ARE 5.0 PPD (Ballast)

anodizing process

an electrochemical process that deposits an integral coating onto metal, can include the familiar similar color of aluminum, but this finish can be easily scratched

horizontal exit

an exit component consisting of fire-resistance rated construction and opening protectives intended to compartmentalize portions of a building thereby creating refuge areas that afford safety from fire and smoke from the area of fire origin

backing board

an inexpensive gypsum board used as the base layer in multilayer assembly for increased rigidity, sound insulation, and fire resistance

drain inlets

an opening in the ground that allows stormwater to run directly into the storm sewer

labeled door

another name for a fire-rated door

annealed glass

another name for float glass

closed-loop system

antifreeze or some other transfer medium is heated in the collector and circulated to a heat exchanger, where the domestic water is heated by the transfer medium

plates

any section of steel over 8 in wide with a thickness of 0.230 and over, or sections over 48 in wide with a thickness of 0.180 and over

156 sf

any single opening cannot exceed ______ in area (fire partition)

deadman

any type of anchor embedded in the supported soil and tied to the retaining wall

William Le Baron Jenney, Home Insurance Building, Chicago, 1885

architect, building, location, date of first skyscraper

sheet membranes

built-up layers of bituminous saturated felts similar to roofing or single-ply membranes of synthetic materials such as butyl, polyvinyl chloride, and other proprietary products

B

business for office or service transactions (offices, banks, educational above 12th grade, post office)

13 ft

drive aisle width for one way parking

bush hammering

gives a rugged heavy texture by removing a portion of concrete surface with a manual or electric hammer with a head that has rows of small pyramids

heat-strengthened glass

glass that has greater resistance to impact, thermal stresses, and wind than annealed glass, but less than that of tempered glass

tempered glass

glass that is strengthened by introducing stress through rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces

crown, min 1/4 inch per ft

gradual slope for drainage from the center of the roadway, min slope

1.5

green roof should be constructed on a deck with a slope of at least _____%

42 in high

guards must be a min of ____ high

4.5 in

handrails may project a max of ____ on both sides of a stairway

12 in

handrails must extend at least _____ beyond the top and bottom of the ramp segmet

bactericidal copper alloy

hardware finish that kills several bacteria types on contact. good in hospitals, nursing homes etc

48 in

hardware for accessible doors may not be mounted more than _______ above the finished floor

interconnected locks

have a cylindrical lock and a dead bolt, single action of turning a knob or lever handle on the inside releases both bolts

jet pump (Venturi pump)

have pump and motor aboveground and lift water using the Venturi effect

annealing

heat (metal or glass) and allow it to cool slowly, in order to remove internal stresses and toughen it.

ground-coupled heat exchangers

heat or cool outside air by circulating it through pipes buried in the ground

latent heat

heat that causes a change of state of a substance, such as the heat required to change water into steam

batch system

heats water directly in a black-painted tank inside a glazed box. this passive system is simple but subject to freezing and nighttime heat loss

RIGID STEEL CONDUIT

heaviest type of metal conduit and is connected to junction boxes and other devices with threaded fittings

34-38 in

height of a ramp handrail (range)

0.2 in

height of truncated domes

34-48 in

height range for operating devices including door handles, pulls, latches and locks (excluding locks only used for security purposes)

sprayed foam insulation

high R-value, fills all cracks

ashlar

highly shaped stone, aka cut stone

latchset

holds the door in place but has no provision for locking

power factor

how effectively the ballast converts supplied power into usable power

6 weeks

ideally, concrete slabs should be allowed to cure and dry for a min of _____ before resilient flooring is installed

1/3

if a building is fully sprinklered, the min separation distance between two exits is reduced to _____ the max diagonal dimension of the room or area to be served

25%

if at least _____ of the building's perimeter is located on a public way or open space, the basic allowable area may be increased (provided the public way or open space is at least 20 ft wide)

10-20

if both a vapor retarder and an air barrier are used and they are separate membranes, the air barrier should be _____ times more permeable to water vapor diffusion than the vapor retarder, to prevent trapping moisture between the two layers

5%

if fixed or built-in seating or tables are provided in accessible public or common-use areas, then at least _____ and no fewer than 1 must be accessible

80 in

if vertical clearance of an area adjacent to an accessible route is reduced to less than _______, a guardrail or other barrier must be provided

tooling

imparts a decorative effect to the wall, makes joints more watertight by compressing the mortar near the exposed surface

deadband

in a building control system the range of temperatures within neither heating or cooling is needed

25 ft

in group A and E occupancies, if the structural framework of the roof is more than ____ above the floor, fire protection may be omitted

outside

in mixed climatic regions, a vapor permeable air barrier should be placed _____ the insulation, and no vapor retarders should be used

high-intensity discharge lamps

include mercury vapor, metal halide, and high- and low-pressure sodium lamps

wood siding

individual boards applied horizontally , diagonally, or vertically ( mostly from redwood, dear, douglas fir, & pine)

100 ft/min

industry standard escalator speed

MDF

panel product made from wood particles reduced to fibers in a moderate pressure steam vessel and then combined with a resin and bonded together under heat and pressure

focusing collectors

parabolic reflectors that focus the incoming radiation to a single pipe that carries the heat-transfer medium

19.8 ft

parking space depth for one way 45 degree parking

9 ft

parking space width

air barrier

part of a building envelope system that controls infiltration and exfiltration

reactance

part of the electrical resistance in an alternating current circuit, caused by inductance and capacitance

split

similar to a check except that the separation extends completely through a piece of lumber, usually at the ends

drawing

similar to extruding but metal is pulled from a die instead of pushed through

tempering

similar to quenching but doe not involve rapid cooling

half-round slicing

similar to rotary slicing but log is cut in half and veneer is cut slightly across the annular growth rings. pronounced grain pattern

single automatic

simplest type of elevator system

recuperative gas boiler (fuel economizer/boiler economizer)

recovers the heat in the flue gases that would normally be discharged to the atmosphere

plasticizer

reduces the amount of water needed while maintaining the needed consistency for correct placement and compaction, makes it possible to mix higher-strength concrete

American Standard I-Beams (S)

relatively narrow flange width in relation to depth, inside faces of flanges have a slope of 1:6, beams only

thermosiphon system

relies on natural movement of heated water to circulate water in a passive open loop system, storage tanks must be located above collectors

glazing stops

removable pieces of framing that allow glass to be installed and removed easily if it must be replaced

Particulate filters

remove large particles such as dust and lint from the air, must be cleaned or replaced frequently

R-4

residential assisted living 6-15 people (small assisted living)

R-1

residential for transient lodging (hotels, motels)

R-2

residential with 3 or more units (apartments, dorms, condos, convents)

direct glare

results when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with the visual task

Reheat (constant volume) system

return air and fresh outdoor air are mixed

upflow furnace

return air is supplied at the bottom of the unit and the heated air is delivered to the bonnet above the furnace where it is distributed through ductwork

built-up roofing

roofing made up of piles of saturated roofing felts alternated with layers of pitch or hot asphalt cement and surfaced with gravel or a cap sheet

spinning

round shapes on a lathe, type of metal production

cricket

saddle-shaped projection on a sloping roof used to divert water around an obstacle

277 / 480 V Three Phase (three transformers), four-wire

same as 120/208 except voltage is higher

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

semiconductor device that uses solid-state electronics to create light

check

separation of the wood fibers occurring across or through the annual growth rings, a result of improper seasoning

metal lath

sheet metal or wire fabric into which a base coat of plaster is keyed

perforated metal

sheet metal that has been punched with a regular pattern of holes

pozzolan

supplementary cementitious material. decrease permeability, increase strength, improve resistance to alkali-silica reaction(ASR), and sulfate attack

multizone system

supplies air to a central mixing unit where separate heating and cooling coils produce separate hot and cold airstreams

design equivalent temperature difference (DETD)

takes into account air temp differences, effects of the sun, thermal mass storage, colors, finishes, and dailly temp range

superinsulation

technique of providing higher levels of insulation than normally used, tightly sealing all joints and cracks, and preventing any thermal bridges between the outside and inside

radon

test for this when earth sheltering

75 ft

the IBC defines a high-rise building as one with occupied floors more than _____ above the lowest level of fire dept vehicle access

ductility

the ability of a substance to be drawn, pulled, or extruded through a small opening to produce a wire

most restrictive

the allowable area and height must be based on the ___ _______ allowances for the occupancy groups under consideration for the type of construction for a mixed use building

solar constant

the amount of solar energy received per unit area, per unit time on a surface at right-angles to the sun's beam at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere

Relative Humidity (RH)

the amount of water vapor present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature.

altitude

the apparent height of a celestial object above the horizon, measured as an angle.

noise reduction

the arithmetic difference, in dB, between the intensity levels in two rooms separated by a barrier of a given transmission loss

framing

the assembly of lumber and timber components to construct a building

Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)

the average sound absorption coefficient to the nearest 0.05, measured at the four 1/3 octave band center frequencies of 250/500/1000/2000 Hz

galvanic action

the corrosion action that results when dissimilar metals come in contact with each other in the presence of an electrolyte such as moisture

general overhead

the cost of running a contracting business and includes such things as office rent, secretarial help, utilities, etc.

Ohms law for DC circuits

the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. I=V/R

illuminance

the density of luminous flux incident on a surface in lumens per unit area

Transmission Loss (TL)

the difference (dB) between the sound power incident on a barrier in a source room and the sound power radiated into a receiving room on the opposite side of the barrier

inverse square law

States that the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of the radiation to the point of measurement.

Monel metal

Whitish in color, pliable for good adjustment, resists corrosion, mostly used for temples, bridges, and fronts, combination of copper and nickel

floating floor

Wood or laminate flooring that is not fastened or adhered to the subfloor

softwoods

Woods that come from coniferous trees (trees that have needles and cones rather than leaves.)

expanded polystyrene (EPS)

Closed-cell foam used for a growing number of purposes including building insulation.

Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC)

Concrete formulated so that it is highly flowable and fills formwork completely without needing consolidation (no vibration)

U bead

Edge trim in which the edge of the metal is noticeable. Sometimes called J metal by contractors. Does not require finishing with a joint compound

L bead

Edge trim without a back flange; good for installation after the wallboard has been installed; requires finishing with joint compound.

