Bacteria

nitrogen fixation

converting atmospheric nitrogen, N2, into other forms usable by organisms. Prokaryotes demonstrate the only organisms capable of this process, fixing N2. They form the symbioses with some plants (e.g. legumes).

cyanobacteria

first photosynthetic organisms on earth that produced an O2-rich atmosphere

extremophiles

organisms that live at extreme temperatures, salinity, pH, or pressure.

decomposition

process of reintroducing molecules from living things back into the global cycle.

cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae).

anoxygenic photosynthesis

Phototrophic process where light energy is captured and processed to make ATP. Oxygen is never used and therefore water is not the electron donor.

nitrogen fixation

Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

prokaryotes

These play a huge role in research for molecular biology, biochemistry. They demonstrates Escherichia coli. They play a huge role in the food industry, and demonstrate a significant bacteria for creating cheese and other dairy products.

prokaryotes

They exist ubiquitously in nature, live symbiotically within other organisms, have a diversity of ways to make ATP and procure carbon which allows them to persist in many habitats.

gram-negative cell wall

Thin layer of peptidoglycan; bilayer membrane outside peptidoglycan contains phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); May be impediment to the treatment of disease; pink

bioremedation

Use of bacteria/archaea to clean sites polluted with organic solvents. A process by which humans use living things to break down pollutants. This represents the core process in sewage treatment plants.

autotrophs, heterotrophs

What are the 2 mechanisms used to acquire organic (carbon) "building block" molecules, and what is each type of organism called? In the first, to gain carbon-carbon bonds, you self-synthesize from CO2, CH2 or other simple molecules. In the other, you use molecules produced by other organisms.

bacteria

What is the parent of archaea and eukarya

prokaryotes

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus (or none at all) with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. includes cyanobacteria.

heterotrophs

absorb c-c compounds from environment or other organisms. We are these; plants are not.

penicillin

blocks peptidoglycan snythesis

carbon molecules

building blocks of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

bacilli

rod-shaped cells

cocci

spherical cells

spirrilium

spiral shaped bacteria

spiral-shaped

spiral-shaped cells

nitrogen cycle

the cycling of nitrogen in its various molecular forms through the ecosystem.

bacteria

these can evolve resistance to antibiotics (superbugs, e.g. MRSA)

gram-positive cell wall

these feature a relatively thick layer of PTG (peptidoglycan)

autotrophs

they fix carbon and synthesize their own Carbon-carbon compounds. We are not these, but plants are

cell wall composition

they have 2 types of cell walls: gram negative (pink) and gram positive (purple)

phototrophs

they use light energy to make ATP in prokaryotes

Bacteria

ubiquitous, extremely abundant, and poorly characterized.

aerobic respiration

use O2 - oxygen - as the terminal electron acceptor (producing water). Aerobic respiration produces more ATP and allows organisms to thrive in more diverse environments. This is a large advantage which favors organisms from an evolutionary standpoint that use this process.

chemolithotrophs

use inorganic molecules (methane, ammonia) as a source.

chemoorganotrophs

use organic molecules (sugars) as a source

anaerobic respiration

uses other substances than O2 as final electron acceptor.

oxygenic photosynthesis

uses water as a source of electrons for photosynthesis.

Archaean organisms

using this process, _______ ________ dramatically changed the Earth's atmosphere. As a result, the atmosphere went from having virtually no oxygen to 21% today. This allowed the evolution of aerobic respiration.

oxygenic photosynthesis

using this process, archaean organisms dramatically changed the Earth's atmosphere. As a result, the atmosphere went from having virtually no oxygen to 21% today. This allowed the evolution of aerobic respiration.

differences

when considering these terms really think of the ___________ between similar categories.

ability to produce ATP

why do bacteria and archeae live in a wide range of habitat specificities?

heterocyst

A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation on some filamentous cyanobacteria.

coccus

A spherical bacterium.

Eukarya

According to recent studies, what may have arisen through a symbioses of an archeael and a bacterial cell. Unlike a prokaryote, these have a membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus.

prokaryote morphological diversity

Diversity of cell size from .15 mm3 to 200,000,000um3, and diversity of cell shapes including coccus, bacillus, spirillum, and filaments

yes

Does recent evidence suggest that we may soon only recognize only two domains of life?

eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

Archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that unlike bacteria, do not contain peptidoglycan. Archaea have generally the same shape, size, and appearance as bacteria. • Like bacteria, Archaea multiply by binary fission and move primarily by means of flagella. • These morphological similarities can make it difficult to visually tell a bacterium and an archaean apart. • Additionally, archaea are more phylogenetically similar to eukarya than bacteria is to either of them.

chemical energy

(ATP) the cash money of cells. All organisms need it.

metagenomic analysis

1. Collect samples. 2. Analyze DNA fragments. 3. Assemble overlapping DNA sequences. Modern technique used to identify prokaryotic species.

eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

bacillus

A cylindrical or rod-shaped bacterium.

endosymbiosis

A process where a single celled organism engulfs another organism. Represents the origin of plant chloroplasts.

peptidoglycan

A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid

pathogenic bacteria

Bacteria capable of producing disease. Examples include Firmicutes such as strep throat, acne, tetanus, lyme disease, syphilis, gonorrhea, plague, spirochaetes, actinobacteria, chlamydiales, and more. Can cause cell cycles. grow in organism and cause disease; human diseases caused by bacteria cholera, leprosy, strep, TB, food poisoning, pneumonia, syphillis, typhoid fever; symptoms produced by invasive growth or toxins produced by bacteria

protist

Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi

antibiotics

Molecules that kill or inhibit reproduction in bacteria. The fundamental differences between bacteria and eukaryotes allows these to affect bacteria but not hurt us as eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic

Represents 2 of the 3 domains of life (bacteria, Archaea). They lack a nucleus. And have no membrane-bound organelles.

phototrophs, chemoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs

The names for the organisms that use the 3 mechanisms used by prokaryotes to obtain energy for ATP synthesis including light energy, organic molecule energy, and inorganic molecule energy.