ART HIST 2 Exam 2
Counter-Reformation
(Catholic Reformation) a 16th-century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestand Reformation (p. 498)
Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait
1500, Northern Europe, Most well-known German artists during this period - Known for print making and painting He goes to Italy, takes in the climate of the Ren. And bring developments to the North -Perspective and human anatomy Italian influence and northern qualities***** in detail***** -Regale and renowned pose Looks like the iconic images of Christ that were popular in Northern Europe at the time
An important date in the beginning of the Protestant Reformation was the year ______, which is when...
1517; Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to a church door in Wittenberg, Saxony.
Pontormo, Entombment
1525-1528, 16th Italy, Mannerist painting - prized complexity over naturalism Some chose to reveal constructiveness of their work Consorted and elongated Artifice - all representational art represents this, represents a theme or idea - linear perspective, poses Pontormo - probs studied with Leonardo Divinci, exclusively religious works, this is considered his master piece The way he organizes the figures is entirely new Vertical Not concentrating his masses in the middle Void in the middle of the painting Bizarrely twisting figures, ambiguous subject manner and setting, and color No sense of location - densely arranged figures
Caravaggio, The Conversion of St. Paul
1601, Conversion scene is popular in Catholic churches God blinded Saw and was forced to wonder in darkness for 3 days until an apostle came Radical composition - Saw just fell of his horse, stretched in an oblique angle, seem as if he is in our space Great example of tenebrism - figures emerging from darkness Not very similar to earlier works Subtle reference to the divine light of Christ - highly miraculous and naturalistic approach to a Christian story
Palladio, Exterior View of Villa Rotonda, Italy
16th, Major figure in Italian architecture, strongest and longest lasting architect, similar to the Pantheon Theorist, 4 different entrances, reputation for the many villas Belvedere- designed to have a really great view Symmetrical plan building Tempo portico - looks like the entrance to a roman temple Dome - a new feature in domestic architecture
High Renaissance - 16th Century
Although the classical style remained popular in the Late Renaissance, a new, anti-classical style called Mannerism developed around 1520 and challenged the dominant classical mode. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Founding father of the High Renaissance
memento mori
An object serving as a warning or reminder of death, such as a skull.
Spanish Baroque Painting
Baroque Spain was a Catholic region -The 17th century is often referred to as the Spanish Golden Age. -Spanish Baroque painters reflect the influence of Caravaggio.
coffer
Chest for storing valuables; financial resources, a treasury
greek cross plan
Church plan with a square central mass and four arms of equal length (Byzantine)
True or False: Leonardo da Vinci's iconic Last Supper is a traditional example of buon fresco.
False
Hardouin-Mansart and Le Brun, Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles
Iconography is focused around Louis - and Apollo, the sun god Originally a ball room Large windows over look gardens, opposite is mirrors - echoing Mirrors are important - make the room seem bigger and less tunnel like, multiplies the light, and were very expensive Expression of wealth and power Every possible surface is covered with ornamentation - gilds, paintings, allegorical works glorifying the achievements of Louis and France
figura serpentinata
In Renaissance art, a contortion or twisting of the body in contrary directions, especially characteristic of the sculpture and paintings of Michelangelo and the Mannerists.
What is true of this view of Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights?
It depicts the world pre-creation, rendered in grisaille.
What is true of Rubens' Raising of the Cross?
It is a stylistic amalgamation of the drama of Italian Baroque art and the detail-oriented nature of Northern art.
What is important to know about Grunewald's Isenheim Altarpiece in order to fully understand its imagery?
It was commissioned by a monastic hospital that specialized in the treatment of skin diseases, which explains its focus on illness and suffering and the hope of redemption.
What is true of Michelangelo's Pieta?
It was one of the first representations of the pieta theme by an Italian artist.
di sotto in su
Italian, "from below upwards." A technique of representing perspective in ceiling paintings.
Who commissioned the rebuilding of St. Peter's?
Julius II
Who is generally considered to be the founding father of the High Renaissance?
