Art App 1-6

Conceptual Unity

- Does not rely on the consistency or repetition of the elements art. Sometimes artists pursue, instead, a unity of ideas and impose a conceptual art on their work.

Three examples of paint vehicles

1. Lime Plaster 2. Wax 3. Oil

What are two natural pigments found in chalk pastels?

1. Ocher 2. Umber

List 5 types of dry mediums:

1. Silverpoint 2. Pencil 3. Charcoal 4. Chalk 5. Pastel

According to the text, what are three possible categories of drawings?

1. Sketches that record an idea or provide information about something the artist has seen. 2. Plans or preparatory studies for other projects, such as buildings, sculptures, crafts, paintings, plays, and films. 3. Fully developed and autonomous works of art.

Stippling

Using a pattern of dots that thickens and thins. Areas where dots are thicker are darker and create the illusion of being more shaded.

Style

A characteristic manner or mode of artistic expressions.

implied

A discontinues line that the viewer reads as continuous because of the overall context of the image. They can be suggested by a series of points or dots.

Define encaustic painting. What are its advantages?

A method of painting in which the colors in a wax medium are burned into a surface with hot irons. Gives the painting a life like appearance

How is pencil a more versatile drawing tool than silverpoint?

A pencil is more versatile because it can produce a wide range of effects and allows for some correction where the silverpoint produces a single effect and allows for little to no correction.

Glaze

A semitransparent coating on a painting surface that provides a glossy finish

Crosshatching

A series of lines that run in different directions and cross one another.

Iconography

A set of meaning attached to images

Aquarelle

A watercolor technique in which a transparent film of paint is applied to a white, absorbent surface

Formalist Criticism

An approach to art criticism that concentrates on the elements and deign of works of art rather than on historical factors.

Why would an artist choose to draw with pen and ink rather than brush and ink?

An artist would choose to draw with pen and ink rather than brush and ink because pen and ink allows slightly more control than the brush, and remains constant where as the stroke of the brush elongates, it may thin.

Impasto

Application of a medium such as oil or acrylic paint so that an actual texture is built up on a surface

Abstract

Applies to art that departs significantly from the actual appearance of things

Gilding

Applying thin sheets of gold leaf or gold-like substance to a surface

contour line

Are created by the edges of things. They are perceived when three dimensional shapes curve back into space.

Art

Art can be broken down into three basic concepts, ability, process, and product.

Non-Objective

Art that does not portray figures or objectives; art without real models or subject matter

Variety

Artists generally prefer to place some variety within a unified composition to add visual interest, but the principle of variety is most often subservient to the sense of oneness unity in a work.

Simulated Texture

Artists use line, color, and other elements of art to create the illusion of varies textures in flat drawings and painting.

Why must large fresco paintings be made in small sections?

Because in true fresco paint must be applied fresh, damp plaster, artists cannot bit off more than they can chew or paint

What is the main difference between buon fresco and fresco secco?

Buon Fresco is executed on damp, lime plaster Fresco Secco is painted on dry plaster

Complementary

Can heighten the expressive or emotional quality of a piece of art work. It also has a dramatic contrast found in the color schemes.

Name three ways in which artists achieve the illusion of three dimensional space on flat surfaces:

Color Texture Space

What are the advantages of oil paint?

Colors can be blended easily, offering a palette of almost endless range, Slow drying facilitates the reworking of problem areas. It can be applied with any number of brushes or knives that yield different effects and oil paint can capture the most intricate detail and render a glasslike surface.

Conceptual Art

Conceptual art is art that prioritizes the idea of the work over the object, emphasizing the artist's thinking and often de-emphasizing traditional artistic techniques.

What is conté crayon? Why was it invented?

Conte Crayon is a square stick of compressed graphite or charcoal mixed with wax or clay. Conte Crayon was invented out of necessity because of the shortage of graphite in France due to the blockade during the Napoleonic Wars.

Figurative Art

Defined as art that portrays altered or distorted, things perceived in the visible world

Conceptual Unity

Does not rely on the consistency or repetition of the elements of art

Actual Balance

Even though actual weight and actual balance are not typically at issue in two-dimensional work such as drawings, paintings, and prints, we nonetheless do speak of balance in these compositions

Expressionistic

Form and color are freely distorted by the artist in order to achieve a heightened emotion impact.

Explain the difference between form and content.

Form refers to its totality as a work of art, whereas, Content is work of art where everything is contained in it.

Bilateral Symmetry

Formal symmetry or one side is equal to the other

Chiaroscuro

Gradual shifting from light to dark through a successive gradation of tones across a curved surface.

