Behavior Modification Exam 3

What two uses does Guided compliance involve and how?

-Involves Positive punishment to decrease the problem behavior because physical guidance is contingent on the problem behavior. -Involves negative reinforcement to increase compliance because removal of physical guidance is contingent on compliance.

How do you choose reinforcers?

1. Ask 2. Observe 3. Test

What are four cautions in the use of aversive activities?

1. Change agent must be physically capable of using the procedure. 2.Client may actively resist the procedure 3. Must be certain the physical contact involved in the procedure is not reinforcing the client 4. Must be certain the procedure can be carried out without harm

What three things should you do before using punishment?

1. Conduct a functional assessment 2. Identify the behavioral deficit as well as excess 3. First use functional/nonaversive treatments

What are the nine steps of response cost?

1. Conduct a functional assessment and first implement functional/nonaversive treatments 2.Reinforce desirable behaviors 3. Identify the reinforcer to be lost 4. Decide if the loss is permanent or temporary 5. Explain procedure before implementing 6. Contingent on the problem, implement response cost immediately if possible 7. Symbolize the reinforcer loss if it is not immediate 8.Consider ethical issues regarding the loss of some reinforcers 9. Response cost should be practical and acceptable.

What are four considerations of the use of DRA?

1. Consider manipulating establishing operations to make the reinforcer more potent. 2. Consider the use of rules or instructions 3. Fade artificial reinforcers to natural reinforcers to help maintain behavior 4. Consider using the premack principle.

What are 6 issues with positive punishment?

1. Currently the least used behavior modification procedure 2. Over used and sometimes misused or abused in the past 3. Gave the ABA and behavior modification a bad name 4. We're trying to escape the legacy of punishment 5. Functional approaches to assessment and intervention replaced the reliance on punishment 6. PBS emerged in response to problems with punishment in the past

What are the six steps for using DRA?

1. Define the target behavior to increase and the undesirable competing behaviors to decrease 2. Identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior. 3. Choose a reinforcer for a desirable behavior 4. Reinforce desirable behavior if necessary (prompt before undesirable behavior occurs, not after/ prompt when EO and SD are present) 5. Eliminate or minimize the reinforcer for the undesirable behaviors 6. Use intermittent reinforcement for maintenance.

What are four issues discussed when dealing with positive vs negative punishment?

1. Ease of Implementation 2.Likelihood of misuse of abuse 3. Likelihood of harm 4.Acceptability

What are the three steps in Response Cost?

1. Following the problem behavior 2. A specified amount of a reinforcer is removed or lost 3. The problem behavior decreases in the future

What are the three steps of time out?

1. Following the problem behavior 2.The child is removed from the reinforcing environment for a brief period of time 3. the problem behavior decreases in the future

What are three questions in determining which type of time out to use?

1. How is the functions of the problem behavior related to the effectiveness of the time out? 2.How is the "time in" environment related to the effectiveness of the time out? 3.How is the activity preceding time out related to its effectiveness?

What are the steps to implementing DRO?

1. Identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior 2.Identify the reinforcer to use in DRO 3. Choose the DRO interval 4. Use extinction for the problem behavior 5. Deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior in each interval 6. The occurrence of the problem behavior resets the interval for delivery of the reinforcer 7. Gradually increase the DRO interval 8. Use instructions when applicable

What are the steps to implementing DRL?

1. Is DRL the appropriate procedure? (Do you want to decrease but not eliminate behavior?) 2.Determine the acceptable level of the behavior 3. Decide on full session DRL or spaced resonding DRL 4.Inform the client of the criterion for reinforcement 5.Use a procedure to give the client feedback on the number of responses or timing of responses 6.Use intermediate goals if necessary

What are 4 ways to "sell" or get "buy in" in time out and response cost?

1. Provide a rationale for time out 2. Use everyday language 3. Consider parents' biases, misconceptions, or history with time out 4. Anticipate problems and solve

DRA - Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

1. Reinforcer is delivered for desirable behavior 2. Extinction for the problem behavior

DRO- Differential reinforcement of other behavior

1. Reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the problem behavior in intervals of time 2.Intervals are chose based on the baseline level of the problem behavior 3.Extinction for the occurrence of the problem behavior 4. If problem behavior occurs, the interval is reset

