategy 4, the study of present day material cultures to understand the present-day society -An example of strategy 3, the study of past material cultures to apply to and understand present day society and culture, is the rediscovery of ancient technologies like the Peruvian irrigation canals -Peruvian technique was digging canals to deal w land that is bad for agriculture systems. Helped modern agriculturists cope bc canal provided moisture during drought, fertilization and heat during times of cold
(test 2) 12. What four lines of bioarchaeological evidence used to reconstruct ancient diet?
1. Malnutrition evidence: -supported by harris lines which form on ends of bones -enamel hypoplasia which causes lines to form on developing teeth -dental cavities: consequence of eating particular products like Maize 2. biomechanical study of general teeth use/ wear to show what kinds of foods were consumed 3. measuring collagen and hydroxyapatite levels in bones because rations can change cause of bone turnover according to diet 4. the amount of stable isotopes present in the bones is reflective of diet bc different levels of nitrogen/ carbon in bone collagen can reflect marine v. terrestrial diet, how much plan intake is occurring and other diet indicators
(lect 16) 3. What is a state? What characteristics are associated with state level societies?
A state is a centralized political system found in complex societies, it is characterized by having a virtual monopoly on the power to coerce.
(lect 17) 4. Are historical records more important than archaeological material culture for interpreting history? Support your claim with an example from the excavations at the New Philadelphia site.
Archaeological material culture is more important for interpreting history. It is because historical records can be biased and inaccurate. For example, at the New Philadelphia site the historical record indicated that a tract of land was sold to the school district, but when the site was excavated there was no conclusive evidence of a school. Documents are biased and selective, occasionally wrong, and often do not describe the daily life of the common individual.
(test 3) 4. Why are archaeologists interested in reconstructing prehistoric trade networks? How do archaeologists determine the extent of prehistoric trade?
Archaeologists are interested in reconstructing trade networks because trade becomes integral to the economy as socio-political complexity increases, therefore trade networks can tell them about political organization. Trade can also tell them about religious ceremonies because some artifacts were ritually exchanged. Down the line trade: An exchange system in which goods are traded outward from the source and are then traded from group to group. This results in a steady decline in the item's abundance in archaeological sites farther from the source area. Direct acquisition: A group/person goes directly to the source area to procure the raw material, or to trade for the raw material or for finished products
(lect 4) 3. Explain why archaeologists dig in levels and why they might pick one of the two ways to dig levels.
Archaeologists dig in levels, to study the stratigraphy of a site. According to the Law of Superposition, the layers on top are younger while layers below are older, so this gives them an idea of chronology. Archaeologists use arbitrary or natural levels when digging in levels. Arbitrary levels are often used when natural levels cannot be used. Natural levels are preferred, because the sites strata is visibly separated.
(lect 3) 1. What are two ways that archaeologists identify sites and what are two examples of archaeological prospecting?
Archaeologists identify sites through word of mouth or luck, when searching for an archaeological site in a historical region. Another way is through systematic regional survey, which draws a map describing the archaeological material in a landscape. Archaeological prospecting can be done through aerial methods, to see a landscape from above and geophysical methods which provide an idea of the landscape below ground.
(lect 1) 3. What is archaeology? What are the four strategies of archaeology (explain each)?
Archaeology is the study of human-artifact interaction in all times and all places. Its four strategies are as follows. First, studying the past material culture to say something about past human behavior. Next studying past material culture to say something about present human behavior. Next studying present material culture to say something about past behavior. Finally, studying present material culture to say something about present human behavior
(lect 1) 2. Identify and define the four subfields of anthropology.
Archaeology, cultural anthropology, biological anthropology and linguistic anthropology. Archeology is the study of human-artifact interactions in all times and places. Cultural anthropology is the study of human societies and cultures and their development. Biological anthropology studies the biological aspects of being human. Linguistic anthropology studies the influence language has on social life and human development.
(lect 5) 3. Explain archaeological context and systematic context. Why are these concepts important to archeologists?
Archeological context is the discarded artifacts in the geological system on which cultural processes have already taken place. Systematic context is the context of artifacts in the behavioral system and its life history and cultural depositional processes. These are important, because they help archaeologists understand how artifacts enter the archaeological record.
(lect 15) 2. What is the significance of bead-making in early Homo sapiens?
Bead-making is significant because it is evidence of expression through materials and social interaction, creating social identity, visual expression of social relationships, and using technology to serve social identity.
(lect 4) 2. Why is maintaining control so important for archaeologists when they excavate?
Because archaeology in itself is destructive, so they are destroying their lab while excavating. In addition, its important to maintain control through a datum point, so that is a reference point to compare new data to.