Leonardo da Vinci
England
Like the French, the English preferred restrained and classicized architecture, which replaced the Gothic style. -Great Fire of London (1666)- created the need for large scale rebuilding, helped define the English Baroque style (2/3) -Christopher Wren and Inigo Jones- two of the most well-known English Baroque architects
Characteristics of Mannerism - Architecture
Move away from Classical balance, order, and stability Used a Classical vocabulary in new, unexpected ways
St. Peter's Basilica and Piazza, Vatican, Rome
New façade- Piazza - compared to the form of arms bringing people into the church
Mannerism
New style that developed in Florence and Rome in the 1520s (after the deaths of Leonard and Raphael). Mannerism challenged the more dominant classicized Renaissance style, and it could be seen in all the arts: painting, sculpture, and architecture. The name comes from the Italian word maniera, meaning "style" or "mannered."
Pierre Lescot and Jean Goujon, West wing of the Cour Carrée, Palais du Louvre, Paris
Northern Europe, Italian ren. architecture
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Return of the Hunters
Northern Europe, Similarities to Bosch Proverbs - small sayings illustrated sometimes in his work Landscape painting Illustrating the months of the year - December and January Hunters are returning from a hunt with little results, people skating on frozen ponds, pig being roasted
Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Northern Europe, Woodcut Dynamic and complex Arranged in diagonal - giving a sense of unstableness
Baroque Art
Originally a negative term, comes from the Italian word barocco (an irregularly shaped pearl). Implied that Baroque art was imperfect and strange, different from the Classical restraint of the Renaissance. Ideas of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation became firmly entrenched in the 17th century and played a major role in shaping art and architecture of this period. In Catholic countries, the Church was a major patron of the arts in an effort to assert its power and glory. Scientific advances challenged traditional worldviews, but the 17th-century was still firmly grounded in religion. Although Baroque art is rooted in naturalism, many works contain a naturalism that is religious in content- making "un-seeable" miracles seen.
tenebrism
Painting in the "shadowy manner" using violent contrasts of light and dark as in the work of Caravaggio
France
Power and authority of the French monarchy reached a high point in the 17th century under Louis XIV (the "Sun King") -Louis used arts and architecture as propaganda, portraying the image of a powerful , absolute monarch -French preferred the more restrained classical mode, both in painting and architecture. Had an influence on society and culture Art was mobilized under the monarchy Establishment of the French Royal Academy of painting and sculpture - 1648, regulating the taste and style of France
Counter-Reformation Art
Protestant refused to use pictures in religious art unlike Catholics Council of Trent - catholic church came up with rules that regulated art and architecture Appeal to emotion rather than reason In painting and sculpture: Religious art should be didactic, ethically correct, decent, and accurate Art should appeal to emotion rather than reason (miraculous themes) In architecture: Emphasis on worship, requiring larger spaces to hold a congregation Latin cross plan preferred Hierarchy between clergy and laity was emphasized by creating greater architectural distance between them Mystical lighting effects were preferable, often accomplished through hidden windows
What historical event prompted the construction of St. Paul's Cathedral?
The Great Fire of London in 1666.
Painting in the 17th Century Neverlands
The Netherlands were divided into the Protestant Dutch Republic in the north and Catholic Flanders in the south. -The Dutch Republic saw the rise of the middle class and a free commercial art market, influencing the types of art produced. Still lifes, portraiture, and genre scenes (scenes of everyday life) were popular. -Flemish art reflected the patronage of the Catholic church, with important commissions going to religious subject matter.
England
The Tudor king Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 and established the Protestant Church of England. -England reverted back to Catholicism under the reign of Mary I, aka "Bloody Mary," who is remembered for her execution of hundreds of Protestant reformers. -Under Elizabeth I, aka the "Virgin Queen" because she never married, England reverted back to Protestantism.
In what way is Caravaggio's Conversion of St. Paul revolutionary?
The divine presence of God is represented naturalistically by a single overhead light source.
What can be said of the Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome?
The dynamic, undulating nature of its facade characterizes the spirit of Italian Baroque architecture.
Which of these traits mark Michelangelo's Last Judgment as a Renaissance work?