10 steps to using time out

1. Start with a functional assessment and implement functional/nonaversive treatments first 2.Make sure the "time in" environment is reinforcing 3. Reinforce desirable behaviors 4. When the problem behavior occurs, take the child to the time out area immediately 5. Provide no attention when taking the child to time out. 6. Time out must be brief, practical and safe 7. Provide no attention or other reinforcers during time out 8. Prevent escape from time-out 9. Child must be calm before release from time out 10. Time out must be acceptable to parents or other change agents before using the procedure

Spaced Responding DRL

1. The is delivered for a response when it is separated from the previous response by a specified interval of time 2. If a response occurs before the end of the interval, the interval is reset 3.Individual responses are reinforced when the IRT is greater than X 4. The timing of the response is important

Full Session DRL

1. The reinforcer is delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occurs per time period (session) 2.The reinforcer is delivered at the end of the session 3. The timing of responses in the session is not important

What are six considerations in the use of punishment by the application of aversive stimulation?

1. Use functional/nonaversive procedures first. 2. Implement differential reinforcement with punishment 3. Consider the function of the problem behavior when choosing a punishment procedure 4. choose the aversive stimulus carefully 5. Collect data to make treatment decisions 6. Address ethical issues

When do you use DRA?

1. You want to increase a desirable behavior and/or decrease undesirable behaviors. 2. The desirable behavior already occurs at least occasionally or you can prompt it. 3. You have a reinforcer you can use.

What are five problems with using punishment?

1.Emotional reactions/ aggressive behavior 2 Escape and avoidance behaviors 3. Modeling the use of punishment 4. Negative reinforcement for the use of punishment 5.Establishing the user as a conditioned punisher

What is the similarity in DRO and DRL in regards to intervals ?

A response before the end of the interval resets the interval

In what differential negative reinforcement of alternative behavior, what does the desirable behavior produce?

An escape or avoidance of an aversive stimulus

In Full Session DRL when is the reinforcer delivered?

At the end of the session

What are three things time out MUST be?

Brief, practical, and safe

Response Generalization

Change in the target behavior results in changes in other relevant behaviors

Guided Compliance

Contingent on the problem behavior that occurs following a request, the individual is physically guided to comply with the request

Physical Restraint

Contingent on the problem behavior, the body part involved in the behavior is held immobile for a specified period of time

Contingent Exercise

Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual engages in some effortful behavior for a specified time. The effortful behavior in unrelated to the problem behavior

Positive Practice

Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual has to engage in correct forms of relevant behavior for a period of time

Restitution

Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual is required to fix the environment disrupted by the problem behavior

DRI and FCT are two variations of what type of differential reinforcement?

DRA

If you want to increase a desirable behavior or decrease on undesirable behavior, what type of differential reinforcement would you use?

DRA

What type of differential reinforcement can you use if the desirable behavior already occurs at least occasionally or when you can prompt it?

DRA

What are three types of differential reinforcement?

DRA ( differential reinforcement of alternate behavior, DRO (differential reinforcement of other behavior), DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates responding)

What are the two variations of DRA?

DRI (Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior) and FCT ( Functional communication training or differential reinforcement of communication.

Full Session and Spaced Responding are two types of which differential reinforcement?

DRL

What type of differential reinforcement is used to get a behavior to occur less but not necessarily eliminate it?

DRL

In what type of differential reinforcement are intervals chosen based on the baseline level of the problem behavior?

DRO

In what type of differential reinforcement is the interval reset if the problem behavior occurs?

DRO

In what type of differential reinforcement is the reinforcer delivered for the absence of the problem behavior in the intervals of time?

DRO

Whole Interval and Momentary are used in what differential reinforcement?

DRO

A break from academic tasks delivered every 20 minutes for the absence of problem behaviors is an example of?

DRO (Differential reinforcement of other behavior)

Access to a favorite toy given each half hour for the absence of fighting with siblings is an example of?

DRO (Differential reinforcement of other behavior)

What is the difference between DRO and DRL in regards to intervals?

DRO- at the end of the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior DRL- at the end of the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the first response

Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

Desirable behavior produces escape or avoidance of aversive stimuli. Undesirable behavior DOES NOT produce escape/ avoidance

The undesirable behavior does not produce escape/avoidance in what type of differential reinforcement?

Differential Negative reinforcement of alternative behavior

What does FCT stand for

Differential Reinforcement of communication or function communication training

What does DRI stand for?

Differential Reinforcement of incompatible behavior

What does DRO stand for?

Differential Reinforcement of other behavior

What is also called zero rate of behavior?