Context

Has a profound influence on style. We can see this in similarities among artists of a specific era, regardless of their individual signature.

How did Van Gogh use texture in his painting Sunflowers?

He used the impasto- most common painting technique that yields actual texture- to define his forms, and he often deviated from realistic colors or textures to heighten the emotional impact of his work.

Analogous

Hues that lie next to each other are on the color wheel. They form families of color, such as yellow and orange and orange and red, and green and blue.

Why would an artist choose to use two-point perspective rather than one-point perspective?

In one point perspective, parallel lines converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon. In a two point perspective, two set of parallel lines converge at a separate vanishing point on the horizon. This allows use of additional sets of parallel lines to depict objects that are set at different angles.

Content

Includes not only its form but also its subject matter and its underlying meanings or themes

Give three reasons an artist would choose to use acrylic rather than oil paint?

It is a mixture of pigment and plastic vehicle that can be thinned and washed off of brushes and hands with water, the synthetic resin of the binder dries colorless and does not gradually compromise the brilliance of the colors and it can be used on a variety of surfaces that need no special preparation.

What are the advantages of tempera paint?

It is extremely durable medium if applied to a properly prepared surface, Pure and brilliant colors, Colors did not become compromised by gradual oxidation and the consistency and fluidity of the mixture allowed for a great deal of precision.

Representational Art

It presents natural objects in recognizable, though not realistic form.

Sometimes artists design work to be purely decorative. How did Joyce Kozloff transform a boring urban railway station?

Joyce Kozloff transformed the Penn Center Suburban Station by adding a decorative mosaic to the wall of the station called the Galla Placida in Philadelphia. Kozloff's goal for this mosaic was to raise the art-historical consciousness of the casual commuter.

How does Käthe Kollwitz's Self-Portrait differ technically from Claudio Bravo's Package?

Kollwitz's charcoal reveals faint white lines and tiny flecks of pulp that are visual remnants of the paper making process, whereas, Bravo's charcoal finely rendered, with no trace of the artist's trace.

expressive qualities of line

Lines may be perceived as delicate, tentative, elegant, assertive, forceful, or even brutal.

The artists Masaccio and Valadon each made paintings that portray the biblical figures Adam and Eve. What do these different approaches suggest about the artist's ideology?

Masaccio's painting suggests that the artist's ideology illustrates the distraught first couple being forcibly cast into the wilderness at sword point. Adam showing shame of the mind, and Eve showing shame of the body and flesh, and implying that Eve was led to the predicament by uncontrolled passion and weakness, while Adam succumbed to sin of the mind by failing to avoid the temptation from Eve. In Valadon's painting, the assignment of blame and guilt is reversed, where Adam is seen leading Eve's hand towards the apple, and Eve is not shamed of her body, but Adam is covered implying he is ashamed.

Volume

Mass or bulk of a three dimensional work

Why might an artist prefer oil paint to acrylic paint?

Oil paint cannot be duplicated in acrylic is delicate nuance of colors

Why does your author think art doesn't have to be beautiful?

One art form need not be seen as intrinsically superior to the other; in these works, quite simply, beauty is in the eye of the society's beholder. Art does not have to be beautiful, because not everyone's view of beauty is the same, these differ from someone's personality, their gender, their era, or their culture. Art can be used to express grotesque events or feelings such as wars or the dark side of the human race. These forms of art reflect the dark or comical side of human experience, and provide a vehicle for artistic expression that is not limited to replicating visual reality, but also challenging preconceived notions and standards of beauty.

How does art reveal an artist's personal relationship with his larger society? Give one example.

One example of art that reveals the personal relationship of the artist with her larger society is Miriam Shapiro's Wonderland which was a collage that reflects Miriam's "femmage" aesthetic, partially of what she was experiencing, but overall she was depicting women's domestic culture. By depicting this, she was portraying her home life, but at the same time sharing the relationship with women as a society, with chores around the home such as sewing, cooking, and cleaning. All in hope of depicting what society at that time had in mind, the "happy home."

Explain how Orozco's painting satisfied his own personal needs as well as the needs of his government sponsor.

Orozco's painting satisfied his own personal needs and the needs of his government sponsor by creating a painting for the WPA which would in turn be placed in a building for decoration, allowing Orozco to stay employed as an artist and still earn a salary, but at the same time, Orozco fulfilled his personal need, of calling attention to and expressing his outrage at what he believed to be financial and military injustices imposed on the Mexican peasants.