(lect 16) 1. What are five key transitions in prehistory? Make sure you note where and when each happened
Bipedalism (Africa 3-6 million years ago), Stone tools (Africa 2.5 million years ago), symbolic behavior for homo sapiens (Mediterranean, middle east, Asia 65,000 years ago), domestication/agriculture (Middle East, Asia 12,000 years ago), the rise of the state (middle east, Asia thousands of years after domestication/agriculture)
(test 2) 2. Explain how dendrochronology works? What other insights can be gained from rings?
Dendrochronology uses annual growth rings in trees to assign calendar dates to ancient wood. Archaeologists examine the pattern of the wood to look to see how old it is. Events in the trees life can also be inferred such as damage from fire, insects, floods, earthquakes, etc.... We can infer about climate and dendrochronology can be used for archaeology, ecology. Climatology, geology, and environmental change.
(test 2) 8. What is ethnoarcheaology? Give one example of ethnoarcheaological study (include relevant researchers, groups, and archaeological questions).
Ethnoarchaeology is the study of contemporary groups, observing material remains while they still exist in their systemic, behavioral contexts (perishable remains) in order to examine how human behavior produces and uses material culture Ex. Lou Binford and the Nunamiut. Binford looked at living hunting peoples to see what their activities left behind in order to better understand archaeological findings at Neanderthal archaeological sites. Discovered that people leave different kinds of tools and bones behind at different sites, therefore different assemblages can be from the same culture because they represent a range of different behavior
(test 2) 7. What are the differences between ethnography and ethnoarchaeology?
Ethnography is the study of living cultures, ethnoarchaeology is the use of ethnography to answer archaeological questions
(test 2) 11. How was Britains landscape transformed during the Neolithic and what is the paleoethnobotanical evidence for the change?
Forests were cleared (decrease in forest pollen, increase in grass, heath, and pasture pollen), heaths and pastures were made to transition to agriculture.
(test 2) 6. Explain formal and relational analogies. Why are they important in archaeology?
Formal Analogies are based on similarities in formal attributes of archaeological and ethnographic entities (they look the same) Stronger if the similarities are common in more cases Relational analogies are based on cultural similarity (similar culture forms) These analogies are important to archaeology because they help us make claims about a population based on a smaller group of artifacts or observations
(lect 5) 4. What are formation processes? What are the two major types of formation processes? Give an example of each.
Formation processes are the ways in which artifacts enter into the archaeological record. The two major types of formation processes are natural formation processes and cultural formation processes. An example of a natural formation process is graviturbation, which is disturbance caused by gravity. An example of a cultural formation process, is the human behaviors that modify artifacts throughout their existence.
(lect 17) 2. Some social groups are underrepresented in history. How has historical archaeology contributed to a fuller understanding of social history? Provide examples.
Historical archaeology has contributed to a fuller understanding by looking at large social context, rather than just "historical importance". It also uses critical theory to expose ideology that masks contradictions within society. Examples: New York City's African Burial Ground, New Philadelphia site
(lect 4) 5. 1. What are 3 examples of ideal preservation conditions for archaeologists? What are examples of each?
Ideal preservation would include rapid burial, stable weather conditions, and an inhabitable environment for microorganisms. An example of rapid burial was Pompeii, because the volcanic ash traveled so quickly that it preserved the bodies of the victims. The inca child is an example of stable weather conditions, because her body froze and stayed frozen. Finally the peat bog is an example of an environment uninhabitable my microorganisms, because of its lack of oxygen, so decomposition did not occur on the bog bodies.
(lect 16) 6. What is ideology? What role can ideology play in state formation? Provide an example from the text.
Ideology is a system of ideas that forms the basis of economic or political theory. Ideology masks the fact that one group is exploiting another, and can allow a group to take full control in a state. For example, Mayan leaders controlled the religion and calendric rituals in order to maintain their power.
(lect 3) 2. In systematic survey, what processes might complicate the identification and interpretation of sites?
In systematic survey, deflation may create problems within the landscape, because of the effect wind can have in relocating artifacts. In addition formation processes may have an affect on systematic survey, because the site has been altered by human or natural processes before it has been surveyed.
(lect 1) Briefly summarize changes in paradigms /approaches in archaeology. Begin with 19th century and end with today. Identify five.