Differential Reinforcement of other behavior

Typing your correct password gets you into the computer, typing the wrong password does not is an example of?

Differential reinforcement

What does DRA stand for?

Differential reinforcement of Alternative behavior

A child's good table manners are reinforced with praise and by passing the requesting of food. The child's bad table manners are extinguished by ignoring and not passing food is an example of?

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

Punching the correct code numbers in the ATM is reinforced with cash. Punching in the wrong numbers is extinguished by getting no cash is an example of?

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

What does DRL stand for?

Differential reinforcement of low rates behavior

DRL

Differential reinforcement of low rates responding

What are two types of time outs?

Exclusionary and nonexclusionary

When the reinforcer for the problem behavior is not longer contingent on the behavior

Extinction

A reward given for smoking fewer than 5 cigarettes a day is an example of?

Full Session DRL

In which type of differential reinforcement is the reinforcer delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occur per time period or session?

Full Session DRL

Dessert given if the child gets up from the table fewer than 3 times during supper is an example of?

Full session DRL

What are two types of DRL?

Full session DRL and Spaced responding DRL

Teaching assertiveness skills is an example of?

Generality of Behavior Change

Teaching social skills to a child with autism is an example of?

Generality of Behavior Change

What type of positive punishment also involves using negative reinforcement?

Guided Compliance

What are two philosophical oppositions to punishment?

Human rights and he focus on least restrictiveness

In what types of Differential Reinforcement could have an end result of extinction for the problem behavior?

Main outcome of DRO, can also use DRA.

What are the four types of punishment by application of aversive activities?

Overcorrection, contingent exercise, guided compliance, and physical restraint

What type of positive punishment is often used with response blocking or response interruption?

Physical Restraint

What is an example of DRI?

Playing with toys instead of head slapping

What is currently the least used behavior modification procedure?

Positive Punishment

What are two things response cost must be?

Practical and acceptable

What is rarely if ever used in Behavior Modification or ABA?

Punishment by application of Aversive Stimulation

What are two types of positive punishment?

Punishment by application of aversive activities and punishment by application of aversive stimulation

What is an example of FCT?

Requesting help instead of escaping when work is difficult

Contingent on the problem behavior a reinforcer is removed, but not the reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior

Response Cost

What are two types of overcorrection?

Restitution and Positive practice

What are three ways to test reinforcers?

Single stimulus preference assessment, paired stimulus preference assessment, and multiple stimulus preference assessment.

A person with intellectual disability who eats too fast is allowed to take a bite only if 15 seconds since the last bite is an example of?

Spaced Responding DRL

In what type of differential reinforcement are individual responses reinforced when the IRT is greater than X?

Spaced Responding DRL

In what type of differential reinforcement is the interval reset if a response occurs before the end of the interval?

Spaced Responding DRL

In what type of differential reinforcement is the reinforcer delivered for a response when it is separated from the pervious response by a specified interval of time?

Spaced Responding DRL

A child called on the answer in class only if it has been 10 minutes since he has last raised his hand in an example of?

Spaced responding DRL

What are the three parts of generality of behavior change?

Stimulus generalization, response generalization, and maintenance

Maintenance

Target behavior continues to occur after training

Overcorrection

The individual has to engage in effortful behavior contingent on the problem behavior

Momentary DRO

The problem must be absent at the end of the interval for reinforcement

What is the difference between whole interval and momentary DRO?

The problem must be absent the whole interval for whole interval for reiforcement, whereas the problem must be absent at the end of the interval for momentary

Stimulus Generalization

The target behavior occurs in all relevant circumstances; outside of the training situation

When the person is removed from all sources of reinforcement or from the reinforcing environment contingent on the problem behavior

Time Out

What are two types of negative punishment?

Time out and Response Cost

What is the difference is timing for Full Session DRL and Spaced Responding DRL?

Timing is not important is Full Session DRL and is important in Spaced Responding DRL

What is DRL used for?

To get a behavior to occur less (not necessarily to eliminate the behavior)

Ethical issues and acceptability for positive punishment

Use of painful or uncomfortable stimulation, informed consent, alternative treatments, safety, problem severity, implementation guidelines, training and supervision, and peer review and accountability.

What does punishment not directly address?

controlling variables

What are some examples of punishment by application of aversive stimulation?

lemon juice, spray mist, ice, reprimands, auditory stimulation (noise)

Whole Interval DRO

the problem must be absent for the whole interval for reinforcement (referred to simply as DRO)