Optical Color

Our perception of color, which can vary markedly with lighting conditions

Watercolor

Paint with a water medium

Gesso

Plaster of paris that is applied to a wooden or canvas support and used as a surface for paintings or a materiel for a sculpture

Value

Refers to the degree of difference in shades of gray

Balance

Refers to the distribution of the weight of the actual or apparent weight of the elements of a composition

Realism

Refers to the portrayal of people and things as they are seen by the eye or really thought to be, without idealization, without distortion.

Geometric Shapes

Shapes figures such as rectangles and circles

Amorphous Shape

Shapes that are not clearly defined or derived from nature or the laws of geometry

How does Barbara Kruger use figure and ground to add meaning to the untitled work displayed?

She used it to illustrate that the figure and ground can be distinct even when the relationship between the two is not so clear- cut.

Why might an artist intentionally distort the scale of his subjects?

Some artist distort or even subvert the realistic scale of objects to challenge the viewer to look at the familiar in a new way. Sometimes they are interested in providing a new perspective on the form of things; sometimes on the relationships between things.

Give an example of an iconic shape used as in advertising other than Apple's "apple".

The Christian cross, the Jewish Star of David or the Chinese symbol of yin and yang

Explain how one of the examples used by the author displays spirituality.

The North Wind Mask, made by the Inuits of western Alaska, was worn during rituals designed to mediate the spirit world, and in the case of the Inuits the spirits included, the spirits of the north, east, and south winds, and also the human and animal worlds. Dancers who wore the mask, were believed to be transformed into spirits. The spirit of the north wind is also associated with the snowstorms and the frigid temperatures that the Inuits had to endure.

Design

The act of organizing the visual elements to effect a desired aesthetic in a work of art.

Painting

The application of a pigment to a surface; A work of art created in this manner

Shape

The areas within a composition that have boundaries that separate them from what from the surrounds them

How does the artist's choice of paper surface change the effect of a charcoal drawing?

The artists choice of paper can change the effect of charcoal in many ways, but two examples are when coarse texture paper is used, it produces a grainy look, and when smooth paper it will be a clear image.

Drawing

The author describes drawing as the result of an implement running over a surface and leaving some trace of the gesture.

Temperature

The colors on the green-blue side of the color are considered cool, whereas the colors on the yellow-orange-red side are considered warm.

Proportion

The comparative relationship, or ratio, of things to one another. Parts to the whole. Ex. Arm to Leg

Radial Balance

The design elements radiate from the center point. Everything is the same from the middle point.

How does art seek to make people immortal? Give at least two examples of artworks that glorify people after their deaths.

The desire to immortalize often goes hand in hand with the desire to glorify. By glorifying the person within the art, it will then be passed on long past the death of the individual thus in time bringing the potential for immortality. 1. Four Marilyns 2. The Dinner Party

Pictorial Balance

The distribution of the apparent or visual weight of the element in works that are basically two-dimensional, and there are many ways to achieve it.

Atmospheric Perspective

The illusion of depth is created by techniques such as texture gradients, brightness gradients, color saturation, and the manipulation of warm and cool colors.

Which ink drawing technique is used to create images solely through tonal contrasts?

The ink drawing technique used is the medium of brush and wash.

Visual Unity

The principle of variety within unity

Explain how rhythm and symmetry can affect the meaning of a work of art?

The regularity and predictability of symmetry cannot help but conjure a sense of peace, calm, comfort, and order. Rhythm can move a viewer visually as well emotionally giving meaning of a work of art.

Organic Shapes

These shapes resemble organisms found in nature- the forms of animals and plant life.

How is contemporary graffiti similar to prehistoric cave painting?

They both can be asked the same questions such as why did they make this or is it art

Golden Mean

Was developed to create the ideal proportions in architecture. Requires that a small part of a work should relate to a larger part of the work as a larger part relates to the whole.

Gouache

Watercolor paint that is made opaque by mixing pigments with a particular gum binder

Form

What the viewer sees in a work of art. A product of the composition of visual elements.

Asymmetrical Balance

When variations to the right and left side of the composition are more than slight, yet remain an overall sense of balance

How is white portrayed in watercolor painting?

White does not exist. White must be derived by allowing the white of the paper to shine through the color of the composition or by leaving areas of the paper exposed.

Explain how works of art can express order or chaos. Give examples.

Works of art can express order and harmony in a few different ways but a prime example is the Japanese rock garden. Rock gardens are works of art, meant to produce peace, and are frequented by patrons who practice Zen, these gardens are meant for walking and symbolize the earth, by water and mountains. Works of are can express chaos in ways and a good example of art expressing chaos is Eclipse, without reference ot nature or reality, a realm is created and includes an agitated, chaotic atmosphere or color, line, shape, and movement.