The integration of Christian subject matter and mythological motifs.
Why was Veronese's Last Supper disliked by the Catholic Church?
The painting contained too many extraneous elements not found in the Gospels.
Which of these artists is a member of the Venetian School of painting?
Titan
latin cross plan
a cross-shaped building plan, incorporating one longer stem (nave) and three arms of equal length. The common form for a Christian church.
camera obscura
a darkened enclosure in which images of outside objects are projected through a small aperture or lens onto a facing surface
vanitas
a theme in still life painting that stresses the brevity of life and the folly of human vanity
chiaroscuro
in drawing or painting, the treatment and use of light and dark, especially the subtle gradations of light that produce the effect of modeling
breakfast piece
seventeenth-century Dutch still life that showed an interrupted meal
Two sides to 17th-century Italian painting:
those who followed the more ordered and Classicized style of the Carracci, and those who followed the dramatic naturalism of Caravaggio.
Raphael, The School of Athens
16th Italy, recalls ancient roman architecture, depicts a gathering of ancient philosophers from various eras. Three-dimensional space High Renaissance
France
-France was trying to become a major political and cultural force in Europe. -The French kings were major patrons of art and architecture. -France was a Catholic country: King Francis I declared Protestantism illegal. -Francis I wanted to elevate France culturally and brought several influential Italian artists to his court (including Leonardo da Vinci).
Protestant Reformation Slide
-Northern Europe in the 16th century was the site of the Protestant Reformation. -Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Saxony in 1517; listed all of his grievances with the Catholic church and challenged some of the basic tenets of Catholicism. -Protestants didn't venerate images like Catholics (saw it as a form of idolatry). Secular subjects flourished in the northern countries: 1) Portraiture 2) Moralizing depictions of human folly and weakness 3) Still lives 4) Landscapes
17th Century Italy
-Rome was the center of religious renewal; the Popes wanted to make it the center of spiritual and worldly power. -Pope Sixtus V began the renewal of Rome, constructing new avenues through the city that connected pilgrimage churches. Also placed obelisks in the piazzas in front of major churches. -The Papacy wanted to ally their power and prestige with the glory of Imperial Rome.
Michelangelo, David
16th Italy, Symbol of Florence, was suppose to go on the buttress of a cathedral but was placed in the main city square in Florence because people liked him so much Before he killed Giliath holding a sling shot Classically influenced by Roman sculpture High renaissance
Michelangelo, Creation of Adam, Sistine Chapel ceiling
16th Italy, commissioned by Pope Julius the 2nd Time period when the church wants to renew its power Grecco Roman mythology Humanistic portrayal of the story Warmer colors feel more active Italy/High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper
1495-1498, 16th Italy, Leonardo worked for the Sforza family - ruling family of Milan Apostles reaction to the announcement that someone portrayed him Don't have golden halos, not immortalized - very naturalistic depiction of the story Humanism rather than supernatural Apostles are clustered into 4 groups of 3 Rounded pediment above his head - architectural halo Symbolic center of the painting Not a traditional fresco - tried a new method, failed - paint had almost immediately began to flake off the wall 75% of original paint has been lost and had suffered from over restoration
Bernini, David
1623, Made for a nephew of pope paul the 5th Mature version of David in the midst of action - the most dramatic point Violent pivoting motion throwing a stone at goliath A sense of time, special effects Also incorporates the space of the world around it Open composition of the human body Configuration implies that G is behind the viewer - bringing us into the action
Wren, Façade of St. Paul's Cathedral
1675-1710, One of Wren's masterpieces - buried here Mathematical genius and skilled engineer After the gothic version burnt down he was asked to build a new one French Baroque, Italian Baroque, Renaissance, Gothic, and Classical - Strong contrasts of light and dark Central section of the façade has paired columns - like the louvre Two flanking towers of Gothic cathedrals but their orientation is very baroque One of the tallest domes in the world