Henry Bessemer

Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel in 1856

Daylight Factor (DF)

Expressed as a percentage, the ratio of the indoor illuminance at a point on a horizontal surface to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance (direct sunlight excluded). Can be calculated and compared with recommended daylight factors for various tasks (1.5% - 4% (difficult tasks))

Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)

Laminated timber is constructed from planks glued together to form sections which are larger than could be achieved with natural timber

karst

Landscape in which soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum have dissolved, forming caves and other voids below the surface.

flying forms

Large fabricated Forms that are removed and reused. Typically used with large repetitive buildings such as apartments and hotels

1.5%

____ slope is suitable for rough paving

HCFCs

_____ should not be used in production of insulation

maximize

_____ the distance between the sources of the noise and the receiver

thin

______ sections are best for natural ventilation and daylighting

ceiling

______ treatment for sound absorption is more effective in large rooms

plastics (silicone and polyurethane)

_______ are usually reserved for above grade dampproofing

granular

_______ soil is ideal for earth sheltering

active chilled beam

a ceiling mounted unit that uses water to provide cooling and heating. integrated with a ventilation system.

Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS)

a cladding system that consists of a thin layer of reinforced stucco applied directly to the surface of an insulating plastic foam board

hydrologic soil group

a classification of soils based on their potential for runoff when thoroughly wet. group A - contains soils high in gravel and sand that have high permeability and low runoff potential - group D which contains clayey soils that have low permeability and high runoff potential

lacquer

a coating material with a high nitrocellulose content modified with resins and plasticizers dissolved in a volatile solvent

guard

a component whose function is to prevent falls from an elevated area

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

a condition associated with a particular indoor environment that appears to be unhealthy for the human occupants

cup

a deviation from true plane along the width of the board

controller

a device that measures, analyzes and initiates actions in a building control system

creosote

a distillate of coal tar and effective protection of wood from insects. insoluble in water and relatively easy to apply, used mainly to protect railroad ties, marine timbers, and roadway guard posts

50-70, SHGC

a good choice for glare control is glass with a VLT from _____________ % combined with the lowest possible _________

kelly ball test

a hemispheric mass of steel with a calibrated stem is dropped onto a slab of freshly laid concrete

passivity

a layer of nonreactive molecules does not allow metal ions at the surface to migrate into solution

mixing

a layer of sand or gravel can be placed on less stable soil and mixed in

shake

a lengthwise separation of the wood that usually occurs between or or through the annual growth rings

60 ft

a long span is generally considered to be one over _______ in length

articulation index

a measure of speech intelligibility calculated from the number of words read from a selected list that are understood by an audience. A low articulation index (less than 0.15) is desirable for speech privacy, whereas a high articulation index (above 0.6) is desired for good communication.

Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF)

a measure of the performance of a heat pump operating in the heating cycle

ground coupled cooling

a method of cooling a building by direct contact with the earth or circulating air through underground tunnels

underpinning

a method to temporarily support existing foundation while they are being repaired or strengthened or when they are being extended to a lower level

mortar

a mixture of sand, water, lime, and cement used in building for holding bricks and stones together

vent

a pipe or factory-made component that contains a passageway for carrying combustion products and air to the atmosphere

cast stone

a precast building stone manufactured from Portland cement and concrete, used as a trim, veneer, or facing on or in buildings or structures

bonderizing

a process in which manganese is electroplated to steel; helps increase resistance to corrosion

material and labor costs, cost of equipment fees and services, and contractor's overhead and project

a project estimate should include these 3 things

brownfield

a property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant or contaminant.

octave band

a range of frequencies in which the upper frequency is twice that of the lower

30-40%, 5

a row of trees will decrease wind velocity _____ at a distance about _____ times the height of the trees

2.5%

a safe sidewalk slopes no more than _____

thickness, density, porosity, and orientation of fibers

amount of absorption of sound absorber is dependent on these 4 things

displacement ventilation

an air distribution system in which supply air originates at floor level and rises to return air grilles in the ceiling

brass

an alloy of copper and zinc

3.41

1 Watt = ______ BTU/hr

decibel

10 times the common log of the ratio of a quantity to a reference quantity of the same kind, such as power, intensity, or energy density

rise greater than 6 in, length greater than 72 in

2 conditions for a ramp to have a handrail

tremie

A pipe for placing concrete under water. A hopper for filling is provided at the top, while the lower end is kept submerged in fresh concrete.

fire barrier

A fire-resistance-rated vertical or horizontal assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected

exit enclosure

A fully enclosed portion of an exit that is only used as a means of egress and provides a protected path of egress in a vertical or horizontal direction

center match

Has an even number of veneer leaves of uniform width so that there is never a joint in the center of the panel

gross floor area

Includes stairs, corridors, toilet rooms, mechanical rooms, closets, and interior partition thickness when calculating occupant load.

finish grading

Refers to the final leveling and smoothing of soil surfaces to their required contours and elevations.

fire partition

A wall assembly with a 1-hr fire resistance rating.

Single Wythe Wall

A wall composed of a single unit of masonry in thickness (a one brick or block thick wall).

veneer wall

A wall made up of a single vertical thickness of masonry designed to improve the exterior appearance of a building.

Variable Voltage, Variable Frequency (VVVF)

AC control system that uses a rectifier and an inverter to convert AC power to DC power and then to variable-voltage, variable-frequency three-phase AC current. result is very accurate and efficient speed control

1990

ADA became law in this year

62.1

ASHRAE standard for min outdoor air ventilation levels

lockset

An assembly of parts making up a complete locking system including knobs,plates and a locking mechanism

Fire door assembly

Any combination of a fire door, frame, hard work, and other accessories that provides a degree of fire protection to an opening

Glass-Reinforced Gypsum (GRG)

Broad class of products manufactured from high-strength, high-density gypsum reinforced with continuous-filament glass fibers or chopped glass fibers.

steel or stainless steel

fire rated doors must have ____ or ______ ______ hinges

International Residential Code

a simplified mode code specifically addressing the construction of detached one-and-two family homes and townhouses of limited size.

Noise Isolation Class (NIC)

a single number rating derived from the measured value of noise reduction between two rooms.

bronze

an alloy of copper and tin

Sound Transmission Class (STC)

an average of a barrier's ability to reduce sound over several frequency bands. the higher the STC rating, the better the barrier's ability to control sound transmission

oriented strand board (OSB)

an engineered panel product manufactured from precision-cut wood strands a max of 4 in long and 0.0027 thick.

membranes

built-up layers of hot- or cold-applied asphalt felts or membranes of butly, polyvinyl chloride, and other synthetic materials

silica fume

collected by filtering the smoke created during the production of silicon and ferrosilicon metals

concrete

combination of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water

interior finish

defined in IBC as wall and ceiling finish including wainscoting, paneling, or other finish applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation, or similar purposes

3 dB

each doubling of the amount of absorption in a room results in a noise reduction of only _____

medullary rays

radial cells extending from the center of the tree to its circumference. causes markings perpendicular to the grain in Oak trees

45 ft

radius for straight body truck

1:8

ramp slope permitted if max rise doesn't exceed 3 inches

1:10

ramp slope permitted if the max rise does not exceed 6 inches

wire nails

range in size from six penny to sixty penny

plywood

sheets of thin veneer glued together to form a rigid panel; sheets made in standrard 4' x 8' dimensions

wash

slope of coping

6 in

handrail required on both sides of a ramp if rise is greater than _____

low-voltage switching

in this system, individual switches are operated on a 24 V circuit and control relays that provide the 120 V switching. More costly to install, but has several advantages

cast iron

iron with a carbon content above 2%; very hard but brittle

wrought iron

iron with very low carbon content and a substatial amount of slag; soft ductile and resistant to corrosion

24 ft

min drive aisle for double loaded 90 degree parking

6'8"

min headroom for stairs

80 in

min height of egress doors

19 ft

min parking space depth for double loaded 90 degree parking

0.2 in

min required width of exits = occupant load factor times ______ (non-stair)

0.3 in

min required width of exits = occupant load factor times ______ (stairs)

60 in

minimum ramp landing length

20 min

minimum rating for openings in smoke barriers

1/4 in/ft

minimum roof slope

0.5%-2%

minimum slope of building sewer depending on the size of the pipe

1/4 in/ft perp to walking surface

minimum slope of walking surface for drainage

36 in

minimum width of any stair

6 ft

minimum width of collector walks next to parking

composite decking

mixture of small wood fibers and plastic that is formed into planks used for exterior decks and railings

PCP

oil-borne preservative used to treat utility poles and cross arms, fresh water pilings and bridge timbers

required span, seismic loads, efficiency, cost, time, fire protection, material availability

structural system considerations (7)

rigid frame

structural system in which the vertical and horizontal members and joints resist loads primarily by flexure, and in which moments are transferred from beams to columns

scrubbed

surface of concrete is wetted and ______ with a wire or fiber brush or remove some of the surface mortar and expose the coarse aggregate

roping

the arrangement of cables used to hoist an electric elevator

luminous intensity

the solid angular flux density in a given direction measured in candlepower or candelas

Dry Bulb Temperature

the temperature of the air-water mixture as measured with a standard dry bulb thermometer

panel filter

trap only the largest particles

evergreens

trees that keep their leaves year-round

S

storage occupancy

dBA

unit of sound intensity measurement that is weighted to account for the response of the human ear to various frequencies

squares

when describing size, estimating, and ordering roofing materials, roofing area is referred to in _____, equal to 100 sf

evaporation

when moisture changes to a vapor as a person perspires or breathes

fluid-applied systems

waterproofing materials that include modified asphalts, urethanes, and other synthetics, applied on the positive side (exposed to water)

bentonite systems

waterproofing system that uses an assembly of bentonite clay inside kraft paper packages or plastic liners in panel form

24 ft

two-way driveway entries should be ______ wide

miscellaneous

type I risk category in IBC

K-series

type of OWJ that spans up to 60 ft

Polycrystalline cells

type of PV cell less expensive than other PV cells but also produce less power

thin-film cells

type of PV cells that can be deposited onto other materials such as glass, metal, and plastic, ideal when the cells need to be fused to other building materials as part of a building-integrated PV system

flush door

type of door that gives a single smooth surface on both sides

intensive

type of green roof, greater than 1 ft of plants

wall

______ treatment for sound absorption is more effective in small rooms

flitch

A large timber from which veneers are cut.