Initially archaeology was just seen as a pastime for the upper class, and these people were called antiquarians, because they did not have any interest in the meaning of artifact, but were merely interested in collecting objects. Then came culture history, in the 1920s, in which archaeologists produced highly detailed descriptions about objects and focused on how they changed through time. Next came Walter Taylor's criticism, which offered the conjunctive approach, stating that there was a need to quantify data, use hypothesis testing and try to find patterns within sites. The conjunctive approach was criticized but led to Processual Archaeology with Lewis Binford in the 1960s, which used the scientific method and studied cultural systems as a whole, not just specific sites. Post-Processualism was the backlash to this in the 80s and 90s, and said archaeology needed to focus less on the scientific approach and more on humanistic studies. Finally New Pragmatism was developed, combining scientific and humanistic approaches and making archaeology more public.
(lect 16) 5. How do the irrigation hypothesis and the warfare and circumscription hypothesis explain the origins of the archaic state? Who proposed these hypotheses? What are the arguments against each?
Irrigation Hypothesis: The need for coordinated labor and massive construction (for things like irrigation) led to powerful ruling bureaucracies. Proposed by Karl Wittfogel. Warfare and Circumscription Hypothesis: Warfare is the only mechanism powerful enough to impose permanent bureaucratic authority on a large scale. Proposed by Robert Carniero. Against irrigation: Not all societies had irrigation, can't be applied everywhere Against warfare and circumscription: This was proven to be untrue in the Nile can't be applied everywhere
(test 3) 1. What are two aspects of past social or political organization that archaeologists attempt to reconstruct (i.e., concepts)? What archaeological remains are used to reconstruct the two aspects you chose?
Kinship, social status Kinship: Burial clusters, genetic studies, the spatial layout of sites Social Status: Health of the body, the treatment of the body, and the amount of prestige goods in the burial
(lect 15) 1. Give three examples of the importance of symbolic behavior for the evolution of Homo Sapiens/
Language: Important because it is central to human relationships and culture. Possible that the explosion of human culture was linked to the development of language Art: Shows an ability to communicate over space and time, linked to story-telling. Portable art could allow people to communicate with people from different areas. Bead making: The first example of humans doing something that had no use in regards to survival and are an example of expression through materials. Evidence of creative/cultural beginnings. Burials: Showed signs of symbolic life, burials had complex construction and organization
(lect 4) 1. What are examples of three different phases (or strategies) that archaeologists use when excavating to know where to dig?
Locating, which uses trenching to find the vertical exposure of the sites potential. Exposing, which uses stripping and blading to remove horizontal overburden and find the underlying archaeological materials. Finally testing is used to perform test excavations which includes digging squares to test the sample before committing to an excavation
(lect 2) 3. Define and explain the three different levels of archeological theory.
Low level archeological theory focuses on the generation of facts through observation of objects. Mid-level archeological theory focuses on generation of interpretations of human behavior by linking data with how the archaeological record was produced. High level archeological theory focuses on big questions about history and the human experience and their causes.
(test 2) 5. What is middle level theory? What methods do archaeologists use to determine the confidence and accuracy of their statements?
Middle level theory links archaeological data to actual behavior. Archaeologists use experimental archaeology (controlled experiments) and ethnoarchaeology (observations of modern human behavior) to determine the confidence and accuracy of their statements. (interpreting the observations) High level theory asks the big questions in archaeology Low level theory is the observations you make based on the archaeological record and data (observations made in the field)
(test 2) 4. What are the two main principles or "rules" for archaeological classification (what makes a good type)?
Minimizes the differences within created types and maximizes the differences between the types. Must be objective and explicit
(lect 18) 1. What is NAGPRA? When was it passed/ what does it do?
NAGPRA: Protects Indian graves on Federal and Tribal lands. Prohibits the sale or interstate transport of Native American skeletons. Passed in 1990. Returns cultural and skeletal materials through a process of establishing cultural affiliation with a living descendant and federally recognized Indian tribe.
(lect 15) 3. Compare and contrast the cultural differences between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.
Neanderthals: little evidence of Neanderthal burials with complex symbolic representation. Neanderthal tools are big spears so they had to get very close to their prey to kill it, easy technology to learn how to make. Lived in small groups, isolated from each other, little evidence of social networks Homo Sapiens: buried with extreme care and grave goods. Finer tools that required more time, patience, and skill to make. More direct transfer of knowledge to create more complex tools teachers taught younger people how to make the tools. Made portable art which travelled great distances, this suggests that they had larger social networks
(lect 16) 4. What is the "Oasis Hypothesis" and what does it argue? Who proposed this theory? What are the hypothesis' shortcomings? What is a more likely alternative?
