Basic Nutrition Smartbook 3

Which of the following statements about specific immunity are true?

A specific immune response will be more efficient after the first exposure to a pathogen. It involves the use of antibodies to flag foreign proteins for destruction. It is also called adaptive immunity.

The high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells is called

ATP, adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?

Abdominal distension Abdominal pain relieved by bowel movement Irregular bowel function

Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?

At least half of patients see improvement with a low-FODMAP diet.

Which of the following lifestyle modifications may help prevent ulcers from occurring or recurring?

Avoiding smoking Limiting use of NSAIDs

which of the following yields energy?

Carbs, fats, proteins

True or false: For the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, insoluble fiber is more effective than soluble fiber.

False

Identify how fiber works in reducing constipation.

Fiber stimulates peristalsis by drawing water into the large intestine.

Which of the following behaviors clearly increases the likelihood of developing a peptic ulcer?

Frequent use of NSAIDs

What substance is necessary for the body to absorb vitamin B-12?

Intrinsic factor

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium?

Large intestine

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which of the following are potential long-term complications of untreated celiac disease?

Osteoporosis (bone loss) Anemia Infertility

Which of the following are roles of the endocrine system?

Plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism Maintains water balance Produces hormones

Which of the following illustrate the relationship between the immune system and nutritional status?

Populations in areas stricken by famine experience increased rate of infections. An individual with vitamin C deficiency suffers from impaired wound healing. An individual with HIV is at increased risk of contracting food-borne illness.

Gluten is naturally found in which of the following grains?

Rye Barley Wheat

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures.

accessory

The _____ in gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed.

acid

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

activating some digestive enzymes. making dietary minerals soluble. partially digesting protein.

Another name for specific immunity is

adaptive immunity

The primary site for storage of fat is the

adipose tissue

The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of

amylase

Regular use of ______ may cause constipation.

antacids iron supplements calcium supplements

One substance that aids the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is

bile

____ is stored in the gallbladder.

bile

______ suspends lipids in the watery chyme in the small intestine so that lipids can be more easily digested by lipase enzymes.

bile

If the diet is lacking in a specific nutrient, it will

break down tissues that contain a high concentration of the nutrient.

Glycogen is the primary storage form of ______ in the human body.

carbohydrates

In the liver and muscle cells, glycogen is the short-term storage form of

carbohydrates

The malabsorption of nutrients caused by _____ can lead to weight loss, anemia, infertility, and bone loss.

celiac disease

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of

chemical digestion

Regularly ignoring the urge to defecate may lead to

constipation

increasing fiber and fluid consumption is adequate to correct mild cases of

constipation

To aid the laxative action of dietary fiber in the large intestine,

consume additional fluid.

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fluids daily. consuming more fiber daily.

When a person with celiac disease consumes wheat, he or she may experience

decreased production of digestive enzymes. impaired nutrient absorption. flattening of the intestinal villi.

Which of the following are functions of the nervous system?

detects sensation, directs movement, controls intellectual functioning

Non-specific immunity ______ require a previous encounter with a pathogen.

does not

The major risk of untreated GERD is

esophageal cancer.

People with celiac disease

experience an autoimmune response when they consume gluten.

True or false: Fats are the primary source of fuel for the brain

false

True or false: Fats are the primary source of fuel for the brain.

false

True or false: Obtaining nutrients from supplements is no different than obtaining nutrients from food.

false

True or false: The digestive system is the body system primarily in charge of regulating metabolism.

false

True or false: The storage capacity for nutrients is similar for all nutrients.

false

Adipose tissue is the storage site for:

fat

A lipase is an enzyme that digests

fats

Bile aids digestion of ______ in the small intestine.

fats

The initial goal of diet therapy for diarrhea is to provide

fluids and electrolytes.

The organ that stores bile is the _____.

gallbladder

Identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.

gallbladder, pancreas, liver

Pain, nausea, gagging, cough, or hoarseness are all symptoms of _____.

gerd

Most of the time, the brain relies on ______ as its energy source.

glucose

Match the storage site for the nutrients below.

glucose- muscle & liver fat-adipose tissue calcium- bones

In those with celiac disease, exposure to ______ causes the villi of the small intestine to flatten.

gluten

The storage form of glucose in the body is

glycogen

Large dosages of vitamin A (e.g., more than 3 times the RDA)

harmful side effects

An increased risk of esophageal cancer and chronic esophageal inflammation occurs in individuals with untreated _____.

heartburn

Fiber eases constipation by

holding water in the feces. forming soft, bulky stool.

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine

houses more bacteria. absorbs fewer nutrients.

Preventing pathogens from invading the body is a shared role of which two of the following systems?

immune, digestive system

The function of bile is to assist digestion of

lipids.

Carbohydrates can be stored in the form of glycogen in the

liver, muscles

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of

mechanical digestion

Match the site of production with the secretion(s).

mouth-salivary stomach-Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor pancreas-Lipase, amylase, protease, and bicarbonate liver-bile

The ______ system is a regulatory system that centrally controls most body functions.

nervous system

____ immunity does not require a previous encounter with a pathogen.

nonspecific

For diarrhea caused by bacterial or viral infections, dietary restrictions (e.g., limiting the diet to include only bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast) are usually ______ for recovery.

not necessary

the ___ and the small intestine produce most of the digestive enzymes.

pancreas

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called

peristalsis.

Which two minerals are important for transmission of nerve impulses

potassium, sodium

The digestive system supports the immune system by

preventing pathogens in food from invading the body.

An enzyme that breaks down the bonds in protein is a(n)

protease

Treatment for mild constipation includes

relaxation. engaging in physical activity. consuming additional fluid.

Treatment for diarrhea in infants and older adults

should be prompt to prevent rapid dehydration.

Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the

small intestine

The site of most nutrient absorption is in the

small intestine.

The primary treatment for gallstones is

surgical removal of the gallbladder.

It is possible to consume too much of a nutrient, which can lead to a nutrient toxicity. This is most likely to occur when a person

takes high-dose dietary supplements.

True or false: There is a clear interrelationship between nutrition status and organ system function.

true

When gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine, a person usually experiences pain in the

upper left

Which of the following dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?

water, alcohol