23.5

The angle which the earth's axis is tilted

7 in

door must not project into path of egress travel more than ______

F-2

factory low hazard

bedrock

highest bearing capacity of all soil types

12 ft

one-way driveway should be _____ minimum

VOCs

organic compounds that become vapors at typical atmospheric temperatures

plywood web joists

wood I-beams. higher load capacity than wood joists. use wood from 2nd/3rd growth timber forests. minimal shrinkage, ease of handling, uniformity in size & shape

heartwood

wood from the center of the tree

ASHRAE 90.1

Standard for Energy efficiency of buildings

NFPA 80

Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives

NFPA 257

Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies

office buildings, hospitals, retail, schools, labs

5 examples of internal load dominated buildings

Programmatic Concepts

Statements about functional solutions to the client's performance requirements

deciduous

broad-leaved trees that lose their leaves in the winter, such as oak, walnut, and maple

flood test

common way to verify watertightness

redwood, cedar

commonly used species for exterior applications where resistance to moisture is required

7'6x15 ft

compact size of parking space

16-18 in

distance from c.l. of accessible toilet to wall (range)

two way system

distribute loads to supports in both directions and involve complex, 3d methods of resisting loads

60-80 ft

double tees span range

power

equals current times electromotive force

T=0.05(V/A)

equation for reverberation time

I=P/4πr^2

equation relating power and sound intensity

30

escalators are housed in a trussed assembly set at a _____ angle

thermal barrier, rigid insulation, waterproof membrane, root barrier, drainage layer, growth medium

6 components of a green roof over a metal deck

waterproof membrane, root barrier, rigid insulation, drainage layer, filter fabric, growth medium

6 components of green roof over a concrete deck

air temp, humidity, air movement, surface temp, clothing, ventilation

6 factors that dictate thermal comfort

initial, operational, maintenance, replacement, finance, taxes, residual value

7 parts of a life cycle cost analysis

I-1

> 16 ambulatory people on a 24-hr basis (assisted living, nursing home, convalescent facilities)

I-3

> 5 people restrained (jails, prisons, reformatories)

glazing factor

A LEED based number calculated by taking into account window area, floor area, a window geometry factor, light transmission, and a window height factor.

solid stock

A board that is one single solid type of wood

means of egress

A continuous and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way

astragals

Vertical members used between double doors to seal the opening, act as a doorstop, or provide extra security when the doors are closed.

ground light

Visible light from the sun and sky, reflected by exterior surfaces below the plane of the horizon

water-resistive barrier

WRB stands for

cellular metal floors

essentially metal decking designed for use as cable raceways. Cells are closer together than underfloor ducts

400 sf/car

estimated area for parking (sf/car)

no. 4 finish

general purpose polished finish that is dull and prevents mirror reflection, one of the most frequently used architectural finishes

fiber saturation point

moisture content when cells are completely saturated with bound water but no free water inside cell cavities

30 degree

most common angle of spiral stair treads

25 and 20

most common gages for metal studs

Sound Absorption Coefficient

ratio of the sound intensity absorbed by a material to the total intensity reaching the material

suction pump

suitable for water tables less than 25 ft

false

true/false: an AOR is required if a building is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system

depth and yield

two considerations for well-drilling

continuous from floor slab to underside of the floor or roof slab above

unlike fire partitions, fire barriers must always be ______

48 in

unobstructed high forward reach above floor

15 in

unobstructed min forward low reach above floor

water-to-water heat exchanger (runaround coils)

use water or some other liquid transfer medium to exchange heat

grade beam on piers

used for foundations where expansive soil such as bentonite is present

Direct Current (DC)

used for some types of elevator motors and low-voltage applications such as signal systems, controls, and similar equipment

softwoods

used for structural and rough carpentry because of their greater availability and lower cost

flush bolts

used on the inactive leaf of a pair of doors to lock the doors

smoke barrier

A continuous vertical or horizontal membrane with a minimum fire-resistance rating of 1-hr that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke.

Adaptive Reuse

A conversion where the remodeling produces a creative reuse of the structure that is different from its original purpose

exit court

A court or yard that provides access to a public way for one or more required exits

pitch pocket

A defects in softwood consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resin

fire damper

A device installed in ductwork that limits the spread of fire, usually activated by the melting of a link that holds it in its normally open position.

Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI)

A device intended to provide protection from the effects of arc faults by recognizing characteristics unique to arcing and by functioning to de-energize the circuit when an arc fault is detected.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)

A device that interrupts and de-energizes an electrical circuit to protect a person from electrocution.

R-3

1 or 2 dwelling units with attached uses or child care less than 6, less than 24-hr care (B&B, small child care)

scratch, brown, finish

3 coats in typical plaster install

ceilings, walls, and carpet

3 most common acoustical treatments

indoor/outdoor/bio contaminants, poor ventilation

4 causes of poor IAQ

fixed sash, double hung, casement and horizontal pivoted

4 common types of wood windows

houses, apartments, condos, warehouses

4 examples of external load dominated buildings

mortise, preassembled, bored, and interconnected

4 types of latches and locks

actuator

A device to produce physical movement based on output from a computer system.

hygrometer test

"Relative Humidity Test" - Moisture of the concrete is assessed by measuring the relative humidity of the air directly adjacent to it

suspended particle device glazing (SPD)

- light absorbing particles in a liquid - clear to opaque (ok for privacy) - can be controlled with a rheostat

fire-protection-rated glazing

1/4" thick wired glass in steel frames or other types of glazing that meet the requirements of NFPA 252 or NFPA 257.

flat plate heat recovery units

2 separate ducts: 1 for incoming air & 1 for exhaust, separated by a thin wall that facilitates the heat transfer. only exchanges sensible heat, no humidity control

louvered door

A door having a louvered opening for the passage or circulation of air

Exit access doorway

A door or access point along the path of egress travel from an occupied room, area, or space where the path of egress enters an intervening room, corridor, unenclosed exit access stair or unenclosed exit access ramp

panic hardware

A door-latching assembly that will open the door if subjected to pressure.

fire partition

A fire resistive component used to separate dwelling units in r-2 construction, one hour rated construction, similar to fire barriers, but requirements for fire support are not as strict.

mineral wool

A generic term for mineral fibers of a woolly consistency normally made from molten glass, rock, or slag. Insulation composed principally of fibers manufactured from rock, slag, or glass with or without binders.

reflective glass

A glass having a thin, translucent metallic coating bonded to the exterior or interior surface to reflect a portion of the light and radiant heat that strike it.

PCBs

A group of industrial compounds used to manufacture plastics and insulate electrical transformers, and responsible for many environmental problems.

flat-plate solar collector

A heat-absorbing metal plate in a flat box; used to absorb the sun's energy and utilize it for heating.

Half-Surface Hinge

A hinge having one leaf mortise into a door frame and the other surface mounted to the face of the door

Half Mortise Hinge

A hinge having one leaf mortise into the edge of a door in the other surface mounted to the door frame

structural tubing

A hollow structural steel shape of square, rectangular, or circular cross section. It is designated by the prefix TS followed by the side dimensions or diameter and the wall thickness

structural clay tile

A hollow tile of fired clay having a parallel cells or cores, used in building walls and partitions.

Exit passageway

A horizontal fully enclosed portion of an exit that is only used as a means of egress

vapor retarder

A layer of material intended to resist the diffusion of water vapor through a building assembly.

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)

A lightweight, precast concrete made with *aluminum powder* as an extra ingredient, hardened in molds, and *cured in an autoclave*; *provides excellent insulation value, reduced air infiltration, and improved acoustic properties*; also requires less cement than does standard concrete

smoke damper

A listed device installed in ducts and air transfer openings that is designed to resist the passage of smoke.

mortise lock

A lock housed within a mortise cut into a door edge so that the lock mechanism is covered on both sides, allow the use of a deadbolt

laitance

A low-strength layer of fine particles that floats to the surface of wet concrete.

Coproduct

A marketable byproduct from a process that can include materials traditionally considered to be waste but that can be used as raw materials in a different manufacturing process.

turbidity

A measure of how clear water is.

lift-slab construction

A method of building multistory site-cast concrete buildings by casting all the slabs in a stack on the ground, then lifting them up the columns with jacks and welding them in place.

Balloon Framing

A method of framing in which the wall studs rest directly on the sill plate and each floor "hangs" from the studs

platform framing

A method of framing wood stud walls in which the studs are one story in height and the floor joists bear on the top plates of the wall below.

impact hammer test

A nondestructive test to determine the strength of hardened concrete, by measuring the rebound of a plunger after striking the concrete surface. This test is not accurate enough to be a substitute for standard compression tests.

Eutrophication

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

masonry cement

A proprietary mix of portland cement and other ingredients, such as hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agents and gypsum requiring only the addition of sand and water to make cement mortar.

ground source heat pumps (GSHPs)

A pump that harnesses geothermal energy from near-surface sources of earth and water, in order to heat and cool buildings. Operates on the principle that temperatures below ground are more stable than temperatures above ground.

Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)

A single number figure of merit based on part-load EER or COP

accessory occupancy

A space or room that is ancillary to a main occupancy but that does not exceed 10% of the floor area of the story in which it is located.

interior exit stairway

A stairway that is an exit component that meets one or more means of egress requirements

environmental product declaration (EPD)

A standardized, internationally recognized, comprehensive tool for providing information on a product's environmental impact, based on an ISO-compliant life-cycle assessment (LCA) and can be verified by a third party. This includes a detailed analysis that considers all processes in the life cycle of the product, such as raw material extraction and refining, energy use and efficiency during manufacture, transportation methods, and end-of-service-life recycling.

Demand control ventilation

A system designed to adjust the amount of ventilation air provided to a space based on the extent of occupancy. The system normally uses some type of sensors

insulating concrete form (ICF)

A system of lightweight components, most commonly made of rigid polystyrene insulating foam, used as permanent formwork for the casting of concrete walls.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

A technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life, i.e., from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. While typically used to assess environmental impacts, this technique could be used to identify social impacts of a product's life cycle as well.

trombe wall

A thermal storage wall consisting of an external glass skin and an inner wall with a layer of air between, which warms the room behind it by convection.

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

A third-party certification body that certifies wood is cut from a sustainably managed forest.

welded wire fabric

A type of reinforcement used in reinforced concrete, consisting of a grid of steel wires perpendicular to each other and welded at all points of intersection. used for temperature reinforcement in slabs

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions, e.g. marble and slate

sedimentary rock

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together. e.g. sandstone and limestone

nonvitreous tile

A type of tile that has a water absorption rate of more than 7%

heavy timber construction

A type of wood construction made from large wood members and solid timber decking in a post-and-beam configuration; in the International Building Code, buildings of Type IV HT construction, consisting of heavy timber interior construction and noncombustible exterior walls, which are considered to have moderate fire-resistive properties.

energy recovery ventilator

A ventilator that recovers latent and sensible energy from the exhaust airstream and imparts it to the incoming airstream. generally used in continuously occupied buildings

design theory

A way to direct design based on a system of beliefs or philosophy.

efflorescence

A white, powdery deposit that forms on an exposed masonry or concrete surface, caused by the leaching and crystallization of soluble salts from within the material.

Bulk Plane Restriction

A zoning technique that establishes an imaginary inclined plane beginning at the lot line or the center of the street at a given elevation and slopes at a prescribed angle toward and over the lot. The building cannot extend beyond this plane.

Conditional Use Permit

Allows a nonconforming use or other use in the zoning ordinance if the property owner meets certain conditions.