Oasis Hypothesis: People, plants, and animals congregated around water. It argues that agriculture is more reliable than foraging, therefore anyone with the capacity to farm should do so. V. Gordon Childe proposed this theory. Shortcomings: Assumed that all it took for agriculture to appear was the idea and the capacity, therefore if the idea is a sufficient condition then the transition to agriculture should be quick. But this is not the case. Multi-causal theory is the more likely alternative
(test 2) 13. What are the three factors of variation that bioarchaeologists use and their purpose in answering archaeological question?
Ontogeny (Age): The growth and development of an organism (can get age based on bone fusion, tooth eruption, and wear on bone). Skeletons can give biological age (5-10 yrs. old, 10-15 yrs. old) but not calendar age Biological sex: Variation in the skull and pelvis of a skeleton can determine the sex of the skeleton Idiosyncratic differences (Life histories of individuals): Bone trauma (antemortem, postmortem, and perimortem), paleopathology (the study of ancient patterns of disease, disorders, and trauma), and biomechanics (the study of bone morphology to reconstruct motor habits and labor practices) all help archaeologists infer about how the skeleton died, what their diet was like, and what their everyday life was like.
(lect 17) 1. How have the research interests of historical archaeologists changed pre-1960 and post-1960? Is historical archaeology still just a "handmaiden to history"?
Pre-1960 historical archaeologists were more focused on confirming a historic record, it was more focused on the archaeology of the rich and famous, military battles Post-1960 archaeologists looked at social context, there is a greater political awareness, archaeologists try to understand people other than rulers and leaders No, historical archaeology is not still a "handmaiden to history"
(lect 2) 4. Briefly explain the major differences between processual and post-processual paradigms in Archaeology
Processual: Starts in 1960's. more adaptive or materialist. More scientific Post-processual: Starts in the 1990's. More ideological. More humanistic Today, people are practicing a blend of both (processual-plus)
(lect 18) 4. What is the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)? When was it passed? What does it say? How does it differ from the Antiquities act?
Prohibits excavation or removal of artifacts from federal property without a permit. Prohibits the sale, exchange, or transport of artifacts acquired illegally from federal property. Increases penalty for violations of the act. Passed in 1979. It differs from the Antiquities Act because it provides deterrents and gives heavier fines for violators, and provides provisions for enforcement.
(test 2) 1. What is the difference between relative and absolute dating? Give and explain one example of each.
Relative Dating: Dating objects by expressing them as earlier or later than one another Frequency seriation is an example of relative dating. It looks at the frequency of different artifact styles or types in an assemblage and looks at what style was most popular at certain times to assign each artifact as earlier or later than another. Absolute Dating: Tries to determine a discrete, known interval in time to assign to an artifact. Radiocarbon dating is an example of absolute dating. Archaeologists measure the protons that are emitted from an object during decay to determine the age of the object.
(lect 18) 3. Define the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)? When was it passed? What does it say? Why is it important for the field of cultural resource management?
Required the Gov't to inventory all of their historic structures and archaeological sites and ensure that development projects considered their archaeological effects. Passed in 1966. It is important because it improved the 1906 Antiquities Act by stating how old something has to be in order to be historic.
(lect 4) 4. 1. Why do archaeologists screen? What are two examples of types of screening and what is the benefit of each?
Screening is used to increase control, minimize loss and maximize information and to obtain a statistically significant sample. Wet screening is used when deposit is placed on the screen, then water is poured over it and sediment is washed away, leaving the sample. Flotation screening uses fluid suspension to recover specific types of samples, like burned plant material or bones, because they will float to the top of the screen.
(test 3) 2. Explain status. What is the difference between ascribed and achieved status? How can status be determined archaeologically?
Status is the rights, duties, privileges, and powers that accumulate to a recognized and named social position. Ascribed: Acquired by someone through inheritance (given to them) Achieved: Acquired by someone through accomplishment (earned) Can be determined by looking at material culture and use of space, and from skeletal remains
(lect 3) 3. What are the 3 main geophysical techniques archaeologists use in archaeological prospecting?
The 3 geophysical techniques used by archaeologists are the Ground Penetrating Radar, resistivity and proton magnetronomy, which all use electromagnetic energy to detect characteristics without actually disturbing the ground.
(lect 2) Define and explain the scientific method.
The Scientific method is a step by step process scientists use to solve problems. The Scientific Method works by first defining a problem, next establishing a guess based upon observation that is an explanation of this problem, called a hypothesis. Next scientists determine the implication of the hypothesis and collect data to try to prove it. The hypothesis is then tested by comparing the data collected with the expected result. Depending on the results the hypothesis is either rejected, revised or retested if it is not proven to be true.