Tintoretto, The Last Supper
16th Italy, Appeals to the goals of the counter reformation Several strict rules that governed the painting: Teach you, ethical, and accurate Appeals to emotion/miraculous themes/divine nature Specific moment that Christ is explaining the specific meaning of this to his followers Focused on the Eucharist - the changing of Christ's body and blood into bread and wine Chose to position the table at a sharp oblique angle Sharp theatrical contrast between light-light and dark contrasts Some of the people are glowing - halos Transparent angles are watching the scene from above
Michelangelo, Last Judgment, Sistine Chapel
16th Italy, Christ surrounded by a full body halo and is a damnent position Fairy men of the under world - at the bottom, taken from mythology not Christian Saved and damned are spread everywhere unlike Ghiberti's Iconographic attributes - related to the way they died Mythological edition at the bottom Commissioned by Pope Paul the 3rd The skinned face is Michelangelo's own portrait Side of the damned is usually on Christ's left Later another painter went over and painted cloth over the nude parts
Titian, "Venus" of Urbino
16th Italy, Created at the height of Titian's fame Female nude painted for private enjoyment* Based on a previous painting of Giorgione 'Reclining Venus' portraying Venus The rippled sheets compliment her soft form Lap dog - symbolic, appendant figure - help to balance the composition Deep spacial recession, Color is a major component - bold contrast Could be a marriage related work through the chests in background, flowers, and dog*
Veronese, Feast in the House of Levi
16th Italy, Naturalistic touches that weren't appreciated by the church: drunk people, nose bleeds, saints picking their teeth... He got in trouble and had 3 months to change it - cleverly, he only changed the name, too grandeous - not humble at all
Giulio Romano, Courtyard Façade, Palazzo del Té, Mantua
16th Italy, Romano - Born in Rome, court painter Visual joke - suppose to be a funny pun of classical architecture Key stone in the pediment isn't even stable in place Engaged Tuscan columns Horizontal Doric freeze lines the top Exemplifies many manneristic works Reflects the knowledge of the patron and architect
Michelangelo, Pietà
16th Italy, first time showing up in Italy, emerged in Roman Empire Grecco Roman Heavily influenced by classical art Only sculpture that Michelangelo signed Revisited the scene High Renaissance
anamorphic image
A distorted image that must be viewed by some special means (such as a mirror) to be recognized.
Proverb
A popular saying that is meant to express something wise or true
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
sfumato
A smokelike haziness that subtly softens outlines in painting; particularly applied to the painting of Leonardo and Correggio. Ex: Mona Lisa
miniature
A very small copy, model, or painting
Bernini, St. Teresa of Ávila in Ecstasy
A vision in which an angel comes down from heaven and stabs her with an arrow to bring her to a new ecstasy of religion Flop upwards on clouds, variety of textures - very convincing Gilded rods - rays of divine light, hidden window above that lets in light Miraculous and dramatic lighting affects Sculptures of the cornial family witnessing the holy miracle from their box seats - Reading, whispering One is acknowledging the viewer - looking at us as we walk into the chapel "inviting" us to witness the miracle of Saint Teresa
What is true of female artists during the Renaissance?
A woman was more likely to receive artistic training if there was an artist in the family.
Spain
By the end of the 16th century, Spain was the dominant European power under the Habsburg rulers Charles V and Philip II. -Spain controlled a massive Empire including most of Europe, the eastern Mediterranean, a bit of North Africa, and vast expanses in the New World. -Spain would be the most powerful military force in Europe, as well as a staunchly Catholic country.
Netherlands
Commercially advanced, very prosperous. Overseas trading was a major industry and a flourishing middle class provided an important secular source of art patronage. -Protestant Reformation reverberated in the Netherlands. -Eventually broke out from under Spanish rule in the 17th century, but would become divided into the Protestant United Provinces in the North and Catholic Flanders in the South.