Flexible Metal-Clad Cable

Also called Armored Cable (AC), or BX (trade name), Flex: often used in remodeling work (can be pulled thru existing spaces), also connects commercial light fixture so they can be relocated in a suspended ACT ceiling.

all-water system

An air-conditioning system in which either hot or chilled water is piped to fan-coil units in the served spaces, where air is circulated locally

area of refuge

An area where people unable to use stairways can remain temporarily while waiting for assistance

fire assembly

An assembly of a fire door, fire window or fire damper, including all required anchorage, frames, sills and hardware

electric elevator

An elevator operated by traction, in which steel cables with counterweights raise or lower the elevator car

exit access stairway

An interior stairway that is not a required interior exit stairway.

incidental use

Ancillary to a main occupancy and has the same classification as the nearest main occupancy, but poses a greater level of risk than that occupancy.

resilient flooring

Any of various floor coverings capable of springing back to the original form after being bent or compressed, available in either tile or sheet form and set in mastic over a suitable underlayment.

public way

Any street, alley, or similar parcel of land essentially unobstructed from the ground to the sky that is permanently appropriated to the public for public use and has a clear width of not less than 10ft.

Full Surface Hinge

Both leaves are applied to the surface, one to the door and the other to the frame (metal core door (MCD) or HM with CIF)

parameter method

Calculates an estimated cost per Sq Ft for many types of materials so that the designer can understand the cost implications of each, as well as mix and match materials or systems to arrive at a design that complies with the project budget.

fluorescent lamps

Contain mixture of an inert gas (argon) and low-pressure mercury vapor. Mercury arc is formed when lamp is energized creating ultraviolet light. This invisible light strikes the phosphor-coated bulb producing visible light.

144 ft

DLH series joists span up to _____

Visual Comfort Probability (VCP)

Defined as the percentage of normal vision observers who will be comfortable in that specific visual environment.

coordinator

Device used with double doors that have an Astragal to coordinate the closing sequence

graywater

Domestic wastewater composed of wash water from kitchen, bathroom, and laundry sinks, tubs, and washers. (EPA)

sally port

Double-Gated or Double-Door entry or exit point that restricts movement between freedom and incarceration

LK bead

Edge trim for use with various thicknesses of wallboard in a kerfed jamb (one with a small slot cut in). It required finishing with joint compound.

batt insulation

Fiberglass or rock-wool insulation with various thicknesses. May or may not have a paper covering.

tuckpointing

Filling fresh mortar into cutout or defective joints in masonry

plaster

Finish material made from various types of cementing compounds, fine aggregate, and water.

fire wall

Fire-rated wall with a specified degree of fire resistance, built of fire-resistive materials and usually extending from the foundation up to and through the roof of a building, that is designed to limit the spread of a fire within a structure or between adjacent structures.

solid surfacing

Generic term for homogenous, polymer-based surfacing materials. Combination of 2 ingredients: filler and a clear resin binder, either acrylic, polyester, or a mixture of the 2

Fire-Resistance-Rated Glazing

Glass or other glazing material that has been tested as part of a fire-reistance-rated wall assembly according to ASTM E119

electrochromic glass

Glass that changes transparency with electricity.

low-e glass

Glass which transmits visible light while selectively reflecting longer wavelengths of radiant heat

wide-flange (W)

H-shaped sections used for both beams and columns, width of flange is greater than that of standard I-beams

terracotta

Hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or painted.

case hardening

Hardening of the outer surface (or case) of a steel component by a carburizing or nitriding process; used to improve wear and fatigue resistance.

panic hardware

Hardware mounted on exit doors in public buildings that unlock from the inside and enable doors to be opened when pressure is applied to the release mechanism.

furring channel

Hat channel, used for ceiling framing and to fur out from concrete or masonry walls if walls are uneven or if additional depth is needed.

quenching

Heating metal to moderate temperature before cooling quickly. - Hardens metal but makes more brittle.

operation

used to describe the way the electrical systems for an elevator or group of elevators answer calls for service

backset

Horizontal distance from the face of a lock or latch to the center of the knob or lock cylinder

Vermiculite

Hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate that resembles mica. Was mined in Montana in location known to contain some asbestos. When heated in processing, it turns into worm-like pieces. Concern with loose, pour-in insulation used in attics and concrete blocks. Uses: pour-in insulation, acoustic finishes, fire protection, and sound-deadening compounds.

vermiculite

Hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate that resembles mica. Was mined in Montana in location known to contain some asbestos. When heated in processing, it turns into worm-like pieces. Concern with loose, pour-in insulation used in attics and concrete blocks. Uses: pour-in insulation, acoustic finishes, fire protection, and sound-deadening compounds.

2

IBC requires ____ drinking fountains be provided

net floor area

Includes only the space actually used by the occupant when calculating occupant load.

Abraham Darby

Invented coke smelting (1709) and advanced the mass production of brass and iron goods. Coke smelting replaced charcoal with coal in metal foundries during the process of refining metals; and this was important to Britain's future since charcoal at that time was becoming scarce and was more expensive.

96 ft

LH series joists span up to ______

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

Lumber made from ultrasonically graded Douglas fir veneers, which are laminated with all grains parallel to each other with exterior-grade adhesives under heat and pressure.

luminance

Luminous flux per unit of projected area and unit solid angle leaving a surface, either reflected or transmitted.

flue gas desulfurization

Main source for synthetic gypsum in North America, process where power-generating plants remove polluting gases from their stacks to reduce emission of harmful materials into atmosphere

plain sawing

Makes the most efficient use of the log and is the least expensive. Wood is cut with various orientations to the grain of the tree results in surface with characteristic cathedral pattern

admixtures

Materials that are added to a concrete mix to change certain properties of the concrete such as retarding setting time, reducing water requirements, or making the concrete easier to work with.

30 ft

Maximum distance for a 1:12 ratio ramp between landings

1:12

Maximum slope of a ramp

chairs

Metal supports made of heavy wire to hold the steel bars in place during the pouring of concrete in a form

form ties

Metal wires or rods that hold concrete formwork together. The ties are placed close to one another to keep formwork from deforming. When formwork is stripped the wires or rods remain in place and the part which protrudes is either twisted off, broken off, screwed off, or pulled off depending on the type of tie.

ferrous

Metals that contain iron as their base material, such as steel.

nonferrous

Metals that do not contain iron, such as brass, bronze, and aluminum

matrix costing

Method of budgeting where a matrix is drawn showing the various alternatives along one side and the individual elements that combine to produce the total cost of the alternatives on the other side.

unit cost method

Method of budgeting where the project is broken down into its individual building components and the labor needed to install them.

blueprint matching

Most expensive way of laying up panels in a room. Panels are manufactured to precisely fit the room and line up with every obstruction so grain continuity is not interrupted. Veneers from the same flitch are matched over doors, cabinets, and other items covered with paneling.

scribe piece

Oversized piece of plastic laminate or wood that can be trimmed in the field to follow any minor irregularities of the wall

Fire exit hardware

Panic hardware that is listed for use on fire door assembly

fee in lieu

Payment of money by developer in place of meeting all or part of stormwater performance standards

collector walks

Pedestrian circulation paths should not cross roads, parking lots, or other areas of potential conflict; there should be ________ ________ next to parking areas so people can travel from their cars directly to a separate walk

variance

Permission obtained from zoning authorities to build a structure or conduct a use that is expressly prohibited by the current zoning laws; an exception from the zoning ordinances.

stack effect

Phenomenon of a strong air draft moving from ground level to the roof level of a building. Affected by building height, configuration, and temperature differences between inside and outside air.

random matching

Places veneers in a random sequence and veneers from different flitches may even be used

Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF)

Polyurethane foam sprayed in place on a low-slope roof then covered with a protective coating.

drain down system

Potable water is circulated from the storage tank through the collector loop. Freeze protection is provided by solenoid valves opening and dumping the water at a preset low temperature. Collectors and piping must be pitched so that the system can drain down, and must be assembled carefully to withstand 100 psi. city water line pressures. Pressure reducing valves are recommended when city water pressure is greater than the working pressure of the system.

quarter sawing

Produced by cutting the log into quarters and then sawing perpendicular to a diameter line; tend to twist and cup less, shrink less, hold paint better and have fewer defects

NFPA 265

Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile or Expanded Vinyl Wall Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls

Polyethylene Sheet Test

Qualitative test conducted by sealing a 18" x 18" sheet of plastic to the floor to trap excessive moisture. After minimum of 16 hours, visual inspection is made of the floor and the sheet. Presence of visible water indicates the concrete is insufficiently dry for the application of finishes.

Fire resistance rating

Rating assigned to a material or assembly after standardized testing by an independent testing organization; identifies the amount of time a material or assembly will resist a typical fire, as measured on a standard time-temperature curve.

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

Ratio of heat admitted to the amount striking the glass

Busbars

Rectangular copper bars used to conduct high currents of electricity. Power is transmitted through multiple bars, insulated from one another, and arranged in a metal housing called a busway.

post-industrial

Referring to materials generated in manufacturing processes, (trimmings or scrap) that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste. Also called pre-consumer materials.

perimeter protection

Refers to the methods used by owners to secure access to the premises when the business is closed

radiant barrier

Reflective barriers that inhibit heat transfer by thermal radiation.

Clean Air Act of 1970

Required EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants; forced states to follow and make sure the laws for followed in relation to the EPA. States allowed to decide officials for enforcement.

roof pond

Requires thermal mass similar to Trombe wall, but is located on the roof

NFPA 252

Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies

ASTM E119

Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction Materials

rift sawing

Saw cuts from a quartered log are always made radially to the center of the tree; because log must be shifted after each cut and since there is waste, it is more expensive

board insulation

Semi-rigid insulation formed into sections, rectangular both in plan and cross section, usually more than 120 cm (4 ft) long, 60-75 cm (2 - 2.5 ft) wide, and up to 10 cm (4 in )thick.

strike jamb

Side where door closes

hinge jamb

Side where hinge or pivot is installed

running match

Simply alternates bookmatched veneer pieces, regardless of their width or how many pieces must be used to complete a panel. Any portion left over from the last leaf of one panel is used as the starting piece for the next.

NFPA 285

Standard Fire Test Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Non-Load-Bearing Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components

NFPA 253

Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source

NFPA 286

Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth

exit discharge

That portion of the means-of-egress system between the termination of the exit and a public way.

exit access

That portion of the means-of-egress system that leads from any occupied portion in a building or structure to an exit.

occupant load factor

The amount of floor area presumed to be occupied by one person.

BTU (British Thermal Unit)

The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one pound (1lb) of water one (1) degree Fahrenheit at or near maximum density.

bite

The amount of overlap between the edge of a glass pane and a window frame, stop, or lock-strip gasket.

fire area

The area and closed and bounded by firewalls, fire barriers, exterior walls, or horizontal assemblies of a building

workplane

The assumed height at which work is performed, usually considered to be at desk height, 30 in. above the floor.

knot

The base of a woody branch enclosed by a subsequent growth of wood in the stem from which it rises.

Acidification

The change in the chemical composition of soil, which may trigger the circulation of toxic metals.