(lect 3) 4. How did people live in the Great Basin in the past? explain the two models proposed by Kelly and Thomas
The Wetland model proposed that because the wetlands offered such high quality food, people in the Great Basins inhabited the area year round. The Broad Spectrum model proposed that the wetlands were only part of a seasonal round of migration, which included hunting in the mountains. After studying the area, Kelly and Thomas found that neither model was correct. People in the Great Basins did migrate, but not in the manner they had proposed and that the Wetlands were only used for short term inhabitance.
(lect 18) 2. Trace the development of applied archaeology in the US. Include important laws and major federal programs that stimulated archaeological research.
The development of Cultural Resource Management (CRM). Works Progress Administration (1930s) Interagency Archaeological Salvage Program by the 1960's more than half of the 12,000 buildings listed on the Historical American Buildings Survey were destroyed Federal Agencies are now focused on enforcement and on public education looting epidemic/ international conventions (UNESCO and The Hague Convention)
(test 3) 3. What is the difference between sex and gender? How might an archaeologist determine each of these?
The difference between sex and gender is that sex is the biological differences between men and women and gender is the culturally constructed ideas about the differences between men and women. Archaeologists study graves and their contents, bio-archaeology, artistic depictions, and use ethnographic analogy to determine gender. To determine sex, archaeologists look at the biological difference in skeletons, for example men have a different pelvic bone than women.
(lect 17) 5. What were the findings of the investigations at the New Philadelphia historic archaeological site in relation to their original research question and hypotheses?
The findings showed no conclusive evidence of a school at the site. GPR and magnetometer picked up subsurface anomalies but they turned out to be a cluster of nails. There were potholes identified but they were made by a mechanical auger, and likely weren't related to the school. There were pottery sherds discovered but they appear domestic, and unrelated to a schoolhouse.
(lect 5) 2. Explain the law of superposition. Why is it important to archaeologists?
The law of superposition is the idea that in stratigraphy, layers are formed in a time sequence with older at the bottom and newer at the top, unless a later process has disturbed this. This is important to archaeologists, because it allows them to create a timeline through relative dating, when using stratigraphy.
(lect 2) 2. What is the potlach ceremony? How could it be explained using ideational and adaptive perspectives?
The potlatch ceremony was performed by pacific northwest tribes. The ceremony was a gift-giving ceremony, in which a tribe would collect various materials and give them to another tribe chief, expecting the other tribe to give them a Potlatch within the next few years. Using ideational perspectives, it can be explained that this ceremony was performed as a ritual or a ceremony used to symbolize the power of the tribe. It could represent the tribes wealth allowing them to have enough resources to give some away. From an adaptive perspective it can be viewed as a way for the tribe to ensure that if they have a bad year or do not have enough food or tools, they had already given a Potlatch in the previous years and therefore it would be reciprocated.
(lect 5) 1. Explain the principle of uniformitarianism. Why is it important to archaeologists?
The principle of uniformitarianism is the idea that the same laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated everywhere and operated in the past. This is important for archaeologists, because it allows them to form a greater understanding of past events and their causes. This principle came about after the theory of catastrophe which stated that new creations occurred only after a catastrophe. Its important because it helped archaeologists find out that the earth was older than they previously thought, so it helped serve as a dating technique.
(lect. 19) 4) Which "Archaeological Strategy" uses archaeological examples for present day problems or issues? Describe two examples.
The third archaeological strategy uses archaeological record for present day issues/problems. -Disaster archaeology defines the impact, identity and dynamics of hazard and disasters of the past, like 9/11, to understand how to address a similar problem in the future -Using ancient techniques to benefit modern population, Peruvian irrigation technique to help current strained agricultural systems
(lect 16) 2. Why did anthropologists discard unilineal evolution? What replaced it? What do we use now?
They discarded it because not all things have followed a unilineal path, some cultures stay the same. For example, there are still hunter-gatherers, but that does not mean that culture is less developed than an agricultural society. The multi-lineal approach replaced it and is what we use now.
(test 2) 3. What are time space systematics? Why are they important in archaeology?
Time space systematics compare things through space and time Time space systematics let us recognize patterns in the past over space and through time. They are important because they are key in explaining the distribution of Archaeological phenomena over space and time. They are used to define archaeological cultures Use types and seriation It's how we identified ancestral cultures in the past Looks at how people are adapting and changing through time
(lect 17) 3. What is the research problem/question the historical archaeologists attempted to answer at the New Philadelphia site? What lines of evidence did they use to address this problem?
Was there a schoolhouse, and if house, where was it built? Lines of evidence: excavations (ground penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetometer used to identify subsurface features, plow zone, subsurface excavation, geo-archaeological investigation of erosion) oral histories