Borromini, Façade, Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome
Borromini took baroque architecture to an all new level Malleable and plastic looking He was known as unapproachable and eventually committed suicide Maybe murdered a person who was damaging the buildings, he called his buildings his children Trinitarian order - 4 fountains Italian baroque architecture - Concave convex Dynamic interplay of different elements in the façade Fluid membrane to ease the transition from exterior to interior - façade foreshadows the inside of the building Comb ceiling
Rubens, The Raising of the Cross
Counter reformation art, Flemish painter Goal is to draw the viewer in with the over dramatic composition Triptych Heroic nude figures - men as well built, women are ample and fleshy*** Depicts human body in perspective and motion Men struggling to raise the cross Light source dramatic illuminates the figures in the scene - baroque trait Focal point of the scene is Jesus - in center and most lighted, important - light of the world, narrative and religious symbolism
Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance
Dutch Painter, Vermeer's style is very clean and polished Subject matter is peaceful and subdued Rediscovered - hailed as one of the great master of Dutch painting Painted for only local patrons Meticulous and slow painter Recognizable style - small scale, interior genre scene (everyday life), idealized depictions of Dutch life, female subjects engaged in some household task Used the same compositional elements over and over, low key color - not overly saturated Usually a clear light source - coming from the left, interested in optical effects Painted with optical fidelity - camera obscura, room chamber dark, project an image on a side of the room, use to trace Didn't paint overtly religious scenes, lightly under toned religion in works - in the background there is a painting of the last judgement Women holding scales - go hand in hand Dutch was protestant whole Vermeer was Christian
Characteristics of Mannerism - Painting
Distorted reality Twisted figures (figura serpentinata) Figures with elongated proportions and precarious poses Ambiguous space Jarring, acrid colors Movement or the suggestion of movement Esoteric, intellectually complex subject matter
Characteristics of Baroque Art
Dramatic! (in terms of subject matter, composition, and even materials) -Baroque artists sought to elicit and emotional response from viewers. -Classical themes and subject matter continued, but without the Classical restraint of the Renaissance. Art was emotional and energetic, often theatrical and even violent and grotesque. -Space is often organized asymmetrically, with an emphasis on diagonals rather that verticals or horizontals. -New relationship with the viewer- wanted to engage viewers as participants in their work.
Bernini, Baldacchino, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican, Rome
Equivalent to a 9 story building Marks the tomb of St. Peter - the first Christian pope Focal point of the church - attract people to the alter Represents power of the catholic faith Orb on top symbolizes the world Spiral columns reference to the old saint peters Organic form, it also glorifies the pope
Peeters, Still Life with Flowers, Goblet, Dried Fruit, and Pretzels
Flemish still life - breakfast piece Comes from the Dutch word 'Stilleven' Peeters was talented painter - her career started before she was 14 years old Presents us with an extraordinary detail
What is Fontainebleu?
Francis I's lavish country palace outside the city of Paris.
trompe l'oeil
French, "fools the eye." A form of illusionistic painting that aims to deceive viewers into believing that they are seeing real objects rather than a representation of those objects.
What is true of Jan Gossaert?
He admired the work of Albrecht Durer and valued the classically-influenced style of the Italian Renaissance.
What was one of the most significant acts of the 16th-century Tudor king, Henry VIII?
He broke with the Church of Rome and established the Protestant Church of England.
What is true of Albrecht Durer?
He valued the Classically-inspired art of Renaissance Italy and believed that Northern European artists needed to be introduced to Italian artistic ideas.
Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Beheading Holofernes
Judith and her maid servant snuck into a tent, got him drunk, stole his sword and cut off his head She was considered 'damaged goods' because she was raped and not married by him - statement of a women's power Influenced by caravaggio, dramatic use of tenebrism
Matthias Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
Northern Europe, Complex work of art that reflect Catholic beliefs Before the official start of the protestant reformation 1517 Virgin Mary is dressed in all white - which is unusual because she is typically in blue Northern work *** the figures seem weakened, skinny and elongated Emphasis on Christ's physical wounds Red is used throughout the composition - symbolic because it draws attention to Christ's bleeding wounds Commissioned by a monastic hospital at a monastery, the hospital specialized in skin disease In the predella Christ looks like he has a skin disease - visually connected Christ to patients at the hospital St. Sebastian and Anthony symbolize healing The predella splits apart and makes Christ amputated- which is typical for patients at the hospital
El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz
Northern Europe, Famous art history artist - reflects a hybrid style Captures Spanish cotholathism and mannerist impulse Eclectic style - darker color palette Funeral is enhanced with details that aligned with counter reformation ideas When this guy died saints from heaven came to bury him Divided into to planes of existence
Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors
Northern Europe, German painter - 2 French diplomats to England Standing in front of a table full of all kinds of different objects Objects: Symbolizes knowledge and social acknowledgement Relate to protest reformation Anamorphic Image - stretched image, in this painting it's a skull - foreshortneing?
Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights (open)
Northern Europe, Moralizing subject manner - themes like the 7 deadly sins, virtues and vices, etc. Large scale triptych - very big alter piece Wasn't in a church - may have been a secular commission instead of religious Man is inherently sinful Central panel - depicts the falling of humanity, gluttony, sloth, greed, etc. - depicts an orgy Upper - 'tower of adulteresses' , lots of fruit and birds (relate to fertility) Left panel - Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden, allude to the fall before they eat the apple from the tree Commissioned for maybe a wedding? Right panel - very dark vision of hell, full of torture, filled with musical instruments that cause pain
Velázquez, Las Meninas
One of the most famous artist of the 17th century Influenced by many sources - Flemish painter, Italian baroque painting, Vaneshan artist His own style worse loose brush work Reflects his royal associations Portrait of the daughter of the Spanish king accompanied by servants Enormous multiple portrait Decided that it shows Velazquez in his workshop of the royal castle? He has painted a painting about painting a painting Everyone is directing their attention to what's standing in front of them - us Mirror on the back wall showing two figures of her parents Space is fun and interesting - main room, glimpse into another room, space in front - complex Knighted into the order of Santiago - the cross on his chest symbolizes that
Rembrandt, The Night Watch
One of the most important painters in Amsterdam Builds his paintings with many layers of glazes - oil painting Impasto - when putting a paint on a canvas so thickly it sticks out from the canvas He ran a busy studio and sold his work for high prices Influenced by Caravaggio Many students followed in his style Known for this etchings - a type of print making, carving into a plate Also known for landscapes and portraits, self portraits Iconic work that stands as a work for Dutch freedom Subject - militia company standing in front of a wall in Amsterdam Middle of the scene is the captain, extended his hand out to us to join the scene (incorporating the viewer) Little angel girl - allegorical Barely visible in the background is an arch that evokes the triumph arches of Rome Dutch had successfully overthrown their Spanish conquerors Untraditional - transformed into a more naturalistic moment - looks like they are in battle, individualized Darkness is do to the varnish he used History - loaded work, target of several violent attacks, many people have slashed the painting, sprayed acid on it...
Characteristics of Mannerism - Sculpture
Small scale Made from precious materials Stylized and twisting figures (figura serpentinata) Movement
Gaulli, The Triumph of the Name of Jesus and the Fall of the Damned
Studied with Vernini, fresco, absorbed drama and multimedia effects A century after it was painted it under went baroque renovation Becomes more prevalent and spectacular Religious paintings high above the ground creating a transcendental experimental environment Blurs distinction between reality and fiction 'Opening to the heavens' --- Di sotto u si Last judgment depiction being told in a new way Souls of the rigeous rising up to heaven IHS - initials of Jesus Christ in the middle, formal and spiritual light source The damned are falling away from the light At the bottom is the fallen of the damned falling away from jesus towards the nave to everyday world where we live
True or false: A major stylistic influence in the rebuilt west wing of the Louvre was Italian Renaissance architecture.
True
Which of these is a characteristic of Mannerist painting?
Twisting, awkwardly posed figures.
16TH-CENTURY VENETIAN PAINTING
Venice: powerful maritime city. Greatest commercial sea power in the Mediterranean and an important point of contact between Christian Europe and Muslim civilization in the Near East. Rivaled Florence and Rome in terms of artistic production. Developed a distinct style of painting characterized by rich colors and an interest in light, perhaps because of the soft, muted light that reflected off of the waterways of Venice itself. OIL ON CANVAS
predella
the painted or sculpted lower portion of an altarpiece that relates to the subjects of the upper portion