Common Path of Egress Travel

The portion of the exit access travel distance measured from the most remote point within a story to the point where the occupants have separate access to two exits or exit access doorways and can make a choice about which direction to go.

exit access travel distance

The distance that an occupant would have to travel to get from the most remote point in the occupied portion of the exit access area, along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical travel, to the entrance to the nearest exit.

fire zone

The division of a city in representation of the degree of fire hazard.

Automatic closing door

The door that is normally held in the open position, it is released to close on activation of smoke detector / fire alarm system, must be self-closing

finish carpentry

The final exposed wood fabricated on site. For example, wood-siding, trim, door and window framing, stairs, cabinetry, and built-ins.

solar savings fraction

The fraction of the total energy used by system that is provided by solar technology. Represented by the variable F, it is a decimal fraction from 0 to 1

Visible light transmittance

The fraction of visible light that passes through a glazing material

sensible heat

The heat energy that causes a change in temperature of a substance but does not contribute to a change in state

ball bearing hinge

The hinge equipped with ball bearing between the knuckles to reduce friction and ensure ease of operation. used in high frequency applications

Time Value of Money (TVM)

The idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity.

drainage easement

The legal rights granted by a land owner to a grantee, commonly a governmental entity, allowing the use of private land for Stormwater management

resistance

The number of hours needed for 1 BTU to pass thru 1 sf of material or assembly of a given thickness when the temp differential is 1 degree F

occupant load

The number of people that a building code assumes will occupy a given building or portion of a building.

Fire protection rating

The period of time for which an opening assembly maintains that ability to confine a fire or maintains its integrity

exit

The portion of the egress system that provides a protected path of egress between the exit access and the exit discharge.

Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT)

The weighted average of all of the temperatures of all of the surfaces visible from a given position.

common path of egress travel

The portion of the exit access travel distance measured from the most remote point within a story to the point where the occupants have separate access to two exits or exit access doorways and can make a choice about which direction to go.

smelting

The process by which ore is melted to separate the useful metal from other elements.

Emittance

The ratio of radiant energy emitted by a material to a blackbody at the same temperature.

window to wall ratio

The ratio of the net glazing area in your room or space to the gross exterior wall area

net metering

The requirement that a utility pay and charge equal rates regardless of which way electricity flows as a part of the utility Grid.

drain-back system

The solar heat transfer fluid automatically drains into a tank by gravity. Drain back systems are available in one or two tank configurations. A heat exchanger is necessary, because the city inlet pressure would prevent draining. The heat transfer fluid in the collector loop may be distilled or city water if the loop plumbing is copper. If the plumbing is threaded galvanized pipe, inhibitors may be added to prevent corrosion. Most inhibitors are non-potable and require a double wall heat exchanger. The pump used must be sized to overcome static head.

detention

The temporary storage of storm run off and the detention facility to control peak discharge rates and provides gravity settling of pollutants. Provides a gradual release of stored water at a controlled rate

reverberation time

The time it takes the sound level to decrease 60 dB after the source has stopped producing the sound

embodied energy

The total amount of energy used to extract materials and manufacture, transport, install, and use a product across its life cycle.

formwork

The total system of support for freshly placed concrete, including the mold or sheathing that contacts the concrete, as well as all supporting members, hardware, and necessary bracing.

loose-fill insulation

Thermal insulation in the form of mineral wool fibers, granular vermiculite or perlite, or treated cellulosic fibers, poured by hand or blown through a nozzle into a cavity or over supporting membrane

impervious tile

Tile that has a water absorption rate of 0.5% or less

brake forming

Type of cold forming: Common method of fabricating sheet metal components. Sheet steel is shaped on a press brake by squeezing it between a punch and a die block. HVAC ducts and storefront steel is made this way

hardpan

Unbroken mixture of clay sand and gravel. Good base for building foundations

candlepower

Unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle

sabin

Unit of sound absorption equivalent to 1 square foot of perfectly absorptive material.

radiative cooling

Uses thermal mass to store heat during the day and release heat to the outside at night.

office, hotel, school, residential, and buildings with varying loads and different zones

VRF systems are ideal for ______ (5)

ASHRAE 62.1

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality standard

Recovered materials

Waste or byproducts that have been diverted from solid-waste disposal. The term does not apply to materials that are generated from or reused within an original manufacturing process.

Blackwater

Wastewater from toilets and urinals; definitions vary, and wastewater from kitchen sinks (perhaps differentiated by the use of a garbage disposal), showers, or bathtubs is considered blackwater under some state or local codes.

sheet flow

Water that drains across a sloping surface

reflected glare

When light from a source is reflected off a surface and then into eyes

heat pipe

a self contained device that transfers sensible heat energy from hot exhaust air to cool outdoor air

Direct Expansion (DX)

a self-contained unit that passes non-ducted air over an evaporator, which cools the air

Noise Criteria (NC)

a set of single-number ratings of acceptable background noise corresponding to a set of curves specifying sound pressure levels across octave bands

Home Energy Rating System (HERS)

a standardized system for rating the energy efficiency of residential building using the HERS council guidelines and the mortgage industry HERS accreditation procedures. A HERS score is a numeric value between 1 & 100 indicating the relative energy efficiency of a given home as compared with the HERS energy efficient reference home

weathering steel

a steel alloy that forms a tenacious, self-protecting rust layer when exposed to the atmosphere

Vierendeel truss

a structure composed of a series of rigid rectangular frames; but not a true truss as there are no triangles and the members resist bending, tension and compression

detectable warning

a surface feature built in or applied to walking surfaces or other elements to warn of hazards on a circulation path.

polyurethane

a synthetic resin manufactured from polymers joined by urethane used in adhesives, carpet padding, plastics, etc.

Chilled Beams

a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room.

igneous rock

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface. e.g. granite

phon

a unit of loudness level of a sound equal to the sound pressure level of a 1000 Hz tone judged to be equally loud

board foot

a unit of measurement for lumber that equals 1'' x 12'' x 12''.

Effective Temperature (ET)

a value developed that combines the effects of air temperature, humidity and air movement

sol-air temperature

a value for outdoor temperature that combines the effects of temperature difference with solar radiation. used as (delta)T value in heat gain calcs. T=T(outside)+[ (a, surface's absorbance for solar radiation)(E, total solar radiation incident on the surface)/(h, the film coefficient of heat transfer by long-wave radiation and convection at the surface)]-7degreeF

0.04

a vapor barrier should have a permeance of less than _____ perm and be at least 10 mils thick

balance match

a veneer gluing process that utilizes veneer pieces trimmed to equal widths in each panel

control joint

a weak section intentionally created in the slab so that normal temp and stress cracking will occur along the joint instead of at random locations

terneplate

alloy of 75% lead and 25% tin, used to plate steel for roofing

heat pump

absorbs heat from a cooler location and transfers it to a warmer one, using the principles of refrigeration

slag wool

accounts for about 80% of products produced by mineral wool industry

1 in

acoustic material on a wall must be at least _____ thick in order to be effective

air-entraining agent

admixture; creates tiny bubbles in the concrete that increase workability and durability and improve it's resistance to freezing and thawing

vertical shrinking is minimized

advantage of balloon framing

each floor can be completed and used for constructing the next

advantage of platform framing

vav system

air is heated or cooled as needed in a central plant and distributed to the building at a constant temp through a single duct

induction system

air is supplied throughout the building under high pressure and velocity to each induction unit, where the velocity and noise are attenuated before the air passes over the coils and is heated or cooled as needed.

expansion joint

allows entire sections of a concrete structure to move independently of one another

economizer cycle

allows outdoor air to be used for cooling when temps are low enough.

isolation joint

allows two adjacent section to move independently of one another but more simple than an expansion joint. two pours separated by joint material

range masonry

arranges stones in uniform courses for the entire length of the wall

A-2

assembly for food and drink consumption (bars, restaurants, clubs)

A-4

assembly for viewing of indoor sports (arenas)

A-3

assembly for worship, recreation, etc. not classified elsewhere (libraries, art museums, conference rms > 50)

A-1

assembly with fixed seats for viewing of movie theaters, live performance (theaters)

design concepts

attempt at a physical solution, guided by programmatic concepts

15 dB

audible alarms must produce a sound that exceeds the prevailing sound level in the room by at least _______

0.2

average absorption coefficient of a room should be at least _____

360-400

average adult human bodies give off __________ BTU/hr (range)

hard surfaces

avoid _______ _____ near the source of noise

parallel

avoid _______ hard surfaces

firestops

barriers installed in concealed spaces to prevent the spread of fire caused by drafts

Compressive refrigeration

based on transfer of heat during the liquefaction and evaporation of a refrigerant.

portland cement

binding agent in concrete. made from lime, silica, iron oxide, and alumina

bridging

bracing between joists that prevents the joist from buckling under load

floating

brings cement paste to the surface, where it is consolidated and smoothed over the coarse aggregate

slip forming

used to form continuous surfaces such as tunnels and high-rise building cores

water barriers

can include exterior surfaces of walls, waterproof membranes within walls, roofing, below-grade waterproofing, drips and flashing

48 in

center of elevator call button is ______ max AFF

one way system

characterized by linear members that span in one direction and resist loads primarily by beam action or bending

multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)

characterized by severe reactions to a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released by building materials and many consumer products

HCFCs

chemicals that have identified as ozone-depleting compounds and will be phased out by 2030

1.5 in

clear space between stair handrail and wall must be at least

5

clearly noticeable decibel change is about _____ dB

Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)

closed-cell material manufactured by mixing polystyrene pellets with various chemicals and then introducing a blowing agent. higher insulative value per unit thickness and higher compressive strength than EPS

bonderize

coat the steel (or metal) with an anticorrosive phosphate solution in prep of the application of paint enamel or lacquer

holding pond

collects the site runoff and releases it into the sewer system at a controlled rate without letting excess water flood other areas

preassembled locks (unit locks)

come from factory in a complete unit, slide into a notch made in the edge of the door and require little adjustment, seldom installed in new buildings

high-pressure decorative laminate

common finishing material used with arch. woodwork, thin sheet material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin

southern pine, douglas fir, hem fir, eastern white pine, and hemlock

common species used for rough carpentry (5)

particleboard

composed of small wood particles, fibers, or chips of various sizes mixed together in a binder and formed under pressure into a panel. generally preferred for backing and framing of finish carpentry bc it is less expensive and more dimensionally stable than plywood

clay

composed of smaller particles than silts, have some cohesion, plastic in behavior when wet

Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)

composite building unit consisting of two outer skins bonded to an inner core of rigid insulating material. decrease construction time, improved insulation value with no thermal bridges, reduced air infiltration, stronger than conventional stud and sheathing construction, very flat walls for subsequent finishes, dimensional stability

destination floor guidance system

computer control with artificial intelligence to put riders into the same car who are going to the same floor or floors near each other. rider picks a destination floor from the lobby and control system assigns a particular car based on what other riders have selected. Riders do not select a destination button once in the car; the car stops at he floors chosen in the lobby

5 in

concrete paving should be a min of ____ thick

ultra high performance concrete (UHPC)

concretes with compressive strengths as high as 30,000 psi and exhibiting even usable tensile strength

tie holes

cone shaped heads are placed against the concrete form. when removed, a deep, round hole is left that allows the tie to be cut off below the surface.

conifers

cone-bearing, needle-leaved trees that hold their foliage in the winter, such as fir, spruce, and pine

slip matching

consecutive pieces are placed side by side and the same face sides are exposed

transparent insulation

consists of a relatively thick layer of poly carbonate honeycomb material, acrylic foam, or fiberglass sandwiched between layers of glazing

incandescent lamp

consists of a tungsten filament placed within a sealed bulb containing an inert gas

sand

consists of particles from about 0.002 in to 0.25 in

gravel

consists of rock particles from 3/4 in to 3.5 in in size

Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable (Romex)

consists of two or more plastic insulated conductors and a ground wire surrounded by a moisture resistant plastic jacket

sash door

contains one or more glass lites

rustication strips

continuous pieces of neoprene, wood, or other material that when removed will show a deep reveal in concrete

group automatic operation

control of all elevators with programmable microprocessors to respond to calls in the most efficient manner. good in large buildings with multiple elevators

Dampproofing

control of moisture that is not hydrostatic pressure

passive chilled beam system

cool water in circulated through piping attached to aluminum fins, similar to fin tube radiators used for domestic heating

trenching

creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage of surface water

40 ft

cul-de-sac turnaround radius

architectural woodwork

custom shop fabricated lumber components used for interior finish construction (cabinetry, paneling, custom doors and frames, shelving, custom furniture, fine stairs, and trim)

bituminous coatings

damp proofing method; asphalt or coal-tar pitch materials applied to the exterior side of the foundation wall

I-4

daycare for > 5 adults or infants (<2.5 years)

52-72 in

depth range of DLH series joists

18-48 in

depth range of LH series joists

horizontal furnace

designed to be used in areas where headroom is limited, such as crawl spaces

truncated domes

detectable warning surfaces consist of _______ ________

life cycle cost analysis

determines cost of a building, building component or system. accounts for initial cost, financing, operation, maintenance, disposal, & residual value.

bow

deviation parallel to the length of lumber in line with the lumber's flat side

crook

deviation parallel to the length of lumber perpendicular to the flat side of the piece

ballast

device used to control the electric current and "turn on" the light in electric discharge lights

1.25-1.5 in

diameter or width of gripping surface for ramp handrails (range)

8x8x16

dimensions of a concrete block

48 in

distance between double doors swinging in the same direction from edge of swing to door threshold

crystalline waterproofing

during concrete hydration, mixture comes in contact with water & expands to fill the pores, capillaries, & micro cracks. protects against alkali. continues after concrete has cured, making it self healing. applied to either side. can be an admixture in the concrete mix

200

each AOR must accommodate a wheelchair space for each _____ occupants

single ply roofing

easier installation, more resistant to building movement & weather

LC bead

edge trim requiring finishing with joint compound. It has a back flange, so it must be fitted over the edge of the wallboard before the wallboard is fastened to the substrate.

E

educational by > 5 people through 12th grade (grade schools, high schools, day care > 5 children and > 2.5 years old)

50+, H

egress doors must swing in the direction of travel when the area served has an occupant load of ______, or if the area is group _____ occupancy

zinc, aluminum, steel, 304 stainless active, copper, bronze, brass, tin, lead, 316 stainless active, titanium, 304 stainless passive, gold

electromotive scale for metals (13)

drive control

element of an elevator installation that controls the speed of the motor that drives the traction machine

Selective Collective Operation

elevator remembers and answers all calls in one direction and then reverses and answers all calls in the opposite direction

perlite insulation

expanded form of naturally occurring siliceous volcanic rock, used in loose-fill insulation, board insulation, aggregate in lightweight concrete, and as a component in ACT, most commonly used as a loose fill in hollow CMU walls and between masonry walls. also used as insulation under floating concrete floors

polymer dispersed liquid crystal film glazing

fabricated by placing the polymer film between two pieces of glass. The transparency can range from transparent to cloudy white.

wood trusses

factory made assembly consisting of small wood members and held together with plate connectors

F-1

factory moderate hazard

silt

fine-grained sedimentary soil composed of material smaller than sand but larger than clay

vertical exit enclosures, passageways, horizontal exits, incidental use areas

fire barriers are used to enclose _____ (4 things)

different occupancies in a mixed occupancy situation, single occupancies into different fire areas

fire barriers are used to separate _____ (2)

dwelling units, guestrooms, tenant spaces, corridor walls, elevator lobby

fire partitions must be used in the following locations (5)

sprinklers, smoke detectors, comm systems, central control station, smoke control for exit stair enclosures, standby power systems

fire requirements for high rise buildings (6)

active or passive

first step in integrating mech systems into a building design is to decide if the system will be _______ _______ _________

terrazzo

flooring material consisting of chips of marble or granite set in concrete and polished to give a smooth surface.

Long term thermal resistance (LTTR)

for foam insulation, the resistance of closed cell foam after 5 years of storage, properties change due to thermal drift

cubic

for same floor area _______ buildings have less surface area

flush, flush overlay, reveal overlay, and lipped overlay

four basic categories of door and drawer front construction

binder, pigment, liquid, additive

four components of paint

pretreatment, filtration, demineralization, disinfection

four groups of water treatment methods

control, construction, expansion, isolation

four main types of concrete joints

goals and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, improvement analysis

four phases to an LCA

incandescent, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge, light-emitting diodes

four primary types of light sources

VAV, high-velocity dual duct, constant volume with reheat, and multizone system

four types of all-air systems

strip, plank, block, and solid block

four types of wood flooring

f=c/w

frequency equation

Downflow Furnace

furnace is typ. located on first floor and heated air is pushed down into ductwork located in a crawl space or basement.

69-80

general comfortable range of temps

Bored Locks (Cylindrical Locks or Latches)

installed by boring holes through the face of the door and from the edge of the door to the other bored opening. relatively easy install and less expensive than mortise locks but offer fewer operating functions, generally used in residential and small commerical projects

polyiso insulation

insulation used in rigid boards for above-grade applications in roof and wall assemblies

Full Mortise Hinge

is the most common type and has both leaves fully mortised into the frame and edge of the door.

welding

joining of two metals by heating them above their melting point, when they cool, the metals form one piece of metal

soldering

joining of two metals using lead based or tin based alloy solder filler metal that melts below 500 degree F

2%

landscaped areas near buildings should have at least _____ slope away from the structure

4 ft

landscaping strips for grass or groundcovers between paved areas should be at least _____ wide

low-iron glass

less iron oxide, eliminate green tint for true clear glass

hydraulic elevator

lifted by a plunger (ram), 2-6 stories of travel, lower speed than electric

electric metallic tubing

lightest of three types of metal conduit, installed with special pressure fittings bc it is too thin to thread, easier and faster to install but can't be used in hazardous areas

parallel

lumber is strongest when the load is ___ to the direction of the grain

timber

lumber with a 5 in minimum sectional dimension

float glass

made by pouring molten glass on a bed of molten tin and allowing it to cool, forming a smooth flat surface. most of this material made in the US is this type.

cellulose insulation

made from 80-100% recycled paper combined with a fire-retardant additive, used for loose-fill attic insulation as well as dry blown-in and wet-spray applications

hollow-core doors

made of one or 3 plies of veneer on each side of a cellular cardboard interior, used in interior applications where only light use is expected

solid-core doors

made with variety of core types depending on the functional requirements of the door; particleboard, stave core, mineral core for fire-rated doors; used for fire-resistive properties , acoustical barriers, security, and superior durability; available with fire ratings of 20/45/90 minutes

random masonry

masonry devoid of coursing or any attempt to align vertical joints

resilient channel

used to improve acoustical properties of a wall by isolating the wallboard from rigid attachment to the framing

varnish

material consisting of various types of resinous materials dissolved in one fo several types of volatile liquids

form liner

material for lining the inside face of a form, specially selected to impart a smooth or patterned finish to the concrete surface

postconsumer content

material that previously was used individually that otherwise would have been discarded as waste

24 in

max depth of a 32 in wide doorway

12 ft

max distance permitted between landings vertically

1/4 in

max doorway threshold vertical change

20 ft

max length of a dead end corridor (IBC)

50 ft

max length of a dead end corridor if sprinklered (group B, E, F, I-1, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S, U)

15%

max moisture content for wood grademarked as kiln dry

5 lbf-ft

max opening force required to push or pull open interior hinged doors

0.004 cfm/sf, 1.57 lbf/sf

max permeance of an air barrier material should be _______ at a pressure difference of ______ when tested according to ASTM E2178

4 in

max protruding object depth from wall higher than 27 in

7 in

max riser height for stairs

1:20

max slope of accessible route before it becomes a ramp

1:12

max slope of ramp

48 in

max width of swinging egress doors

30 in

maximum rise of any ramp

cooling degree days

measure how much the avg daily temp exceeds 65 degrees F

permeance

measure of a material's resistance to water-vapor transmission

cylinder test

measures compressive strength of concrete. lab tested

K-slump test

measures concrete consistency, comparable to slump test. scale pushed into wet concrete and distance it floats is measured

slump test

measures the consistency of concrete

I-2

medical care on a 24-hr basis (hospitals, skilled care nursing)

thermoset decorative paneling

melamine; low pressure laminate that is fused to substrate of the particleboard

posts and timbers

members 5 in by 5 in and larger with a depth not more than 2 in greater than the width

beams and stringers

members 5 in wide and wider having a depth of at least 2 in greater than the width

M

mercantile (department stores, markets, retail stores, drug stores, sales rooms)

pitch pan

metal enclosure around a projection through the roof (not recommended because of leakage)

zinc

metal resistant to corrosion and sometimes used in sheet roofing, flashing, and fastener production, more commonly used for coating steel and to produce galvanized steel

brazing

method most often used for joining brass for architectural purposes

electric field vector mapping

method of green roof watertightness testing where growing medium is wetted and deck is grounded, allows technician to determine precise location of leak

fingerjointed

method of manufacturing lengths of trim from shorter pieces of lumber. ends are cut w/ finger like projections and glued together

30x48

min clear floor space required to accommodate one stationary wheelchair

36 in

min clear width of ramp with landings at least as wide as the widest ramp leading to them

36 in

min corridor width for wheelchair

60 in

min diameter of circle required for a wheelchair to make a 180 degree turn

52.6 ft

min total width (spaces and aisle) for double loaded one way 45 degree parking

11 in

min tread depth

44 in

min width of a stair when occupant load exceeds 50

24 in

min width of detectable warning surfaces at passenger transit platforms

32 in

minimum doorway clearance for wheelchair

chlorination

most common method of water disinfection. - highly effective against bacteria but not viruses and protozoa. - chlorine left over mixes with surface sources and creates an organic compound known as disinfection byproducts. -- most common is trihalomethanes; chronic health risks.

14 and 18

most common thicknesses of hollow metal doors

120/240 single phase, 3 wire

most common voltage for residences and very small buildings

tufting

most common way of producing carpet, done by inserting pile yarns through a woven backing

nails

most commonly used connectors in light frame construction

0.707

most economical depth to module ratio for space frame

HEPA filters

most efficient filter

natural gas

most efficient fossil fuel

type 1

most fire resistive construction type

10%

most roads should be kept at a grade of less than _____

crystalline cells

most widely used type of PV cells

safety edges

movable strips on the leading edge of the door that activate a switch to reopen the door if something contacts it (elevators)

infiltration

movement of air into and out of building by natural means rather than through mechanical ventilation

ASTM E136

noncombustible material standard

12.0-13.3

normal pH of conrete

44 in

obstructed between 20-25 in high forward reach

A-5

occupancy for outdoor sports (stadiums)

construction joint

occurs wherever there are two successive pours, the joint is created and a new pour is made against a section of concrete that is already cured

perm

one grain of moisture per hour per square foot per inch of mercury difference in vapor pressure

0.6 gallons

one inch of rain yields about _______ of rainwater per sf of catchment area

calcium chloride test

one of most common tests for moisture in concrete. inexpensive and cheap to complete

closed loop active system

one of the most common types of systems for residential and commercial applications. a separate nonfreezing fluid is circulated by pumps through solar collectors and into a heat exchanger where the domestic hot water is heated

cementitious coatings

one or two coats of portland cement mortar can be troweled over the surface of masonry or concrete foundation walls

25%

openings in fire partitions are limited to a max aggregate width of _____ of the length of the wall

12 degrees

optimum orientation angle to n/s axis for cool climates

25 degrees

optimum orientation angle to n/s axis for hot-arid climates

5 degrees

optimum orientation angle to n/s axis for hot-humid climates

17.5 degrees

optimum orientation angle to n/s axis for temperate climates

exterior cladding, air space, air barrier, sheathing, insulation, vapor barrier, interior finish

order of wall components with insulation in the stud cavity (7)

hardboard

panel product composed of inter-felted fibers consolidated under heat and pressure. can be tempered or untempered.

25-40%

percentage of heating and cooling energy used by a building that is lost due to infiltration

Cast Iron Age

period from 1850-1880 due to the widespread use of the material in NYC, Chicago, St.Louis

geotextiles

permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain.

trim

picture molds, chair rails, baseboards, and handrails (general term as defined by IBC)

convective loop system

place solar collector below the inhabited space, air within space is circulated by natural convection as warm air rises and cool air falls back to the collector

evergreen

plant ______ trees and shrubs densely between the noise source and the receiver

7 ft

planting strips with trees in parking areas and between other paved areas should be at least ____ wide

shadow mask

plot of the shading effects of surrounding structures and vegetation on a building using solar heating or daylighting

N grade

plywood veneer grade intended for a natural finish and made from all heartwood or all sapwood

D grade

plywood veneer grade that allows for larger knotholes

B grade

plywood veneer grade that allows for plugged knotholes but has a smooth surface

C grade

plywood veneer grade that allows small knotholes and some splits

A grade

plywood veneer grade that is smooth and paintable with few knots or other defect, best grade commonly available

plastic fiber insulation

polyester, made from recycled plastic milk bottles and formed into batts, fairly energy intensive to manufacture

Cotton mill at Salford Manchester

predecessor of steel-framed buildings in Chicago, built by Matthew Boulton and James Watt

open web joists

prefabricated truss members using hot-rolled or cold-formed steel members. K series, LH series, & DLH series

10% pref, 15% max

preferred and max slope of automobile ramps

reglet

preformed metal shape that is cast into a concrete wall and set flush with the wall to allow the insertion of the edge of flashing and sealant

surcharging

preloading of the ground with fill material to cause consolidation and settlement. Once the right settlement is achieved, the fill is removed

Value Engineering (VE)

process of analyzing the costs versus the value of alternative materials, equipment and systems, usually in the interest of achieving the lowest total costs for a project.

fabrication

process of forming and shaping material into the desired condition

fiberglass insulation

produced by melting sand and recycled glass and spinning the product into thin fibers held together with a binder, more commonly formed into batts with or without a paper facing. often placed between studs, between floor or roof joists and in other cavities

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)

produced from the material formed from molten slag that is a by-product of iron and steel manufacturing

Effective Aperture (EA)

product of visible transmittance multiplied by the window to wall ratio. An EA of .20 - .30 provides good daylighting

Underfloor Ducts (UF)

proprietary steel raceways cast into a concrete floor at regular spacing, usually about 4-6 ft

hoistway

provides a dedicated, fire-resistive space through which the elevator travels

Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

provides variable DC voltage to a DC traction motor, provides good drive and leveling control, but also has a low power factor and high thermal losses

extruding

pushes metal through a die to form a shape. used to form decorative sections and those used for door and window frames

efficacy

ratio of luminous flux emitted to the total power input to the light sources and is measured in lumens per watt

Shading Coefficient (SC)

ratio of solar heat gain through a glazing product to the solar heat gain through an unshaded 1/8" thick clear double strength glass under the same set of conditions (0.0 - 1.0) SHGC is considered more accurate.

ballast efficacy factor (BEF)

ratio of the ballast factor multiplied by 100 to the power in Watts. can compare efficacy of different ballasts

floor area ratio

ratio of the gross floor area within a structure to the area of the lot on which the structure is situated

Impact Insulation Class (IIC)

single number rating of a floor/ceiling's impact sound performance, value can be increased MOST EASILY by adding carpet, also improved by providing a resiliently suspended ceiling below, floating a finished floor on resilient pads over the structural floor, or providing sound-absorbing material (insulation) in the air space between the floor and the finished ceiling above

1.11

single pane of glass has a U-value of about ______ btu/sf-hr-degreeF

4,6,8 ft

single tees are typically _____ wide

120 ft

single tees can span up to ______

structural system, material, labor, equipment, construction time, integration w/ bldg systems

six general considerations that affect the cost of any structure

wood planking/decking

solid or laminated timber that spans beams. tongue & groove edging to distribute loads. spans greater distances 4-20ft. efficient use of material, easy installation. no space to hide utilities/insulation

type x

specially manufactured gypsum board for fire-resistive construction

architectural mesh

specialty metal created by weaving thin strips of metal or heavy wire and then grinding off a portion of one face to reveal a highly textured but relatively flat surface. most often used for elevator cab interiors but can be used for other applications like walls panels & door facings

1130 ft/sec

speed of sound through air

accelerator

speeds up the hydration of cement so that the concrete achieves strength faster, allows faster construction and reduces length of time needed for protection in cold weather

4-7

stair risers must be between ______ inches

11 in

stair treads must not be less than _____ deep

44 in

stairways serving an occupant load of 50+ must be at least _____ wide or as wide as determined by the width factor

5 ft

stairways wider than _____ must have intermediate handrails

2.75 and 5

standard backsets (2)

2 in

standard door frame face width

9x19 ft

standard size of parking space

2-3%

standard slope of parking lots

1.75 in

standard thickness of a door

stainless steel

steel alloy containing minimum 11% of chromium

Light-gage metal framing

steel members with thicknesses from 10 gage to 25 gage, used for interior partitions, exterior bearing and nonbearing walls, joists, rafters and similar framing

rubble

stone used with little or no shaping

squared stone

stone with slightly shaped edges resulting in vertical joints

broken range masonry

stones are coursed for short distances

rough carpentry

structural framing, sheathing, blocking, and misc pieces of wood needed to complete the project

LH series

suitable for direct support of floors and roof decks

DLH series

suitable for direct support of roof decks

azimuth

the direction of a celestial object from the observer, expressed as the angular distance from the north or south point of the horizon to the point at which a vertical circle passing through the object intersects the horizon.

drip line

the edge of the tree where the branches stop

met

the energy produced per unit of surface area per hour by a seated person at rest

heat of hydration

the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mol of the gaseous solute ions is dissolved in water. ex: concrete produces heat while it cures

Finish Carpentry

the exposed finished pieces of lumber necesssary to to complete the project; opening trim, base, wood paneling, cabinets, and shelving

wood

the fibrous substance forming the trunk stems and branches of the tree

portland cement

the first manufactured hydraulic binder (binder that could set underwater), discovered by Joseph Aspdin in 1824

honeycombing

the formation of air pockets within the concrete and next to the forms, preventing by compacting

sabin formula

the formula that relates reverberation time to a room's volume and total acoustical absorption

specific heat

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).

amplification

the increased intensity of sound by mechanical or electrical means

resistance

the inverse of conductance

stiles

the long, vertical side pieces of a flat frame

Emissivity

the measure of an object's ability to absorb and then radiate heat

control

the method of coordinating and operating all the aspects of elevator service, such as travel speed, accelerating/decelerating, door opening speed and delay, leveling, and hall lantern signals

project overhead

the money it takes to complete a specific job, not including labor, materials or equipment. ex- temparory offices, project telephones, trash removal, insurance, permits.

conductance (C)

the number of BTU per hour that pass thru 1 sqft of homegeneous material of a given thickness when the temperature differential is 1degree F

conductivity (K)

the number of BTUs per hour that pass thru 1 sf of homogeneous material 1 in thick when the temperature differential is 1 degree F

Balance Point Temperature

the outdoor temperature at which a building makes a transition from a heating need to a cooling need

coefficient of heat transmission (U)

the overall rate of heat flow through any combination of materials, including air spaces and air layers on the interior and exterior of a building assembly

power factor

the phase difference between voltage and current in an alternating current circuit

wane

the presence of bark or absence of wood from any cause on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber

infiltration

the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil

electrolysis

the process in which an electric current is used to produce a chemical reaction. can corrode metals that are dissimilar

brazing

the process of joining metal with a filler rod that melts at a temperature below the metal being joined. usually used for brass, bronze, and some aluminums

rolling

the process of passing metal through rollers to produce the needed shape

lumber

the product of sawing, planing, and otherwise preparing wood to be used as construction members

Flame Spread

the propagation of flame over a surface

energy efficiency ratio

the ratio of net cooling capacity in btu/hr to the total rate of electrical input in watts under designated operating conditions

relative solar heat gain (RSHG)

the ratio of solar heat gain through a window, corrected for external shading, to the incident solar radiation. this heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation which are conducted or convected into the space

core cylinder test

used when a portion of the structure is in place and cured but needs testing

Ballast Factor (BF)

the ratio of the light output of a lamp when operated on a tested ballast to the light output when the lamp is operated by a standard reference ballast according to a standard testing procedure

attenuation

the reduction of sound

Impedance

the resistance in an alternating current (AC) circuit, measured in ohms

camber

the rise in a beam to compensate for deflection. 1/4" for 20ft length up to 8.5" for 144ft span

channel sections

the stringers of prefab steel utility stairs are normally constructed of ______ _______

dew point

the temperature at which the water vapor in the air becomes saturated and condensation begins

wet bulb temperature

the temperature of the air as measured with a sling pyshrometer. (critical in high heat humidity because of indication of physical stress of the human body near the upper limits of temperature regulation by perspiration.

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER)

the total cooling ouput of a central air conditioning system or heat pump in the cooling mode, measured in Btu's per hour, during its normal usage period for cooling divided by the total electrical input in watt-hours, as determined be specific test procedures. the higher the SEER, the more efficient the equipment performance.

enthalpy

the total heat in a substance, including latent heat and sensible heat

convection

the transfer of heat through the movement of a gas or a liquid

rails

the two shorter, horizontal top and bottom pieces of a flat frame

lumen

the unit of luminous flux equal to the flux in a unit solid angle of 1 steradian from a uniform point source of 1 candlepower

storm drains

these collect water from roof downspouts, drain inlets, catch basins, and drain tiles surrounding the building foundation

grout

thin mortar used for filling spaces

sheathing

thin panel material attached to framing to provide lateral support, increase rigidity, and provide a base for applying exterior finishes

veneer

thin slice of wood cut from a log

undercarpet wiring

thin, flat, protected wire that can be laid under carpet without protruding

1/3

thin-film PV cells produce as little as _______ the power of crystalline

intermediate metal conduit

thinner walls but has the same outside diameter as rigid steel conduit, also installed with threaded fittings

block, plank, panel

three basic varieties of ICF systems

compressor, condenser, evaporator

three components of a compressive refrigeration system

collector, storage device, distribution system

three components of a typical active solar system

fresh air intake away from exhaust, separate contaminants, use defroster in cold winter conditions

three conditions to use energy recovery ventilators

flat plate heat recovery units, energy transfer wheels, heat pipes

three devices used to facilitate air-to-air heat exchange

parameter method, matrix costing, unit cost method

three general methods of refining a project budget

DHT

three letters to designate fire-rated glazing

aluminum steel or bronze

three metals for metal windows

Flush, Sash, and Louvered

three most common types of metal doors

Exit access, exit & exit discharge

three parts of a means of egress

convection, evaporation, and radiation

three primary means of heat loss for the human body

sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation

three steps of water pretreatment

one-piece, knock down (KD), slip on

three styles in which steel frames are manufactured

preheat, rapid start, instant start

three types of fluorescent lamps

rigid steel, intermediate metal, electric metallic tubing

three types of metal conduit

cedar, redwood, cypress

three types of woods that do not need to be treated for resistance to decay in exterior application

boards, dimension lumber, timber

three types of yard lumber

32,40,48

three widths of escalators

Semivitreous tile

tile with water absorption between 3-7%

vitreous tile

tile with water absorption of more than 0.5%. but not more than 3%.

2 ft

top of a chimney must be at least _____ higher than any point of the structure within a radius of 10 ft

sound power

total sound energy radiated by a source per second, in watts

energy transfer wheels

transfer heat between two airstreams through the use of a heat exchanger wheel. typically used in commercial buildings

radiation

transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves from one surface to a colder surface

conduction

transfer of heat through direct contact

cleats and z-clips

two methods to hang veneer panels

High velocity dual duct system

two parallel ducts run to each space, one carries hot air, and one carries cool air

ceramic and quarry

two primary types of tile

A & B

two seismic design categories that do not require any special design details

drained and back-ventilated, and pressure equalized

two types of rain screen walls

compressive refrigeration, absorption

two types of refrigeration processes that can produce chilled air or water

water-based, solvent-based

two types of wood stains

joists on hangers, firecut joists

two typical methods of framing wood joists into masonry walls

reinforced grouted wall

two wythes of brick but cavity contains vertical & horizontal reinforcement and is filled with grout

cavity wall

two wythes of brick separated by an airspace

150 ft

two-way driveway entries should be min _____ from public intersection

standard occupancy

type II risk category in IBC

hazardous

type III risk category in IBC

essential

type IV risk category in IBC

External load dominated building

type of building whose energy use is determined mainly by the amount of heat loss or gain through its envelope

internal load dominated building

type of building whose energy use is driven by high heat gain from occupants, lighting, and equipment

CFCs

type of chemicals whose use ended in 1996

Geared traction elevators

type of elevator used for slow speeds from 25-450 ft/min

gearless traction elevators

type of elevators that use a direct current (DC) motor directly connected to the sheave

static free flooring

type of flooring capable of conducting electrostatic discharge to the ground, used where ESD could damage sensitive equipment or cause an explosion

extensive

type of green roof, less than 6 inches of plants

cementitious foam insulation

type of insulation consisting of magnesium oxychloride cement, water, compressed air, and an expanding agent. fireproof, mold-resistant, nontoxic, no flame retardants, formaldehyde or other VOCs

O

type of mortar generally limited to interior non-load bearing walls, tuckpointing, and historic structures

N

type of mortar most commonly used for exterior above grade walls exposed to severe weather

S

type of mortar suitable for at or below grade applications due to higher compressive strength

M

type of mortar with the highest compressive strength, recommended for harder stone and walls bearing heavy loads

angled parking

type of parking that requires less width

indirect system (closed loop system)

type of solar water heating where a separate fluid for collecting heat is used, then heat is transferred to domestic hot water. easier to protect from freezing bc the fluid can contain antifreeze

direct system (open loop system)

type of solar water heating where water used in the building is the same water that is heated in solar collectors

Structural tees (ST or WT)

type of steel member made by cutting either a wide-flange section or an I-beam in half

Steel angles (L)

type of steel member with either equal or unequal legs, followed by lengths and thicknesses

American standard channel (C)

type of steel member, have a flange on one side of the web only

polyesters

type of synthetic finish that give the hardest most durable finish possible

waterborne

type of wood preservative most commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings

deformed bars and welded wire fabric

type types of reinforcing steel for CIP concrete

EPDM, CSPE, PVC, TPO

types of single-ply roofing (4)

1:100

typical depth to span ratio for steel arch

1:40

typical depth to span ratio for wood arch

Movable Insulation

typically used on windows that provide passive solar heating - removed during sunlight hours and replaced at night

catch basin

underground reservoir that has a sump built into it; debris settles into the sump instead of flowing down the sewer and clogging pipes

extract-air window

uses a double paned insulated glass unit over which another pane of glass is placed on the inside of the building. air is drawn up between the interior pain and the main window unit and is extracted into the return air system.

variable refrigerant flow system (VRF)

uses a single compressor and condenser unit located outdoors, connected to multiple evaporators located in different zones of the building.

unit multivoltage control system

uses an AC current motor to operate a DC generator. noisy, requires 3 machines, subject to high thermal losses and low overall efficiency

carbon fiber concrete

uses epoxy coated carbon fiber mesh in lieu of standard steel mesh for secondary reinforcement. makes precast panels thinner and lighter. non-corrosive

power line carrier (PLC)

uses power lines to carry control signals, which are low-voltage, high-freq coded signals. each control device, such as a light switch, can respond to its unique code

Electric impedance test

uses proprietary meters to determine the moisture content of concrete by measuring conductance and capacitance

fire hazard

usually based on factors such as density, access for fire fighting equipment, existing building heights

U

utility occupancy

foil backed

vapor barrier GWB

rotary slicing

veneer cut that is created by mounted a log on a lather a cutting a continuous layer of wood; pronounced grain pattern

rift slicing

veneer cut that is created by quartering a log and slicing the wood at a 15degree angle to the growth rings

1 Hz

visual alarms must be flashing lights that have a flashing frequency of about _______

2400/4160 v three phase, four-wire

voltage for very large commercial buildings and factories with a great deal of machinery

120 / 208 V three phase (three transformers), four-wire

voltage often used for larger buildings

4 in

walks are usually ____ thick

fly ash

waste material obtained from coal-fired power-plants (SCM)

open-loop system

water is heated directly in the solar collector in this type of system

cementitious systems

waterproofing system that consists of portland cement, sand, and some type of waterproofing agent, usually includes metal oxides, more effective on the positive side

24 in

weep holes should be located ______ o.c. horizontally in the lowest course of brick to allow any water that penetrates the wall to drip out

equivalent thickness

what the solid thickness of a concrete block would be if the concrete did not contain a hollow unit. This value determines fire rating of the block

gearless traction

what type of elevator should be specified for a 40-story office building

dead end

when a person in any part of the building required to have two means of egress has only one choice of direction that leads to an exit access doorway or an exit

48 in

when an exit stairway is part of an accessible route in a non-sprinklered building (not including houses), there must be a clear width of _____ between handrails

4%

when natural ventilation is used, IBC/IMC require that the area that can be opened to the outdoors be equal to at least _____ of the floor area being ventilated

foamed-in-place

when possible, use ________ insulations that use CO2 in the manufacturing process

1:1 roping

when the rope is directly connected to the counterweight, the cable travels just as far as the car only in the opposite direction

not less than one-half the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served

when two exits are required in a non-sprinklered building, they must be separated by a distance ______

twice

width of a hinge equals ____ the door thickness, round up if between

blocking

wood framing installed between main structural members such as studs or joists to provide extra rigidity or to provide a base for nailing other materials

sapwood

wood from the perimeter

sequence matching

wood panels of uniform width, with veneers arranged in sequence. moderate loss of grain continuity due to obstructions

cross laminated timber (CLT)

wood product manufactured by layering dimension lumber at right angles to form a thick structural panel. resists axial, bending, & racking loads and provides for lateral loads. very strong. no jobsite waste

perpendicular

wood shrinks most in the direction _____ to the grain

advanced house framing

wood-frame residential and light commercial buildings to reduce the amount of lumber used and waste that could be generated. improves energy efficiency by reducing thermal bridging and replacing lumber with insulation. techniques: 24in spacing not 16" for studs, joists, rafters etc; single top plates, not double; 2 stud corner framing & drywall clips not 3-stud; insulated opening headers; single stud @ window opening to support header; no headers in non loading bearing walls; ladder blocking not 3-stud framing @ intersection of exterior & interior walls

hardwoods

woods that come from deciduous trees

running trim

woodwork of a continuing length that must be installed in several pieces fitted end to end. ex base molding & cornices

standing trim

woodwork of a fixed length, installed as a single piece of wood. ex door frame trim & window casings